Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Tariana

Family: Arawakan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: tae
Location: 0.44°, -68.90°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2001. Dicionário Tariana-Português e Português-Tariana. Boletim do MPEG 17/1. Belém. Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2003. A Grammar of Tariana. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Huber, R. and Reed, R. 1992. Comparative vocabulary: selected words in indigenous languages of Colombia. ILV, Bogotá.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	w(a)ha	w(a)ha	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	nuha	nuha	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	iha	iha	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	piha, phia	piha, pʰia	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	n(a)ha	n(a)ha	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	diha, dihya (non-feminine), duha, duhua (f)	diha, dihja (non-feminine), duha, duhua (f)	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location			missing			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			missing			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other			missing			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	káika, kayúka	káika, kajúka	unknown			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body			missing			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	kapi-yapise (hand-?)	kapi-japise (hand-?)	unique			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	kádali	kádali	unique			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	sámise	sámise	inheritance			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality			missing			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment			missing			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	wa, wáwa	wa, wáwa	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location			missing			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	hanúite	hanúite	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	whã	wʰã	unique; inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	kadíte	kadíte	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	díɾi	díɾi	inheritance	cf. Tukano dii		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	buetá	buetá	unique			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	di-yápi	di-jápi	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	kúda	kúda	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body			missing			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	dhimíta	dʰimíta	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	pañhanipe	pañhanipe	unique			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	emíte, emípeni	emíte, emípeni	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	dhísa, dísa	dʰísa, dísa	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment			missing			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	hapé-peɾi	hapé-peɾi	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	nu	nu	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	yána	jána	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	hápea	hápea	inheritance			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	wa	wa	unique			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	yá	já	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	písa	písa	unique			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	ehkwápi, hekwápi 'dia, tempo; mundo'	ehkwápi, hekwápi 'dia, tempo; mundo'	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	yãmi, ɲami	jãmi, ɲami	unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	dhíka	dʰíka	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	kapisíte	kapisíte	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	tapú, tapulisá	tapú, tapulisá	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	díɾa	díɾa	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	mákaɾa	mákaɾa	inheritance			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality			missing			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	mhéni	mhéni	unique			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	di-whéni	di-whéni	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	hípai (Payne91)	hípai (Payne91)	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	ɲhá	ɲhá	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	di-éwhe	di-éwhe	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	di-thí, di-thí-da	di-tʰí, di-tʰí-da	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	íha	íha	inheritance			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	whá	wʰá	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	wyaka	wjaka	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	kepíte 'fat'	kepíte 'fat'	unique			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	ha-niɾi	ha-niɾi	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental			missing			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	dí-ča, díča-ɾe, daɾuphemá-ma 'penacho'	dí-tʃa, dítʃa-ɾe, daɾupʰemá-ma 'penacho'	semantic shift	hair		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body			missing			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	syáwa	sjáwa	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	kuphe, kuːphe	kupʰe, kuːpʰe	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion			missing			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	díwi	díwi	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	áɾa	áɾa	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment			missing			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	dhipáma	dʰipáma	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	hekuda, haikuda	hekuda, haikuda	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	mačíːte, mačá-ite 'bom, bonito'	matʃíːte, matʃá-ite 'bom, bonito'	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	hipolíte	hipolíte	inheritance			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	mesá	mesá	loan	Tukanoan masa		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	dí-ča, díča-ɾe	dí-tʃa, dítʃa-ɾe	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	kápi	kápi	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	dhiwída, di-whída	dʰiwída, di-whída	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental			missing			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	kale	kale	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	hamía-peri	hamía-peri	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	dáwa	dáwa	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	yã, ñá	jã, ñá	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	káni	káni	inheritance			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	hamú-peɾi	hamú-peɾi	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar			missing			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			missing			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	wálikuse	wálikuse	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	ihákha	ihákha	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	kasyá	kasjá	unique			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	díːnu, dínu	díːnu, dínu	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	yéka	jéka	unique			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	makánai	makánai	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	díka	díka	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	paná-phe	paná-pʰe	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body			missing			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	kawána	kawána	inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	swá	swá	unique			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	énu diperitá (thunder=?)	énu diperitá (thunder=?)	