Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Resígaro

Family: Arawakan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: rgr
Location: -2.48°, -71.36°
Notes: In close contact with Boran, Witotoan, and Andoke; 'People of the Center'.
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Allin, Trevor R. 1976. A Grammar of Resigaro. High Wycombe, England: SIL Allin, Trevor R. 1979. Vocabulario resígaro. Documento de Trabajo, 16. Huber, R. and Reed, R. 1992. Comparative vocabulary: selected words in indigenous languages of Colombia. ILV, Bogotá. Seifart, Frank. 2011. Bora Loans in Resígaro: Massive morphological and little lexical borrowing in a moribund Arawakan language. Cadernos de Etnolingüística (Série Monografias, 2).

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	muu?á	muuʔá	loan	Bora mɯɯ́ʔ-a		See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	fa?á	faʔá	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ó	ó	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	ha?á, i- (imperative)	haʔá, i- (impeɾative)	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	phá, phú	pʰá, pʰú	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	ú (ellos), mi?á	ú (ellos), miʔá	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	migí ' él, ese', eégí, tsó 'she, her', tsú 'he'	migí ' él, ese', eégí, tsó 'she, heɾ', tsú 'he'	unknown			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	hiípó	hiípó	unique			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	apoᵰú	apon̟ú	inheritance			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other			missing			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body			missing			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body			missing			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	ókóniigiJíhú	ókóniigiJíhú	unique			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	-nú, -gí	-nú, -gí	unique			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	váᵰí	ván̟í	inheritance			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	matshíva?nú?́	matsʰívaʔnúʔ	inheritance			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	da?mí	daʔmí	unknown			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body			missing			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	hipóo	hipóo	unique			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality			missing			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body			missing			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour			missing			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body			missing			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	fóo-khú	fóo-kʰú	doubtful loan	Witoto, but onomatopoeic		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	kaavaí	kaavaí	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Muinane káidʒɨno		See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	aápí	aápí	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	ó?kótáapígú	óʔkótáapígú	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	siku?-Jú	sikuʔ-Jú	unique			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	hoo-khú	hoo-kʰú	doubtful loan	East Tukanoan; Tanimuca, Carapana ho'e, hoe		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	chakó?-khú	chakóʔ-kʰú	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human			missing			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	i?šú	iʔʃú	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment			missing			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	hi?píí?, taa	hiʔpííʔ, taa	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	tsa?nú	tsaʔnú	loan	Bora tsʰaá (plus inheritance form?)		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	akú	akú	inheritance?			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality			missing			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental			missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	kání	kání	unique			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	kio?-khú (cut in a half), seu?-khú (cut small things), tuu-khú (cut big things)	kioʔ-kʰú (cut in a half), seuʔ-kʰú (cut small things), tuu-kʰú (cut big things)	inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	hee?kó	heeʔkó	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state			missing			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	hí?žo	híʔʒo	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality			missing			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental			missing			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	i?dú	iʔdú	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	makádú	makádú	inheritance			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality			missing			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment			missing			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	henákó	henákó	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	hihi	hihi	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	a?mitú	aʔmitú	doubtful loan	Boran		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	eévé(ú)	eévé(ú)	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body			missing			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	ii?šú	iiʔʃú	inheritance			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	ha?vanú, á?nú	haʔvanú, áʔnú	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality			missing			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body			missing			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	[-han]ígí (dp91)	[-han]ígí (dp91)	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental			missing			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	tsíináhí	tsíináhí	inheritance			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	hi?táví	hiʔtáví	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	o?koná? (possessed form)	oʔkonáʔ (possessed foɾm)	unique			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	ámoogí	ámoogí	loan	Bora		See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion			missing			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	giiví	giiví	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	adú	adú	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	iítshú	iítsʰú	unknown			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	hii?pú	hiiʔpú	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	niíkú	niíkú	unknown	poss. inheritance		See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	kasˇó?	kaʃóʔ	doubtful loan	Nheengatú katu		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	ipogí?	ipogíʔ	inheritance			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state			missing			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	híve?áǰii?ó	híveʔádʒiiʔó	unique			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	-ké	-ké	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	híveú	híveú	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	hé?mú	héʔmú	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	váfoú	váfoú	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality			missing			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion			missing			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact			missing			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other			missing			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	ha?mo?	haʔmoʔ	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar			missing			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			missing			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location			missing			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	ii?šákó	iiʔʃákó	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body			missing			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	kainée-khú, mótshó	kainée-kʰú, mótsʰó	unknown; doubtful loan	Jivaroan, cf. Huambisa ma:tsa		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental			missing			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	húneú	húneú	loan	Bora		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	khoní	kʰoní	inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	apáná?aamí	apánáʔaamí	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	apá?mí?osí	apáʔmíʔosí	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	íphíkuba, hii?pákuba	ípʰíkuba, hiiʔpákuba	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	hepítakaá, tó?makaá	hepítakaá, tóʔmakaá	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	phédo?vakhoótsí	pʰédoʔvakʰoótsí	unique			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body			missing			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body			missing			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	tseinó?	