| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 4 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 223 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 25 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Adjectives follow the noun unless the noun is topicalized or the adjective is acting on a complex noun phrase. |
Galindo, 2002: 328-329 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28, Shauer and Shauer 2000: p. 518 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
The order can be reversed, but noun-adj is the most frequent and normal. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 58 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 179 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
All adjectives can be used both before and after the head. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 475 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
n/a |
Apurinã does not have adjectives. |
Facundes, 2000: 342 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Mihas 2010:143 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:30 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:158 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:115-6 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:104 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 369 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:14 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:24 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
SComp and OComp |
Matteson 1965:68 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:133-134 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 52 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
"There are no adjectives. Only nouns occur to modify nouns in noun phrases" |
Abbott 1991: 129 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Palmegiani 2002:80 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 58 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:3 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
|
Stendal 1976:1 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Bourland 1976:55 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
It seems to be the only possible order for noun and adjective |
Quesada 2008:54 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:243 |
|
So, the general structure of Aguaruna NP is (Det)N(Adj) |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
descriptive adjectives follow the noun |
Mortensen 1999:10 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Orr et all. 1991:21 |
|
Based on examples |
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974:19 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:759 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:33-4 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:309-10 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p297 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 282 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.42 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984:118 ex |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
Martins does not view these as an adjective class, but there is a class of adjective-like modifiers that follow nouns |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 4 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 91 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.37-42 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, iv |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 |
|
Barasano is a verb-adjective language, which is to say that there is a single set of roots which may take either regular verbal inflection and serve as predicates, or may take nominalizers/participials/classifiers and serve as modifiers in noun phrases. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.51 |
|
Adjectives may follow the noun, however, and such phrases in isolation may be interpreted as a noun phrase or as a descriptive clause with a predicate adj and an implicit copula. |
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:117, 133 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 62-63 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
n/a |
no true adjectives |
Ramirez 1994: 202 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
only with the adjective 'wai' small |
Goodwin-Gomez: 81 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 129 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):1 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:308-12 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Zarratea 2002:143 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
no adjective in Kokama |
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms6.2.3 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
8 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
s258 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
106 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
191 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
67 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 26 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
371 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
214 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
yes |
|
d44 |
|
|
1 |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
225 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
63 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
n/a |
|
189 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
120 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
389 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
93 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
252 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
291 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
95-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
197 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
34; 96 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
85 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
31 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
116-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no? |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
72-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
67 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
186 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 130 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
133 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
293 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 12 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
63 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
877 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
m287 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
138 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
347 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:349 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