unique	from thunder		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body			missing			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	kalétana	kalétana	unique			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	yenúite, yenuníte	jenúite, jenuníte	unique			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna			missing		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	karahtá	karahtá	unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	čãɾi, čiãɾi	tʃãɾi, tʃiãɾi	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	dí-pe	dí-pe	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	deːpite keːɾi	deːpite keːɾi	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	há-do	há-do	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	maka-pulikúda	maka-pulikúda	unknown			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	núma 'mouth, word'	núma 'mouth, word'	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	pitána	pitána	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	dípe	dípe	unique			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	dhiwéʃi	dʰiwéʃi	unique			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	dhinúru	dʰinúru	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	emíte, walíte (young)	emíte, walíte (young)	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	déːpi, dépi	déːpi, dépi	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar			missing			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	thakú	tʰakú	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	upíte, pedália, pedálie (old people)	upíte, pedália, pedálie (old people)	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	paa(máya) (dp91), páː-da	paa(mája) (dp91), páː-da	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	hála	hála	unique			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar			missing			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	kakámia	kakámia	unknown			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	nawíki 'people'	nawíki 'people'	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	túda	túda	unique			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	íya	íja	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	iɾíte 'vermelho, laranya, amarelo escuro; maduro'	iɾíte	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body			missing			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	hinípu	hinípu	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	háiku i-páɾi	háiku i-páɾi	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	í:peri	í:peri	unique			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	káido	káido	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental			missing			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	sáwa	sáwa	inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	ká	ká	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	pimaníta	pimaníta	inheritance			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	sitá	sitá	doubtful loan	Napo Lowland Quechua ʃitana		See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	madúite	madúite	inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	panápa, panákuri, nukapí íthani (1s-hand=?)	panápa, panákuri, nukapí ítʰani (1s-hand=?)	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	kawalikupedíte	kawalikupedíte	inheritance			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	whá	wʰá	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	dí-ya	dí-ja	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	enú-kwa	enú-kwa	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	díːma	díːma	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	tsúite	tsúite	inheritance			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	haliá-kuɾu	haliá-kuɾu	unique	loanblend, 'white' + Tuk kuru 'group'		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	emé	emé	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	wisá	wisá	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	kadúwa	kadúwa	inheritance			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	písu	písu	doubtful loan	Carib: Panare peɟuku, peɟuʔ; Pemon pitʃaka		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			missing			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	éma	éma	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	walipéɾa	walipéɾa	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	dí:tu	dí:tu	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	háiku, héku	háiku, héku	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	hipá-da	hipá-da	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body			missing			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	ehkwapíte kéɾi (ehkwapíte 'day', kéri 'sun')	ehkwapíte kéɾi	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body			missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	hyá	hjá	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	áhya	áhja	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	di-číma, di-sipí	di-tʃíma, di-sipí	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	hane (distal)	hane (distal)	unique			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	maléda, phanída	maléda, pʰanída	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	medewíte	medewíte	inheritance			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	diánihta, dhimíta, dhimé	diánihta, dʰimíta, dʰimé	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	hĩ (proximate dem)	hĩ (proximate dem)	inheritance	Tariana-Baniwa		See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	madalí-da	madalí-da	inheritance			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	maretaníkha	maretaníkha	unique			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	pé	pé	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	énu	énu	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	tútu, panída	tútu, panída	unique, inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	énene	énene	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	é	é	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	kapúku	kapúku	inheritance		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	iamé(pa) (dp91), yamá-da, ɲamá-da	iamé(pa) (dp91), jamá-da, ɲamá-da	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	khatá	khatá	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion			missing			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	úni, úːni	úni, úːni	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	kápe	kápe	unknown			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	kwaka	kwaka	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar			missing			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar			missing			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	halíte 'branco, transparente; cedo'	halíte 'branco, transparente; cedo'	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	kwana	kwana	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship			missing			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	kále	kále	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	araníma, díphe	araníma, dípʰe	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	ínaɾu	ínaɾu	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	hpáni	hpáni	unique			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	yáta	játa	unique			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	ewíte	ewíte	loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	E. Tukanoan		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

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Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	pi'ɾina, pi'ɾida, piɾimaphána	pi'ɾina, pi'ɾida, piɾimapʰána		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also piɾimapʰána				uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	phíči	pʰítʃi		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	káːs[iɾi] (dp91); katʃíra, káatʃiri (HR)	káːs[iɾi] (dp91)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also katʃíra, káatʃiri (H&R)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	amána	amána		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	Central North Arawak	Ramirez reconstructs; cf. other Arawak source loans for dolphin					uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes		(H&R, Giacone: maauáli, mauáli (ps cobra))		inheritance							missing		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	tsũdeɾi, umapí	tsũdeɾi, umapí		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also umapí				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	jawala	(H&R, Giacone: jawala, aéme, kauirí)		unique			Also aéme, kauirí			No info (may be specfic types)	uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	sálu 'tamanduá bandeira', ãtẽ	sálu 'tamanduá bandeira', ãtẽ		inheritance			Also sálu 'tamanduá bandeira'				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	yéː (dp91), hemápiɾi 'tatu canastra'	jéː (dp91), hemápiɾi 'tatu canastra'		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also hemápiɾi 'tatu canastra'				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	sído	sído		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	piɾíya	piɾíja		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	manaká, puɾama	manaká, puɾama		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also puɾama				uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	déɾi, deːɾi	déɾi, deːɾi		semantic shift	North Arawak	*deeri 'sororoca' (Ramirez 2001)	Attested Mandawaka, Kabiyari; no clear loan source				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	písiɾi	písiɾi		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	kumáda	kumáda		loan (into protolanguage?) - WW	North Arawak	%kumana	Wanderwort: probably Arawak source, loan into Wai Wai, various East Tukanoan, Puinave, etc.	