tseinóʔ	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	netetshí?ó	netetsʰíʔó	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	váfó?ootsí	váfóʔootsí	loan	Ocaina?		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	atsáagí	atsáagí	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	gí?í	gíʔí	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	keégí	keégí	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	hanáva	hanáva	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment			missing			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	nó	nó	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	iivú	iivú	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality			missing			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body			missing			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	be?é	beʔé	loan	Boran		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	naapí	naapí	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar			missing			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body			missing			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality			missing			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	pa[topʰe] (dp91), sagú	pa[topʰe] (dp91), sagú	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	a?kó	aʔkó	doubtful loan	Carib, cf. Ingariko aʔkoka		See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar			missing			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	vakhá-jú	vakʰá-jú	unique			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	ináavi?žaánigí	ináaviʔʒaánigí	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact			missing			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	fá?voótsí	fáʔvoótsí	unique			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	kedávií́?	kedávií́ʔ	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	kaášo?osí	kaáʃoʔosí	inheritance			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	aǰápó, éhuúhí	adʒápó, éhuúhí	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	tébaké	tébaké	doubtful loan	Boran, see also Zaparo		See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	amaa?kátshí	amaaʔkátsʰí	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment			missing			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental			missing			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	khová?-khú	kʰováʔ-kʰú	missing			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental			missing			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality			missing			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact			missing			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	matshó?	matsʰóʔ	inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body			missing			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ítshú, i?tsháká	ítsʰú, iʔtsʰáká	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	eémámíí?o, eémú	eémámííʔo, eémú	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	há?ihí	háʔihí	unique			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	ímú	ímú	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality			missing			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	iítshú	iítsʰú	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	mókhó	mókʰó	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body			missing			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	khova?-khú (split wood), khovakó?i-Jú	kʰovaʔ-kʰú (split wood), kʰovakóʔi-Jú	unknown			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	a?naᵰú	aʔnan̟ú	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Ocaina (Witoto) "ããɲi"		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			missing			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state			missing			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	hivíigí	hivíigí	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other			missing			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	aváanaí	aváanaí	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment			missing			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	soo?-khú	sooʔ-kʰú	inheritance	similar forms shared with Bora and other languages; onomatopoeic		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	há?í	háʔí	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body			missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	fóo-jú	fóo-jú	doubtful loan	Boran/Witotoan		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	o?vápú	oʔvápú	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	tshíipí	tsʰíipí	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	aí	aí	unknown	possibly Span loan		See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	jíjaagí	jíjaagí	unique			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	kha?gí?	kʰaʔgíʔ	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental			missing			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	gi?í/do?ó	giʔí/doʔó	unique			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	migaakú? sagú?	migaakúʔ sagúʔ	calque	two and one (as elsewhere in region)		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	naa?kápí (inside), ó?kótáapí (outside)	naaʔkápí (inside), óʔkótáapí (outside)	inheritance			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact			missing			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	eénó (R01)	eénó (R01)	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact			missing			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	e?héepé	eʔhéepé	doubtful loan	Witoto		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	oné	oné	unknown			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other			missing		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	migaakú	migaakú	loan	Boran		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	i?kaᵰú	iʔkan̟ú	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion			missing			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	hooní	hooní	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	patshánu?	patsʰánuʔ	inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar			missing			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	hidee?tsí	hideeʔtsí	unknown			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	heᵰéé	hen̟éé	unique			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	hefíí?	hefííʔ	unknown			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar			missing			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	-íní, iínó, máujˇé (wife of husband)	-íní, iínó, máudʒé (wife of husband)	inheritance; unique			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment			missing			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body			missing			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	ináadó	ináadó	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other			missing			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	ha?agá?i-Jú	haʔagáʔi-Jú	unique	compare Ayachucho Quechua hakapakuj, hanʎapakuj		See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	dogíiga?é?	dogíigaʔéʔ	doubtful loan	Muinane gii-		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	phiigí	pʰiigí		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	phíi?tsí (dp91)	pʰíiʔtsí (dp91)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	pegíinú	pegíinú		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	hamaánú	hamaánú		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	Central North Arawak	Ramirez reconstructs; cf. other Arawak source loans for dolphin					uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	kamhíi-do (R01)	kamhíi-do (R01)		inheritance							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes				missing							missing	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	omáapí	omáapí		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	piíme	piíme (H&R)		loan		Bora	Bora pʰíímjɛpa, Muinane ɸíimo				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	monóotsí (small), piígí	monóotsí (small), piígí		inheritance		cognate M. tetradactyla (Ramirez 2001)	Also monóotsí (small anteater)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	ǰó?nó, tsa?i (dp91)	dʒóʔnó, tsaʔi (dp91)		doubtful loan		Witoto	e.g. Ocaina ñṍṍn̵õ. Also tsaʔi (dp91)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	dyuííšikó	dʲuííʃikó		loan		Bora tʰóótʃí					uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	šakoo?gí?