WW	%kumana		uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		képira; puipída (H&R92)	képira		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also puipída (H&R92)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	púpeɾi	púpeɾi		unique	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup		Broader (also peach palm)				uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	dó:lo	dó:lo		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	kusirúda (calabash?)	kusirúda (calabash?)		missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	kúida, wasé-na	kúida, wasé-na		unique			Also wasé-na				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	kápaɾu	kápaɾu		inheritance - WW	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch	%kaparu					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	máne	máne		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	hemasiéɾe, hemasiéle	hemasiéɾe, hemasiéle		calque		Tukano	Calque 'tapir-river' (widely shared in Vaupes languages)				compound	tapir-river'	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	hídu	hídu		inheritance							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum	hídu	hídu		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	amáɾu sápale	amáɾu sápale		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	dáːpi	dáːpi		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	hipatu 'epadú'	hipatu		loan, direction unknown - WW		%patu	Attested at least Rio Negro North Arawak. Wanderwort: E. Tukanoan, e.g. Bará pátu, Nheengatu ipadu, Nadëb batoʔ, Carijona ihatu	WW	%patu		uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	dapátaɾu, ihída	dapátaɾu, ihída		inheritance			Also ihída				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	yamulitú, ɲamulitú	jamulitú, ɲamulitú, (H&R, Giacone: ampiá (ps porco))		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch		Prob loan into Guahiban (proto-language?), e.g. Guahibo tsamúli. Also H&R, Giacone: ampiá ('porco')				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	kapísi (dp91)	kapísi (dp91)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	phiɾimičí	pʰiɾimitʃí		semantic shift			Means 'kapok' in Baniwa; also attested Yucuna.				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	kuheni	kuheni		unknown							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	néɾi, néːɾi	néɾi, néːɾi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		néɾi, néːɾi	néɾi, néːɾi		inheritance									See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	čínu	tʃínu		semantic shift	North Arawak	from Proto-Arawak jaguar	Probably derived (historically) from Proto-Arawak 'jaguar'				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		čínu	tʃínu		semantic shift									See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	ulítu	ulítu		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup		Also keɾáwi ulítu 'pomba-pedrês'			Narrower (multiple types exist)	uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	kamída 'marreco', kumaːda, kumáda awakadite 'pato-do-mato'	kamída 'marreco', kumaːda, kumáda awakadite 'pato-do-mato'		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch		kumaːda, kumáda awakadite 'pato-do-mato'			Narrower (multiple types exist)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	wépaɾi, yúɾu	wépaɾi, júɾu		unknown			Also júɾu				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	dakása	dakása		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup	shared Baniwa					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		kuphe, kuːphe	kupʰe, kuːpʰe		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	kesí-na	kesí-na		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	kawháneɾe	kawháneɾe		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing							missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	pidú	pidú		semantic shift			In some other Central North Arawak languages this means 'Neotropical otter' (could be due to poor data)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	kepipipe	kepipipe (H&R, Giancone: kanapiri)		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch		Also Giancone: kanapiri				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	áːsine	áːsine		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	mali	mali		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	maːɾe	maːɾe		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)	WW%mare, Arawak origin					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola													See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi				missing							missing		See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	dukúliphe péɾi	dukúlipʰe péɾi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	má:pa	má:pa		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	aasi (dp91), ãsi (aa01)	aasi (dp91), ãsi (aa01)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Arawak is thought to be source of Spanish ají				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	íči	ítʃi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	kúːɾipimi	kúːɾipimi		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Compare Tukanoan (E&W) forms mimi, etc.				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	káːsiwa	káːsiwa		loan direction unknown		Cubeo	Cuebo katʃiva				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	hawáya	hawája		inheritance							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	siin[u] (dp91), deːɾiphína 'onça pintada, yáwi 'onça'	siin[u] (dp91), deːɾipʰína 'onça pintada, jáwi 'onça', (H&R, Giacone: i-javi, iaavi, li-tsávi, javi)		inheritance; doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	North Arawak	Tukanoan jai, cf. Tupi-Guarani jawar	Compare similar Tukanoan forms, e.g. e.g. Cubeo ja'wí, javi. Also siin[u] (dp91), deːɾipʰína 'onça pintada, jáwi 'onça', (H&R, Giacone: i-javi, iaavi, li-tsávi, javi)				uncoded		See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	yáːliɾu	jáːliɾu		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	dáːne, maːki, kéːsu	dáːne, maːki, kéːsu		unique			Also maːki, kéːsu				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	ãdaɾu; ʔáadaru, ʔándaru (H&R92)	ádaɾu		doubtful loan into protolg - WW	Proto-Arawak (North and South)	%arara	Wanderwort: see Cocama arara, Wanano daharo, Carib forms, Spanish ara, Portuguese arara	WW	%ara		uncoded		See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	kána	kána		inheritance	Central North Arawak	Inland N. Arawak					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	pákamu	pákamu		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	hemúki 'mandí-urutú, kaiwáči, kewáči 'mandi-bandeira'	hemúki 'mandí-urutú, kaiwátʃi, kewátʃi 'mandi-bandeira'		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup		Also kaiwátʃi, kewátʃi 'mandi-bandeira'			Narrower (specific type)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	káini (dp91)	káini (dp91)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kiníki	kiníki		unknown		maybe from 'bitter manioc'	Compare forms for 'potato' in Arawak lgs. Likely loan into Carib, see Makiritari kɨde:de, Pemon kanari				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	tewída	tewída		inheritance? - WW	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	pú:pu	pú:pu		unique			Also H&R, Giacone: áini-jo				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	híɾi (dp91)	híɾi (dp91)		inheritance							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				missing							missing		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	ɲéːwi	ɲéːwi		inheritance		Ptenonura?	In some other Central North Arawak languages this means 'Giant otter' (could be due to poor data)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	ínaɾi	ínaɾi		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	púpuli 'coruya', makúwe, makúve 'courya-de-orelha'	púpuli 'coruja', makúwe, makúve 'coruja-de-orelha'		inheritance - WW? onomatopoeic	Central North Arawak	%pupu; P-A *punpuli (Payne91)	See similar forms in Tukanoan, Yagua, etc.; probably onomatopoeic. Also makúwe, makúve 'courja-de-orelha'				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	dáːpa	dáːpa		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	punepina	punepina		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	awíɲa wáɾu, awíɲa-wáɾu-ni 'papagaio moleiro'	awíɲa wáɾu, awíɲa-wáɾu-ni 'papagaio moleiro'		inheritance	North Arawak		Also awíɲa-wáɾu-ni 'papagaio moleiro'				uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	yarukánapi	jarukánapi		unknown							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	pípiɾi	pípiɾi	pupunha	doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW	Central North Arawak	%pipiri	Broader (also black palm)				uncoded		Aikhenvald 2001: 105	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	mawína	mawína		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	uʔumá[i] (dp91)	uʔumá[i] (dp91)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	yáːɾa	jáːɾa		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	kalí[ri] (dp91), ãwhi, awhída, hãwhi 'batata-doce, mandioca', húne 'batata-doce, batata-inglesa', máː	kalí[ri] (dp91), ãwhi, awhída, hãwhi 'batata-doce, mandioca', húne 'batata-doce, batata-inglesa', máː		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also ãwhi, awhída, hãwhi 'batata-doce, mandioca', húne 'batata-doce, batata-inglesa', máː				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	yeká-na	jeká-na		loan direction unknown		East Tukanoan	Shared Baniwa; Tukanoan Cubeo jɛ́ka, Secoya ɨka				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua				missing							missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	dúpu	dúpu		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		api (dp91), mawáli 'cobra, verme'; ʔã́mpi (H&R92)	api (dp91), mawáli 'cobra, verme'		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also mawáli 'cobra, verme'				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	áːpi, ãpi	áːpi, ãpi		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	daɾúyu, kulíɾi	daɾúju, kulíɾi		unique			Also kulíɾi				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	éːni, ewanapáli	éːni, ewanapáli		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch		Also ewanapáli				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	hayámaɾu	hajámaɾu		loan direction unknown		Yanomami/Ninam	Ninam, Yanomami jãmãɾu				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	héma	héma		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	kamáɾa	kamáɾa		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	máːmi	máːmi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	hípaɾu, káma, mulítu; páisi (H&R92)	hípaɾu, káma, mulítu		inheritance	North Arawak		Also káma, mulítu; páisi (H&R92)				uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	yeéma (dp91), yéma (aa01)	jeéma (dp91), jéma (aa01)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	íkuli, ičída 'yabuti do mato'	íkuli, itʃída 'jabuti do mato'		inheritance			Also itʃída 'jabuti do mato'				uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	yáːse, íya-yáːse 'tucano-de-peito-amarelo'	jáːse, íja-jáːse 'tucano-de-peito-amarelo'		inheritance		loan into Tukanoan?	Similar forms in East and West Tukanoan, e.g. Tukano dase. Also íja-jáːse 'tucano-de-peito-amarelo'				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		háiku	háiku (H&R, Giacone: aíkuna)		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	púːwe (dp91)	púːwe (dp91)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	wáyuɾi 'urubu', éːta 'urubu-rei'	wájuɾi 'urubu', éːta 'urubu-rei'		inheritance	North Arawak		Also éːta 'urubu-rei'				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	ainí	ainí		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	hálo	hálo		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup	shared Baniwa					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	ampiá (dp91), apiyá kesaníte	ampiá (dp91), apijá kesaníte		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing							Derived	pɑ: = one/other, -ekʰwapi “world” classifier		See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	siduána	siduána		inheritance		Proto North Arawak				Alternate: pa-ita-nípe (?-CL:inanimate,instrument-PL)	Derived	-na = "long vertical" classifier, sidua = "cane"	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	episí-da	episí-da		inheritance		Proto Central North Arawak					Derived	-da = round classifier	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	niɲá-na	niɲá-na		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro				Alternatives: nihyá-na; umapí; kú_x0001_i; apiyá umapí; kakusu_x0001_í; katanapí_x0001_	Phrase	fish its-bait-POSS	can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	maɾawí kaɾápi	maɾawí kaɾápi	basin, large, made of tuyuca	unique							Phrase	unclear, but neither part means “tuyuca (clay)” suggesting it's a phrase, not a compound		See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	káme		basket, basket for transporting fruit	Inheritance		Proto Rio Negro				Alternate: mukutú	Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	káme 'cesta', mukutú 'cesta p/ transportar frutos'	káme 'cesta', mukutú 'cesta p/ transportar frutos'		inheritance; doubtful loan - WW			% panaku (cf. variants e.g. Cocama urkuru							See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	kusíɾu-maka 'pequeno balaio'	kusíɾu-maka 'pequeno balaio'		unknown							Derived	-maka = "extended cloth" classifier		See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material				missing										See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	pa-swá-ɾi	pa-swá-ɾi		unknown						Alternate: édi 'bench'	Derived	-ɾí = object nominalization		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	éːdi, édi	éːdi, édi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex			See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	mawípi	mawípi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				missing										See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing									if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	(yawi) [tia]pu (dp91), yawithépu (aa01)	(jawi) [tia]pu (dp91), jawitʰépu (aa01)		inheritance	*tapo	Proto Arawak					Derived	-itʰépu "bow" noun classifier	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	pa-píu-naki	pa-píu-naki		unique			prob from 'sweep'			Alternate: papiu-ni-naki	Derived	-naki = "long handle" classifier		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	íta, itá-whya	íta, itá-whya		inheritance		Proto North Arawak				Alternate: íta	Simplex			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	pisána	pisána		loan - WW			%pisana	WW	%pisana	probably originally from Port bicho 'small animal'; compare E. Tukano, (e.g. Desano pisana); other Arawak (e.g. Wapishana piʃani); Carib (Makushi pisana; Pemon pitʃana); Kakua pitʃina. But note Quechua 'broom' pitʃana				See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kaláka	kaláka		loan - WW		Proto North Arawak	%karaka	WW	%karaka	Probably Arawak origin (see Nordenskiold 1922). Tukanoan, e.g. Wanano karaka; Arawak, e.g. Baniwa kaláka; Yanomamo, Nadeb; Macaguan takra, Sikuani wakara	Simplex			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	é:ni	é:ni		unique							Simplex			See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	yaɾu-maká-si	jaɾu-maká-si		inheritance										See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
coca			narcotics	hipatu			Unknown			Local	WW	%patu	Nheengatu ipadu; Arawak (e.g. Tariana hipatú); Carijona ihatu; E. Tukano (e.g. Bará 'pátu); Daw	Simplex			See Language page