ó	ʃakooʔgíʔó		unique		no evidence that this is a Bora loan, cf. Seifart 2011					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	pitshíigí	pitsʰíigí		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		kó!píidú, adovíigí	kóʔpíidú, adovíigí		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also adovíigí				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba				missing							missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	heété	heété		loan		Bora	Bora έέtʰɛpa				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	patsoβiíté (Seifart2011)	patsoβiíté		unknown							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	nanapíitáʔó ('gourd')	nanapíitáʔó ('gourd')		missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	mané (Seifart11)	mané (Seifart11)		inheritance							missing	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	ho?bú	hoʔbú		loan		Bora	Bora oʔpa				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	jáku	jáku		inheritance							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	áñaahí?é	áɲaahíʔé		loan		Bora áɲaáhɨ					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum	áɲaahíʔé	áɲaahíʔé		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	epíipí	epíipí		inheritance			Shared Kabiyari; possibly related to Baniwa-Tariana dapa				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	híibí?é	híibíʔé		loan - WW		Bora?	Shared in languages of People of the Center: Bora Muinane xííbi-(ʔo), Andoke híʔpíe, Koreguaje xipie, hipie; Witoto, e.g. Mɨnɨca Huitoto hí.ibi.ɛ	WW	%hibie		uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	toodóhí	toodóhí		loan		Bora	Bora toorójɨ				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	hapíitsú	hapíitsú		missing	Proto-Arawak (North and South)					Broader (peccary)	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	kapiítshi (dp91)	kapiítsʰi (dp91)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	tshomaátshí	tsʰomaátsʰí		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	ipádoʔhí	ipádoʔhí		inheritance							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	tsii?tsi?ó	tsiiʔtsiʔó		loan, direction unknown		(Bora?), Muinane síísi, Resigaro tsiiʔtsiʔo, Ocaina tʃitʃíʔo onomatopoeic	Ocaina tʃitʃíʔo (no data for Bora)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	kovíitsí; ʃóhó (H&R92)	kovíitsí		inheritance	Central North Arawak		ʃóhó (H&R92)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	keé?šé	keéʔʃé		inheritance		cf. southern Arawak forms					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		keé?sˇé	keéʔʃé		unique								See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	íiní	íiní		semantic shift		from Proto-Arawak jaguar	Also means 'jaguar'			Broader (dog and jaguar)	uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		íiní	íiní		semantic shift								See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	híhuuu	híhuuu		loan		Bora	Bora ɨ́juúu; probably also onomatopoeic				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	eniítsí, na?í, otsóomú 'edible larva'	eniítsí, naʔí, otsóomú 'edible laɾva'		unknown			Also eniítsí, naʔí				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		ámoogí	ámoogí		loan		Bora (directionality unclear, but Seifart notes that it probably follows the general pattern of B>R)	Bora amóópɛ				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	konáapi	konáapi		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	ka?vátsí	kaʔvátsí		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing							missing	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	himiítsí	himiítsí		inheritance			Yucuna-Resigaro only; inheritance or loan?				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	déene?é	déeneʔé		loan		Bora tééneʔe					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	ǰoimokó?to	dʒoimokóʔto		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	∫óhó (H&R)	∫óhó (H&R)		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola												See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	hutooba?žó?	hutoobaʔʒóʔ		doubtful loan - WW?		%tuipa?					uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	peegí (R01)	peegí (R01)		inheritance							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	mápú, maápú	mápú, maápú		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	aatsʰíu	aatsʰíu (H&R)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Arawak is thought to be source of Spanish ají				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	oovú	oovú		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	pí?mí	píʔmí		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Compare Tukanoan (E&W) forms mimi, etc.				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	maañá?o	maañáʔo		loan - WW		%maɲaʔo, cf. Bora/Yucuna	Shared with Yucuna; see Bora and Ocaina, e.g. máányaʔo, mááñaho; Wanderwort - also borrowed into Kakua?	WW	%mañaʔo		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	enóogí, pí?ža?é	enóogí, píʔʒaʔé		unique			Also píʔʒaʔé				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	íiní (dp91)	íiní (dp91), dʒéeβí (dog)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also dʒéeβí (H&R, others)			Broader (dog and jaguar)	uncoded	See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	huduúgí	huduúgí		unique			Also kófé (edible ones)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	anáadó	anáadó (H&R)		doubtful loan into protolg - WW	Proto-Arawak (North and South)	%arara	Wanderwort: see Cocama arara, Wanano daharo, Carib forms, Spanish ara, Portuguese arara	WW	%ara		uncoded	See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	veéká?ó	veékáʔó		doubtful loan - WW		%bea (but not from Bora/Witoto?)	Witoto, Bora shared forms bέdʒa	WW	%be		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	kapiníigí	kapiníigí		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kaání	kaání		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	káǰíigí	kádʒíigí		semantic shift?		prob. from 'potato'	Compare forms for 'potato' in Arawak lgs. Likely loan into Carib, see Makiritari kɨde:de, Pemon kanari				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	iteevi?é	iteeviʔé		inheritance? - WW	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	haníi¢o (Payne91)	haníitso (Payne91)		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	tyó?otyóbú	tʲóʔotʲóbú		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	hiigí (dp91), tyúukó	hiigí (dp91), tʲúukó		inheritance; loan		Bora ohdako; Ocaina tsóraaxo					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				missing							missing	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	husóodó	husóodó		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	itsíigí	itsíigí		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	popóogí	popóogí		inheritance - WW? onomatopoeic	Central North Arawak	%pupu; P-A *punpuli (Payne91)	See similar forms in Tukanoan, Yagua, etc.; probably onomatopoeic				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	naápú	naápú		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	kaádó	kaádó		inheritance			Attested Yucuna, Resigaro				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	ǰoódú	dʒoódú		loan		Bora (Seifart 2011), but cf. loro forms	May be Arawak in origin; see Achagua lora; Arawak source proposed for Spanish loro. Likely loan into Bora tʃoóra, Ocaina tʲóóra				uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	haáǰabú, po?poóta?é	haádʒabú, poʔpoótaʔé		loan		Bora aátʃa	Also poʔpoótaʔé				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	pipíigíú, pipíigí?é, pipíigí?í	pipíːgí	pijuayo (el fruto)	doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW	Central North Arawak	%pipiri	pipíːgíʔé 'palmera de pijuayo'; pipíːgíʔí 'un racimo de pijuayo'				uncoded	Allin 1976: 440-1	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	nanáana?ó, améetshaú	nanáanaʔó, améetsʰaú		loan - WW		%nana	Also nanáanaʔó				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	mepókó	mepókó		unknown		may be loan?					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	kaniídeú	kaniídeú		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Uncertain as inheritance				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	evitsóogí?é, konóogí 'rubber'	evitsóogíʔé, konóogí 'ɾubbeɾ'		unique			See also konóogí 'rubbeɾ'				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	epíitshí (=axe)	epíitsʰí (=axe)		inheritance			Yucuna-Resigaro only; inheritance or loan? Also means 'axe'				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	ponaáma (R01)	ponaáma (R01)		missing							missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	potsháadó	potsʰáadó		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	sovidákó	sovidákó		loan		Bora (cf. Seifart)					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		oná?kó	onáʔkó		unique	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	onáʔkó	onáʔkó (H&R)		inheritance	Central North Arawak					Broader (snake in general)	uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	paagáú	paagáú		loan		Bora	Bora pʰaakwá				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	meníigí	meníigí		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	bahí (Seifart2011)	bahí (Seifart2011)		loan		Bora					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	oϕíináú	oϕíináú (H&R)		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	aóogí	aóogí		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	kamaádú	kamaádú		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	kopáagí	kopáagí		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	haagú 'perdiz', kádatú 'gallina'	haagú 'peɾdiz', kádatú 'gallina'		unique		kadatu=chicken	Also? kádatú 'gallina'				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	todokáakú	todokáakú		loan		Bora (Seifart 2011)					uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	niítsí?ó	niítsíʔó		doubtful loan		cf. Yukuna	Yucuna-Resigaro only; inheritance or loan?				uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	haádahí	haádahí		unique							uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	beǰii?í; dʒíío (H&R92)	bedʒiiʔí		loan		Bora/Muinane bárʲí-	Bora perííʔyo, Muinane bárʲígai. Also dʒíío (H&R92)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		aváana?é	aváanaʔé		inheritance			Yucuna-Resigaro only; inheritance or loan?				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	βatsóogí (H&R)	βatsóogí (H&R)		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	haánimiínú	haánimiínú		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	hapíitsu (dp91), aevíidógí	hapíitsu (dp91), aevíidógí		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also aevíidógí (aevíi? 'many'); an̥eβíidógí (H&R92)			Broader (peccary)	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	tshoófú 'large woodpecker'	tsʰoófú 'laɾge woodpeckeɾ'		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	noótsígú	noótsígú		loan			Boran 'machete/metal'				Simplex	-gu "long, flat" classifier	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	epíitshi	epíitsʰi		inheritance		Proto Central North Arawak					Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool				missing									can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material				missing										See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	kaʔmó			Inheritance		Proto Central North Arawak				Alternate: míípakó (of a specific material), kamóʔ	Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	míípakó	míípakó		doubtful loan - WW			%panaku							See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material				missing										See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	hímíu	hímíu		unique							Simplex			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	moó-tsi-hú	moó-tsi-hú		doubtful calque			Bora ('sleep-?')				Derived	ímú = “to sleep”, -tsi = nominalizer, -hú = “long and flat, horizontal” classifier		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	i?tsoótshigú	iʔtsoótsʰigú		unique							Derived	root iʔtsoó (meaning?) + -tsi nominalizer, -gú “long and flat” classifier		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	vá?paánú, vá?paánahú	váʔpaánú, váʔpaánahú		inheritance		Proto North Arawak				Alternate: vápaánú	Simplex		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				missing										See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing									if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	-jawi[thíapu] (hr01)	-jawi[tʰíapu] (hɾ01)		inheritance	*tapo	Proto Arawak					Simplex		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	boto?khoótsíkooz?ú (sweep+?)	botoʔ-kʰoótsí-kooʔú		unique			from 'sweep'				Derived	botoʔ = “to sweep,” -tsi object nominalizer”, kooʔú identified as “broom” classifier		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	hiítú	hiítú		inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	miishí	miiʃí		loan - WW			%miʃi	WW	%miʃi	Quechua source? mishi; Bora míichi; Yucuna, michi; Resígaro, miishí; Eсepa,miǩi; Makiritari, mēši; Orejon, michi agu; Yanomami mishi, Sikuani mitsi	Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kádatú	kádatú		loan - WW			%kara	WW	%karaka	Probably Arawak origin (see Nordenskiold 1922). Tukanoan, e.g. Wanano karaka; Arawak, e.g. Baniwa kaláka; Yanomamo, Nadeb; Macaguan takra, Sikuani wakara	Simplex			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	keʔví-	keʔví-		unique							Simplex	But found in dictionaries with gender markers, e.g. -gí		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	vedéemú	vedéemú		doubtful loan			Bora kwáxjamɯ							See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	avéana-í (stick)	avéana-í (stick)		semantic shift										See Language page
coca			narcotics	híibíʔé			Loan			Local	WW	%hipie	Bora (e.g. Bora xííbi-(ʔo)); Andoke híʔpíe; Yagua xapatij; Koreguaje xipie; Witoto: Ocaina hiibiro; may be related to other 'coca' WW %patu	Simplex			See Language page
cook food			food	akú			Unknown							Simplex			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				missing									malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	adotú			Unknown							Simplex			See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool				missing									hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	vakéǰo?thoónagí (kéǰo?tú 'create')	vakédʒoʔtʰoónagí		unique			Bora				Derived	kéǰo?tú 'create', -gí gender marker	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing										See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	tapóní-katsí	tapóní-katsí		inheritance		Proto North Arawak				Looks like an inherited complex form, but could be calqued/innovated	Derived	taponi = “to sleep,” -ka-tsi = abstract nominalizer		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	koómobú	koómobú		semantic shift			cf. signal drum	WW	%kumu	Likely loan from Bora. Signal drum: Bora, Muinane, Resigaro, Yucuna, (Paez?); bench: ET: Macuna, Tukano, Tanimuca, Bará, Waimaja (also means 'benzador' in some of these lgs); canoe: ET: Bará, Carapana, Macuna, Yuruti, Siriano, Tanimuca, Waimaja (definitel	Simplex	kóomo = “drum,” -bú possibly “made of liana cord” classifier		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture	koómó	koómó		loan - WW			%kumu						Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	pho?khoótsí	pʰoʔkʰoó-tsí		loan			Resigaro			Payne gives hevo (inheritance)	Derived	pʰoʔkʰoó = “to shake,” -tsí = object nominalizer	esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other				missing									may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	kaǰíigíbú, mééme?ó	kadʒíigíbú, méémeʔó		doubtful loan; loan			Carib caxiri, via TG; Bora						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing										See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	itsítsó	itsítsó		inheritance		Proto North Arawak				donor for Cofan siʔtsi?	Simplex			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	o?domú	oʔdomú		unknown						Compare Makiritare a:da:di	Simplex			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	ee?phi-khú	eeʔpʰi-kʰú		unique								eeʔpʰi= “fish, to fish”		See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	konáa-pi			Inheritance		Proto-Arawak?					Simplex			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	opíitsí(kó)	opíitsí(kó)		Semantic shift						Tariana/Baniwa cognates mean “strainer/sieve” (directionality could also be the opposite)	Simplex			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	maa?mú; peé-gí (R01)	maaʔmú; peé-gí (R01)	cassava (not necessarily bread)	loan; inheritance/sem shift			Bora				Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	peégi (?also bread)	peégi (?also bread)		semantic shift			manioc food'			Also means starch; similar forms for 'manioc bread' in Tariana, Baniwa	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	fídodó	fídodó		inheritance?			