cook food			food	jána			Inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology	walirú	walirú		loan			East Tukanoan				Simplex		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	ɾápa			Inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool				missing									hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	yapi-riku-ri	yapi-riku-ri		calque, direction unknown			Tukanoan; 'one on bone'						In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing										See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	tapu-rí	tapu-ɾí		inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Derived	-ɾí = object nominalization		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	yawína	jawína	small drum	unknown							Simplex			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing									Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	kadúiči	kadúitʃi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	daɾuphéma	daɾupʰéma		unknown						Unclear, but “pʰé” is a classifier meaning leaf-like, suggesting a relatively transparent word structure.	Simplex			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	wisíwai; na-itaníwi; yaɾukanáwi	wisíwai; na-itaníwi; jaɾukanáwi		unknown						Alternate: wisíwei, na-itaníwi; jaɾukanáwi	Simplex		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	payáɾu taɾadá-peɾi (payáɾu 'caxiri', taɾadá 'be alive')	pajáɾu taɾadá-peɾi		inheritance? - WW			%pajaru						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology	wiri	wiri		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing										See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	tsié[e]	tsié[e]		inheritance		Proto North Arawak	from 'fire'				Simplex			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food				missing										See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	dhilítu	dʰilítu		unique							Derived	di- is 3rd non-feminine marker		See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	kesí-na			Unknown							Derived	-na = "long vertical" classifier		See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	kule-kha	kule-kʰa	fishing tool	doubtful calque			Baniwa				Derived	kule-kʰa; hook-CL:curvilinear		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	upíčí (matapi); maipukú, mepukú (cacuri)	upítʃí (natapi); maipukú, mepukú (cacuri)		Semantic shift						from “strainer/sieve”	Simplex			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	peːthé, paithé	peːtʰé, paitʰé		inheritance		Proto Central North Arawak					Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	kawhi	kawhi		doubtful loan			Tupi-Guarani 'fermented (manioc) drink'				Phrase	kupʰe = fish, na= 3rd plural possessor, -nipe = plural, tuda = “sieve, puçá”: “fish's sieve” (?)	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	talíwa	talíwa	flute (generic?)	unknown							Simplex		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	ichiri	itʃiɾi	animal	unique		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology				Missing										See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	ɲámu 'espírito, curupira'	ɲámu 'espírito, curupira'		inheritance										See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	tíya, kusirúda (calabash?)	tíja, kusirúda (calabash?)		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	ãda 'ralo'	ãda 'ralo'		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	kayáma	kajáma		loan			East Tukanoan			Also Kakua kâyaʔ	Simplex			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	puáli 'forno'	puáli 'forno'	oven	inheritance							Simplex		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	sĩ́pi	sĩ́pi	shotgun	unique			Portuguese				Simplex			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	amakú	amakú		inheritance				WW	%amaka	Occurs in Arawak, Macaguan, Kakua (?), Urarina (?), Aguaruna, Taylor (1957): source is Arawak sleep-NMLZ	Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	di-swa-ní-da	di-swa-ní-da		unique						Alternate: dapída (woven hat)	Derived	di- = 3rd non-feminine cross-referencing (his X), -ní = masculine nominal derivation, -da = “round” classifier		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				missing									Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics	payaɾúna	pajaɾúna		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	dúne	dúne		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	panisí	panisí		inheritance										See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	di-wíni 'caça'	di-wíni 'caça'		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Derived?	di- is 3rd non-feminine marker		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	maliyé	malijé		loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW			%marije	WW	%mariye	Probably Carib > Baniwa-Tariana subgroup. Arawak: Wapishana, Baniwa, Tariana; Carib: Trio, Akawaio, Mapoyo, Yabarana, Pemon, Wai Wai, Waimiri-Atroari; Nadëb; possibly Ocaina	Simplex			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	paramaríkha	paɾamaɾí-kʰa		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Derived	-kʰa = curvilinear classifier		See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	wánaɾi	wánaɾi		unknown			cf. Nadahup wan			Compare Hup wan	Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	yéːda 'pequeno pilão para preparo do epadú'	jéːda 'pequeno pilão para preparo do epadú'	a small mortar to prepare “epadú”	unknown							Simplex			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	hekutá, hiwaɾú-ita, unisitá	hekutá, hiwaɾú-ita, unisitá		unique; unknown										See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology														See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	papéra	papéɾa		loan			Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing										See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	kaɾápi	kaɾápi		loan - WW			%parapi	WW	%karapi	Attested various Carib and Arawak lgs. Possibly related to Span. plato. Strange p~k correspondence (e.g. Akawaio parabi; Tariana karápi), but otherwise look like same etymon. Meaning varies between clay plate and clay pot.	Simplex			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing										See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	paːɾu-ní-da	paːɾu-ní-da		inheritance?			cf. Baniwa				Derived	-ní = ?, da=round classifier		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	kusiɾúda, kúsiɾu	kusiɾúda, kúsiɾu		inheritance						Alternate: kusiɾúda	Simplex			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	maini	maini		inheritance										See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	kamáña, kamáyana	kamáña, kamájana		doubtful loan, direction unknown			Cubeo kainime							See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	íwi	íwi	rock salt	inheritance	*idɨwɨ	Proto Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation				missing										See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology				missing									In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	sapatu	sapatu		loan			Portuguese			Yanomam sapato; Hup capatu	Simplex			See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material				missing										See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	sálu	sálu		loan			Span/Port soldado	WW	%surara	Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu	Simplex			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	mulúku	mulúku		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro				Alternate: mulikъna, hъida, muɾúku	Simplex			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	kainíki 'tapioca'	kainíki 'tapioca'		inheritance		Proto Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material	tatapútawa	tatapútawa		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation				missing										See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	ɲumúku, yumúku	ɲumúku, jumúku		loan			East Tukanoan (Wanano?)			Alternate: jumúku	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	yépu, pune-pína	jépu, pune-pína		unknown			cf. Cocama (Tupi) pinawa			Alternate: jépu, pune-pína	Simplex			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	hiɾína	hiɾína		inheritance?							Simplex		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	jéma			Inheritance	*yɨma	Proto Arawak				also in some Guahiban langs. (e.g. Cuiva tsйma)	Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing									use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool	néɾi i-wádo (néri 'deer', wádo '?')	néɾi i-wádo		Calque							Compound	néri 'deer', wádo?	agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	pupáwa	pupáwa		unknown							Simplex		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other				missing										See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	yupíčí	jupítʃí		doubtful loan		Proto North Arawak	cf. Ramirez				Simplex		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology	píɾi 'flauta de Yurupari'	píɾi 'flauta de Yurupari'	Yurupari flute	inheritance		Proto Rio Negro				Cognate Yucuna?	Simplex		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	no	Nominal compounds are not productive	Aikhenvald 2003: 201
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	yes		Aikhenvald 2003: 424
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	yes	There are two kinds of compounding	Aikhenvald 2003: 446
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no		Aikhenvald, 2003
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes		Aikhenvald 2003: 235