Yagua				Simplex		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	tshoveení	tsʰoveení	animal (not domestic)	unknown		Proto Central North Arawak					Simplex		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology				Missing										See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	ižo	iʒo		unknown										See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	nanapíitáʔó ('gourd')	nanapíitáʔó ('gourd')		unknown										See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	káasogú	káasogú	metallic grater (rallador metálico)	loan			Bora				Simplex	-gu "long, flat" classifier	esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	nigínoo-mú	nigínoo-mú		loan direction unknown			Bora				Simplex	mu is “tube-shaped” classifier		See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	teí?iku	teíʔiku		unknown			te- from Bora 'this'				Simplex			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	ókóniigi-hú	ókóniigi-hú		calque			from 'fire'			Languages in region tend to have 'fire-stick' for 'gun'	Derived	ókóniigi = “fire, candle” -hú= “long and flat, horizontal” classifier		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	hamáakú, heté?	hamáakú, hetéʔ		inheritance, inheritance		Proto Arawak		WW	%amaka	Occurs in Arawak, Macaguan, Kakua (?), Urarina (?), Aguaruna. Taylor 1957 argues that origin is in Arawak 'sleep-NMLZ'; [Alternate: heté?]	Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	ta?mhoótsi-hí	taʔm̥oótsi-hí		unique							Derived	-hi = "round and flat" classifier, but no entry for root		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	naikogígí	naikogígí		unknown									Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing										See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	íímuʔopákó	íímuʔopákó		loan			Bora			Bora (íímuhojpácyo 'bee'); similar form also in Ocaina Witoto		íímuʔo “honey”; pákó identified as “honey” classifier	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	paniítsí	paniítsí		inheritance										See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	#NAME?	-min̥ápaví		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	va?agajá?	vaʔagad͡ʒáʔ		unique			see 'machete'				Derived	see 'machete'		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				missing										See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	va?agú	vaʔagú		unique		Proto North Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	tho?khoótsií	tʰoʔkʰoótsií		inheritance?										See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	boe?khóotsí	boeʔkʰóotsí		doubtful loan			Bora							See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology														See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	té?aamí	téʔaamí		unique			formed from loan classifier from Bora					something to do with writing/paper		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	tho?khoótsií	tʰoʔkʰoótsií		inheritance						Likely cognate Baniwa	Derived	tʰoʔkʰoó “to grind,” -tsi “object nominalizer” -í (-hi?) “round and flat” classifier		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing										See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	bo?otáhí	boʔotáhí		loan			Bora				Simplex	-hi "round and flat" classifier		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing										See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	akaká?, itá? (olla de barro)	akakáʔ, itáʔ (olla de baɾɾo)	clay pot	unique; unique						Alternate: akakáʔ, itsaaʔniʔíd͡ʒó (also mud pot), vatsʰoótsíʔohú (tin), akakáʔ (for making food)	Simplex			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	čhé?ke?ó, čhé?keú	čhéʔkeʔó, čhéʔkeú	maraca	loan			Bora			xáá-ku in Muinane. Alternate: t͡ʃhéʔke-ʔó (round-shaped maraca, maraca-CL:round)]	Simplex			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	maání	maání		inheritance							Simplex			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tshomaátshí-?o	tsʰomaátsí-ʔó		unique										See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	kanaamáʔo; iíwi (R01)	kanaamáʔo; iíwi (R01)	table salt	loan; inheritance			Bora			Alternate: iiví (rock salt)		ʔó = classifier		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	té?aami-hú	téʔaami-hú		unique							Derived	téʔaami (related to writing/paper); -hú “long and horizontal” classifier		See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	kanívakáagí	kanívakáagí	witch doctor, shaman	unique						Alternate: naikogígí	Simplex	But found in dictionaries with gender markers	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	hii?pa?-tsí?aa?dó	hiiʔpaʔ-tsíʔaaʔdó		doubtful calque			Local			See Bora, Yucuna	Derived	hiiʔpaʔ = “foot,” -tsíʔaaʔdó analyzed as a classifier meaning “shoe,” but this word is the only example given.		See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	hipóonhe-hú	hipóon̥e-hú		unique							Simplex	-hu = "long and flat, horizontal" classifier		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation				missing										See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	hada?phoótsihú	hadaʔpʰoó-tsi-hú		unique							Derived	hadaʔpʰoó = sing, -tsi = nominalizer, -hú is either a classifier or singular marker		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	noótsígú	noótsígú		loan			Boran 'machete/metal'				Simplex	-gu "long, flat" classifier		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	peégí	peégí		semantic shift			manioc food'			same as manioc meal	Simplex			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing										See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	iítshiíjihú	iítsʰidᶚi-hú	sugar	unknown						Alternate: iítsʰi-mú (sugar cane, sugar + “tubelike” classifier)		d͡ʒihu a classifier; or perhaps -d͡ʒi (nominalizer) -hu (classifier/singular marker?)		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	maaʔgi	maaʔgi		loan			from Boran 'manioc food'						agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	kaádó	kaádó		inheritance										See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	pasoviíté, kaj-aákú	pasoviíté, kad͡ʒ-aákú		unknown; doubtful loan			Muinane			Alternate: pasoviíté (tipiti bora)	Other complex	“kad͡ʒ” looks like a root meaning “manioc,” (see entries for yuca, masato), “-aáku” some sort of classifier?	word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	niítsí			Unknown						Probably related to Yucuna litʃi; possible loan? Alternate: niítsíʔó (tobacco, tobacco+”longish and oval-shaped” classifier”)	Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing									use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool				missing									hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other				missing										See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	tshídóogí	tsʰídóogí		inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Simplex		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing									a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	no	No indication that nominals can be compounded productively at any level.	Allin, 1976: 98-99, 109-115, 150-176, 223-235
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no	No indication that verb roots or stems can combine productively at any level.	Allin, 1976: 97, 105-109, 124-150, 204-223
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	no	No indication that verb roots or stems can combine productively at any level.	Allin, 1976: 97, 105-109, 124-150, 204-223
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	yes	At the verb "group" level, three verbs can take complements (verbal, adjectival, clausal). They seem to be fairly bleached, basically marking just the difference between transitive (causative?) and intransitive (inchoative?) variants. They fill the head s	Allin, 1976: 206-207
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes	Allin identifies three auxiliaries, which take person marking. However, the reflexive and privative markers are found on main verb.	Allin, 1976: 214
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no	No indication of fusion.	Allin, 1976
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no info		Allin, 1976
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes	Person and aspect indicated by use of separate morphemes.	Allin, 1976: 124
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	yes		Allin, 1976
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	no		Allin, 1976
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Allin, 1976
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no	Allin notes that there may be some frozen reduplication, but this is not productive and the unreduplicated forms are no longer available. However, the verb phrase can be repeated in total (for simple VPs) or in part (complex VPs) to give a repetitive read	Allin 1976: 113, 210
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no	Allin notes that there may be some frozen reduplication, but this is not productive and the unreduplicated forms are no longer available. However, the verb phrase can be repeated in total (for simple VPs) or in part (complex VPs) to give a repetitive read	Allin 1976: 113, 210
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no	The description of verb stems and roots do not contain a slot for a nominal root, although there are light-verb constructions that take a nominal complement.	Allin, 1976: 97, 105-109
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no	The description of a verb stem (or any other level) does not contain a slot for some other root (although there are light verb constructions that take adjectival or clausal complements).	Allin, 1976: 97, 105-109
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no	Dative NPs have a case marker, but it is bound morphology.	Allin, 1976: 238
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	21	dative, purposive, benefactive, instrumental, concomitant: with, without, alone; 2 comparatives, conditional, adjunct marker, 3 directionals, 7 locatives	Allin, 1976: 238-279
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no	The dative case marker marks the recipient in a ditransitive.	Allin, 1976: 238
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes	Allin gives lots of examples, there do not seem to be any restrictions.	Allin, 1976: 238-279
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Allin, 1976: 238-279
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes	All 21 case markers follow the NP	Allin, 1976: 238-279
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Allin, 1976: 238-279
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Allin, 1976: 238-279
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Allin, 1976: 238-279
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Allin, 1976: 238-279
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no		Allin, 1976: 250 , 252
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no	No articles, only demonstratives.	Allin, 1976: 198-200
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no	No articles identified, only demonstratives.	Allin, 1976: 198-200
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no	No articles identified, only demonstratives.	Allin, 1976: 198-200
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	yes	There only seems to be a distinction in "deictic" pronouns.	Allin, 1976: 115-117
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no	There seem to be both inclusive and exclusive pronominal roots, but only the inclusive pronominal root is identified as binding to the verb to indicate the subject.	Allin, 1976: 176-177
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	2	Distal and proximate	Allin, 1976: 199
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no	Demonstratives carry other affixes, but these are dependent on they noun they modify.	Allin, 1976: 199
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no	Allin's description of a noun phrase includes "concord" between a head noun and several dependents, however, the concord categories seem to be number, size, and classifiers, rather than gender or class.	Allin 1976: 150-176, 223
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	0		Allin 1976: 150-176, 223
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes	Noun classifiers trigger extensive agreement, but there can be multiple classifiers and not all nouns have them.	Allin, 1976: 152-153
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	n/a	Sex distinction in third-person pronouns, including incorporated pronouns that appear in the absence of a full NP subject, but these don't seem to be noun classes.	Allin 1976: 150-176, 223
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		n/a	No noun classes.	Allin 1976: 150-176, 223
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes	One classifier marks non-human animates (as well as human males).	Allin 1976: 155
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	yes		Allin, 1976: 100
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no	The description of classifiers includes classifiers for male and female, the examples of shape classifiers do not include animates.	Allin, 1976: 153-163
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes	There are classifiers for "long and oval shaped," "arm-shaped," "leaf-like," "rope-like," "sperical," etc.	Allin, 1976: 153-163
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no	A classifier is not required. However, classifiers may be used to "singularize" nouns that are inherently plural, which is on rare occasions the same as the noun itself.	Allin, 1976:
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no	A "finger" classifier is used when counting without reference to a specific object. The classifier agrees with that used on the noun when specific objects are being counted.	Allin, 1976: 200-201
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	no	From the examples, it looks as though verbs must first take a nominalizing suffix before the classifier can be added.	Allin, 1976: 153-163
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	yes	Some nouns are basically plural and can only carry number suffixes if they are first "singularized" by using a classifier.	Allin, 1976: 151
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes	Both dual and plural markers.	Allin 1976: 164
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Allin 1976: 164
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Allin 1976: 164
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		Allin 1976: 164
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no	Plural marked on all nouns with classifiers, some of which are not animate.	Allin 1976: 164
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Allin, 1976: 116
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no	No mention of associative among other dual and plural markers.	Allin, 1976: 164
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	yes	These seem to be the only etymologically-opaque numerals, other numerals are based on shortened forms of these two, with several different classifiers, "three" is "two-one."	Allin, 1976: 203, 236
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes	The word for "five" is basic, but 6-9 ais along the lines of "from the other hand, one/two etc."	Allin, 1976: 237
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	yes	Words for 11-19 are based on "from our foot" or "from the other foot."	Allin, 1976: 237
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	yes	Possibly base 20? 20 is sa-gí, or "one-man."	Allin, 1976: 202
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	One' and 'two' seem to be basic, 'three' is two + one, but "four" refers to a specific finger on the hand.	Allin, 1976: 202
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no	The system counts at least up to twenty.	Allin, 1976: 235-238
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no	The system counts at least up to twenty.	Allin, 1976: 235-238
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no	Adjective words and noun roots can be predicates, but these do not have slots for tense or aspect inflection.	Allin, 1976: 285-286
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no	In the examples, all subjects are expressed by free pronominals. In the discussion of pronouns, pronouns that are bound to nominals have a possessive meaning.	Allin, 1976: 185-187, 285-288
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes		Allin, 1976: 176
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Allin, 1976: 177
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Allin, 1976: 176-177
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Allin, 1976: 176-177
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no		Allin, 1976: 176-177
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes	Allin says that adjectives contrast with other parts of speech, although he does note that they co-occur with nominal and verbal word-level suffixes.	Allin, 1976: 193