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no	Tense and evidentiality are fused, (and interrogative fused with tense/evid). Aspect, mood, aktionsart, degree all distinct morphology	Aikhenvald 2003, 254, 288
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		Aikhenvald 2003: 255-256	pg. 255-256 dicsusses verb roots and verbal derivations, no mention of replacement
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Aikhenvald 2003: 66
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Aikhenvald 2003: 253
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Aikhenvald 2003: 253
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Aikhenvald 2003: 253
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no	There is perhaps an archaic reduplicated form of the causative morpheme as an intensifier.	Aikhenvald 2003: 274
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no	No other discussion of reduplication.	Aikhenvald, 2003
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no	The overview of predicate structure does not describe any incorporation processes.	Aikhenvald 2003: 253-254
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no	The overview of predicate structure does not describe any incorporation processes.	Aikhenvald 2003: 253-254
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no	Bound morphology is used.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 139
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	4	Two core cases, two oblique cases (Locational and instrumental/comitative).	Aikhenvald, 2003: 139-140
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139-140
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 140-148
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 140-148
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139-140
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139-140
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139-140
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139-140
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139-140
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 140
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	yes	Homophonous with third-person free pronouns, but distinguished on distributional criteria.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 204-205
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no	There are "specifier" articles and demnstratives, but no definiteness markers.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 204-208
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	yes	This artcile has several functions, including the number "one," "only," and "another."	Aikhenvald, 2003: 215
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 177
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		yes	Plural pronouns can optionally distinguish gender by using a feminine classifier.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	2		Aikhenvald, 2003: 206
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		yes	There is also an "emphatic" demonstrative, used to indicate "this very one."	Aikhenvald, 2003: 206
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	yes		Aikhenvald 2003: 87
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	2	feminine, non-feminine	Aikhenvald 2003: 87
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes	established classifiers	Aikhenvald 2003: 89
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	yes		Aikhenvald 2003: 87
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no	All inanimates are classified based on their form or function.	Aikhenvald 2003: 87
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes	There is a general animate classifier, -ita (numerals) and -ite (other words) is used with all animate nouns.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 93
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no	Other pronouns distinguish gender as well.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 87
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no	Tariana has one classifier for animate forms.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 88
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes	Tariana has a number of shape and form classifiers.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 89-90
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	yes	To classify nouns that do not have a classifier (about 40% of nouns), the head noun is repeated on the modifier.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 117
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	yes	The classifiers corresponding to "animate" and "human" take distinct forms on numerals.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 103-104
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	yes		Aikhenvald 2003: 172
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no	The overview of noun structure does not include a singular number marker. Classifiers can be used for singular reference of a non-singular noun (such as "paper").	Aikhenvald, 2003: 83, 164
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes	-pe seems to be the most regular plural marker, although some clitics have a "built-in" plural?	Aikhenvald, 2003: 83
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 164
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 164
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 164
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no	Plural is marked on inanimate nouns, although the unmarked form is considered a general or collective sense and plural marking is only obligatory with animate nouns.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 164-165
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no	Aikhenvald notes that plural marking in pronouns is distinct from that in nouns, although pronouns with a derivational classifier take the same plural marker as a noun with a classifier.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 164-165, 204
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no	The use of the regular plural marker on any noun with a human referent gives an associative reading.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 165
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no	"One," "two," "three" are all basic.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 217
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes	Numerals from five to ten are based on the word for hand, plus the relevant number of "fingers."	Aikhenvald, 2003: 218
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no	Numerals above ten are based on "two hands plus x."	Aikhenvald, 2003: 218
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 218
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	Four is a calque from Tucano, something along the lines of "the one who has a companion."	Aikhenvald, 2003: 217
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no	Compound numerals exist up to twenty, but they are rarely used.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 217
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no	Compound numerals exist up to twenty, but they are rarely used.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 217
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	yes	Nouns have tense, but a noun in the predicate slot can take the clausal tense-evidentiality marking on top of nominal tense.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 187
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 177
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		yes	Plural pronouns can optionally distinguish genders.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 177
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		yes	Plural pronouns can optionally distinguish gender by using a feminine classifier.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 177
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 177
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no	There is one morpheme that marks intransitivization, but reflexive interpretation is only found with three verbs.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 177, 266-267
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 72
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	yes	All adjectives require classifier agreement with the head noun.	Aikhhenvald, 2003: 73
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 461
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	no	Participles are often translated as agent nominalizations, but they mark the predicate of a relative clause. The two agent nominalizing morphemes are non-productive.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 200, 460
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 200
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	no	The morphological causative -ita is used to nominalize some verbs, but this is not fully productive.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 77
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no	The description of comitative case marker describes it as being the "main mechanism of NP coordination."	Aikhenvald, 2003: 150-151
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122-123
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122-123
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no	In possessive NPs, classifiers can attach to the possessive marker and characterize the possessed noun. However, these are not distinct from noun classifiers.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 87
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no	Obligatorily possessed nouns cannot be used without a cross-referencing prefix, although this is the same set of cross-referencing prefixes that are used for optionally (alienably) possessed nouns.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 127-128
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no	Possession of optionally possessed nouns is indicated by juxtaposition.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 129-130
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no	The Arawak -tsi is retained in a few nouns. These are treated as optionally possessed. Inalienable nouns are classified as such because they cannot occur without a cross-referencing prefix.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 127-129
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 127
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 127
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no	Other nouns that refer to things "closely associated with people" are obligatorily possessed, but human nouns do not seem to be among this class.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 127
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		Aikhenvald 2003: 26
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		Aikhenvald 2003: 26
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Aikhenvald 2003: 26
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	yes		Aikhencald 2003: 32
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Aikhencald 2003: 32
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no	the sequences Cy or Cw can be interpreted as a complex onset or as a syllable of CV structure	Aikhenvald 2003: 37
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	no	only /y/ and /h/ as codas	Aikhenvald 2003: 34
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no	CVh codas can be considered the result of Tucano influence	Aikhenvald 2003: 34
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		Aikhenvald 2003
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	yes		Aikhenvald 2003: 37
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	yes		Aikhenvald 2003: 42
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	yes	The domain of nasalization is phonological word, incl. any affixes, (not sure about clitics) and is probably due to Tucano influence	Aikhenvald 2003: 42
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		yes		Aikhenvald 2003: 44
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	yes	A small subset of intransitives (verbs of physical states) require accusative-marked subjects.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 139
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no	Verbs of physical states take O-marking, although Aikhenvald says that Tariana is "basicaly nominative-accusative."	Aikhenvald, 2003: 139
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes	Pronouns with a human referent mark object case.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 204
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 204
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 204
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 204
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 204
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		yes	Personal cross-referencing is used to mark A/Sa on verbs.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	no	No mention of a desiderative in mood/modality morphology.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 373-399
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 502
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	yes	Interrogative mood, fused with tense-evidentiality.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 311, 502
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 502
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 502
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	yes	Question word is usually sentence-initial.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 503
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 400
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 400
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 400
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 400
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 400
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 400
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no	The prefix ma- (see predicate negation marker ma-…-kade) can be used to express lack of body part/kinship relation (seemingly only with inalienable nouns).	Aikhenvald, 2003: 400, 410
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 400
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 516
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	yes	The same/different subject markers are also differentiated to distinguish between prior and simultaneous clauses.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 516
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	yes	Fused with switch-reference markers.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 516
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes	When adjectives are used as predicates, they take the same morphology as stative verbs, but nouns do not.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 76
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no	When adjectives are used as predicates, they take the same morphology as stative verbs, but nouns do not.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 76
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	no	All types of copula clauses take a copula verb.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 488
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	yes	Aikhenvald mentions that "headless relative clauses are constituents of the main clause," suggesting that there are headless relative clauses.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 537-538
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 537
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	yes	The relative takes classifiers to agree with an inanimate common referent, if that referent is the S of both clauses, or if it is O in the main clause and S in the relative clause.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 541
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		yes	The negative version is ma-. This element is prefixed to every verbal element when the relative clause predicate is a serial verb construction.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 460
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	yes	The relativizer can also be used as an agent nominalizer.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 461
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	no	Pronouns seem to have special restrictions on their placement, usually preceding the predicate.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 565
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 203
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 203
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 203
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 565
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes	Active intransitive verbs take nominative person-marking.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 122, 253-254