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	yes	Adjectives show agreement with regard to all nominal suffixes, including classifiers.	Allin, 1976: 229
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	yes	(1) is used for verb and adjective roots, (2) only for verb roots, based on the subtype of verb.	Allin, 1976: 111
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes		Allin, 1976: 112
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	yes	Allin calls this "concrete nominalization." The preceding vowel is lengthened and given a high tone.	Allin, 1976: 109-110
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	no	All verbal derivation morphology derive verbs from verb roots.	Allin, 1976: 106-107
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no	No dicussion of NP coordination in section on noun phrases, suggests that this is achieved through use of concomitant phrases.	Allin, 1976: 251-252
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes	Pronoun stems, when bound to a noun root, take on a possessive meaning.	Allin, 1976: 185-187
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Allin, 1976: 185-187
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no	See discussion of "limiter" tagmeme under Noun Phrase.	Allin, 1976: 225-227
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	no	See discussion of Limiter tagmeme under "noun phrase." When the possessor is referred to via a pronoun, this is fused to the possessed element, but these do not mark agreement when the possessor is referred to using a full NP.	Allin, 1976: 225-227
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no	The discussion of classifiers does not make this distinction, nor is it found under the discussion of a "limiter" tagmeme.	Allin, 1976: 153-163, 225-227
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no	From the examples, it seems as though possession of an inalienable noun is indicated simply by the use of another preposed nominal.	Allin, 1976: 169-175
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	yes	Allin notes that this set of nouns takes a special morphological marker when possessed.	Allin 1976: 175, 186
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no	Inalienable nouns have a deictic element if they are unpossessed.	Allin, 1976: 225
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes		Allin, 1976; 165
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes		Allin, 1976: 166
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no	Nouns for humans are inalienably possessed, but do not have to occur with another noun.	Allin, 1976: 165
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		Allin, 1976, p. 58
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		Allin, 1976, p. 58
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	yes		Allin, 1976, p. 58
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	yes		Allin, 1976, p. 53-58
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Allin, 1976, p. 70-71
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no		Allin, 1976, p. 75
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	no	only /ʔ/ can be a coda	Allin, 1976, p. 75
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Allin, 1976, p. 77
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	yes	2 contrastive tones	Allin, 1976, p. 72
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no	not discussed as a suprasegmental feature	Allin, 1976, p. 72
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	no	not discussed as a suprasegmental feature	Allin, 1976, p. 72
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no		Allin, 1976: 42-75
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no info		Allin, 1976: 95
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no	No case marking of SAO	Allin, 1976: 290-291
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Allin, 1976: 290-291
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no		Allin, 1976: 290-291
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Allin, 1976: 290-291
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Allin, 1976: 290-291
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		no	Subject pronouns can be fused with the verb, but object pronouns are not.	Allin, 1976: 176-179
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Allin, 1976: 176-179
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Allin, 1976: 176-179
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Allin, 1976: 176-179
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Allin, 1976: 176-179
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no	Subject pronouns can be fused with the verbs, but these seem more like pronouns rather than agreement markers.	Allin, 1976: 285-290
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Allin, 1976: 285-290
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Allin, 1976: 285-290
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Allin, 1976: 285-290
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Allin, 1976: 285-290
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes	Almost never with reference to second-person, usually with reference to first-person.	Allin, 1976: 339
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes	Allin calls these "corroborative," but all examples are polar questions. They use the same structure as basic declaratives, except for this preposed particle.	Allin, 1976: 345-346
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no	Polar ("corroborative") questions use the same stucture as a basic clause, plus a preposed interrogative particle.	Allin, 1976: 345-346
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no	Polar ("corroborative") questions use the same stucture as a basic clause, plus a preposed interrogative particle.	Allin, 1976: 345-346
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no	Polar questions use an interrogative particle.	Allin, 1976: 345-346
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no	Interrogative words remain in the "slot" for the element that is being questioned, although many of these are sentence-initial. (E.g. the word for "how" fills the "comparative" slot, which is a sentence-initial position.)	Allin, 1976: 346-347
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	yes	The example given has a preposed negator.	Allin, 1976: 302-303
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	no		Allin, 1976: 302-303
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	no		Allin, 1976: 302-303
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	yes		Allin, 1976: 302-303
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	yes	ma- is a "privative" auxiliary.	Allin, 1976: 215-216
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		Allin, 1976: 302-303
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no	No indication that there is a separate strategy for negating an NP.	Allin, 1976: 109, 150, 223
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no info		Allin 1976
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no		Allin, 1976: 370-372
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no		Allin, 1976: 370-372
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no	The difference between simultaneous and sequential clauses is marked with a difference of coordinators, rather than morphologically.	Allin, 1976: 372-373
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	no	Adjectives seems to appear in predicates with very little verbal morphology, seems more like a noun.	Allin, 1976: 285
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	yes	From information included, it seems as though both adjectives and nouns appear in very basic form and do not take any sort of verbal morphology.	Allin, 1976: 285
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes	Examples of predicate nominals do not have a copula.	Allin, 1976: 286
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	yes	Relative clauses do not seem to have heads-- the head function is indicated by a classifier.	Allin, 1976: 361
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no	Relative clauses can modify an overt NP in the main clause.	Allin, 1976: 362 (footnote 47)
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	yes	A class marker follows the relativizing affix on the verb in the relative clause, as well as a portmanteau number/gender marker.	Allin, 1976: 359-360, 363