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122, 253-254
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122, 253-254
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	n/a	No object person marking.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 122, 253-254
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no	Person and number are fused in pronouns and cross-referencing prefixes.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	yes	In third-person pronouns and cross-referencing prefixes.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 122
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 236
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	yes	Both the theme (gift) and recipient receive accusative case marking. However, Aikhenvald does note that only the theme can be the target of a passive operation.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 236
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 236
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 263-266
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 263-266
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	yes	However, this is no longer productive.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 263-266
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 258
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 258
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 258
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 258
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 258
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 268
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 268
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 268
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	yes	Several constructions, often use verbs -a "do, say", -iɾa "order," and -pala "put", as well as a periphrastic construction using -ni "make."	Aikhenvald, 2003: 274
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no	"Indirect causation" is achieved by a serial verb construction.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 278
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no	"Indirect causation" is achieved by a serial verb construction.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 278
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no	The causative morpheme -i/-ita has other functions when applied to most transitive verbs.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 279
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes	The tense system is fused with evidentiality.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes	There is a distinction between recent past and remote past.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no	There are multiple future markers, but their use is conditioned by the person performing the action and the "definiteness" of the event.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 320
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 287, 320
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289, 320
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289, 320
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289, 320
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289, 320
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	no	The description of predicate structure does not include any directional elements.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 253-254
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	yes	There are both generic inferred and specific inferred morphemes.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes	The most common imperative strategy involves an "unmarked" verb--unmarked for tense, aspect, evidentiality, etc.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 371
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	yes	This is homophonous with the "present visual interrogative" marker.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 378
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 409
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	yes	Referred to as a "cohortative," this is rather rare and is only use with the first person plural.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 378
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 380-399
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		yes	With the secondary verb kanhina, although this is variably glossed as "to be possible, easy" and "to be recognizable, easily recognizable."	Aikhenvald, 2003: 247, 457
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no info		Aikhenvald, 2003
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 380-399
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		yes	The verb is repeated to experss epistemic possibility.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 449
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no info		Aikhenvald, 2003
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	yes	Referred to as "counter-expectation," but described as a marker that describes action contrary to either the speaker's or hearer's expectations.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 396
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes	Clitic, usually on main verb.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 380
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 325
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	yes	There is both a verbal clitic and a complex predicate construciton that convey this meaning.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 384
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no	No discussion of realis/irrealis distinction in chapter on mood/modality morphology.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 371-399
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no	No discussion of affect markers in chapter on mood/modality morphology.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 371-399
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no	In the description of predicate structure, there is no such bound morphology.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no info		Aikhenvald, 2003
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		yes	There is a tendency toward verb-final.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 507
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 507
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 507
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 507
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 507
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139-140
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 139-140
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 562
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no	From the examples, it looks as though the possessor precedes the possessum, except when the possessor is mentioned as an afterthought.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 123
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes	All adjectives can be used both before and after the head.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 475
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	yes	All adjectives can be used both before and after the head.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 475
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes	Demonstratives always precede the NP head.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 475
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 475
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes	Numerals can be both pre- and post-head.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 475
Word Order	Noun-Num		yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 475
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes	Relative clauses can either follow or precede the head noun.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 479
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	yes	Relative clauses can either follow or precede the head noun.	Aikhenvald, 2003: 479
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 479
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Aikhenvald, 2003: 537-538
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Aikhenvald, 2003: 503

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
1500	medium	AG	medium	sedentary	Riverine	Linguistic exogamy

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