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		yes	The verbal marker changes depending on whether the subject or object of the relative clause is being relativized.	Allin, 1976: 359-360
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no	Nominalizers are -´:tsi, -´:kátsí/-káami, -mináagí, while relative clauses are marked with -ní (object relativization) or -ví (subject relativization).	Allin, 1976: 109-112, 359
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	no		Allin, 1976: 318
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes		Allin, 1976: 318
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Allin, 1976: 318
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	yes		Allin, 1976: 176
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Allin, 1976: 176
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	no	No person marking, only pronominal clitics.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	no	No person marking, only pronominal clitics.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no	No person marking, only pronominal clitics.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no	No person marking, only pronominal clitics.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no	No person marking, only pronominal clitics.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no	No person marking, only pronominal clitics.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no	No person marking, only pronominal clitics, which do have both possessive and person-tracking functions.	Allin, 1976: 176-179
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no	No person marking, only pronominal clitics.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	yes	The recipient of a ditransitive is marked with the dative case marker.	Allin, 1976: 294
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no		Allin, 1976: 294
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Allin, 1976: 294
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	yes		Allin, 1976: 127
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	yes		Allin, 1976: 128
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no		Allin, 1976: 129
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	no	A passive derivation is not discussed in the formulation of the verb at any level.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no	An antipassive derivation is not discussed in the formulation of the verb at any level.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no	No intransitivizing derivation is discussed as part of the verb stem.	Allin, 1976: 105
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no	No applicative is discussed as part of the verb stem.	Allin, 1976: 105
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no	No applicative is discussed as part of the verb stem.	Allin, 1976: 105
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Allin, 1976: 106
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes		Allin, 1976: 106
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Allin, 1976: 106
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	yes	khú (make, do), ooccurs with transitive verbs that have a causative meaning. However, Allin does not describe this as a causative process.	Allin, 1976: 206-207
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no		Allin, 1976: 106
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no	No other transitivizing derivation discussed in the formation of the verb stem.	Allin, 1976: 105-106
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes	Past-tense markers seem to be second-position clitics, so they are often phonologically attached to the subject marker. There is no indication of how regular they are, but they often show up in examples.	Allin, 1976: 342
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes		Allin, 1976: 342
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no	Only one future marker	Allin, 1976: 342
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes		Allin, 1976: 342
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Allin, 1976:136, 342
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes	Progressive aspect is a suffix, tense markers are second-position clitics.	Allin, 1976:136, 342
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Allin, 1976:136, 342
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Allin, 1976:136, 342
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	yes	adlative and ablative markers	Allin, 1976: 132-133
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no	Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no	Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no	Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	yes	One of five second-position clitics.	Allin, 1976: 336
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no	Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no	Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes	There is one evidential, a reportive, which makes use of a verb affix.	Allin, 1976: 336
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no	The only evidential value uses an affix.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no	The only evidential value uses an affix.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no	The only evidential value uses an affix.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes	Distinct 2nd person prefix from declarative clauses, plus a tone change if the penultimate (and antepenultimate) syllables have a) short vowels and b) low tone.	Allin, 1976: 99, 138
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Allin, 1976: 353-355
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes	For a prohibitive, the negative marker in a regular declarative clause is "removed" and the negative imperative clitic is used instead.	Allin, 1976: 354
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	no	Allin notes that the subject of an imperative clause must be 2nd person.	Allin, 1976: 353-355
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no	No indication of such an affix in the discussion of verb stems or verb words.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no	No indication of such a construction in the discussion of verb group, verb piece, or verb phrase.	Allin, 1976: 204, 212, 219
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no info	No dicussion of a construction along these lines.
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no	No indication of such an affix in the discussion of verb stems or verb words.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no	No indication of such a construction in the discussion of verb group, verb piece, or verb phrase.	Allin, 1976: 204, 212, 219
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no info	No indication of such an affix in the discussion of verb stems or verb words.
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no	No indication of such an affix in the discussion of verb stems or verb words.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes		Allin, 1976: 337
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes		Allin, 1976: 214-215
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no	The discussions of the verb at various levels do not describe a morpheme/verb form of this type.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no	The formulations of verb stems and verb words do not include this type of morphology.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no	The formulations of verb stems and verb words do not include this type of morphology.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no	Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels.	Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no info		Allin 1976
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no	SV and SOV	Allin, 1976: 311, 318
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no	SV	Allin, 1976: 311
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no	Allin says that SOV order is "quite rigid" in transitive clauses.	Allin, 1976: 318
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no	Allin says that SOV order is "quite rigid" in transitive clauses.	Allin, 1976: 318
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no	Allin says that SOV order is "quite rigid" in transitive clauses.	Allin, 1976: 318
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no	Case markers (clitics?) are all postpositions.	Allin, 1976: 238-279
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes	Case markers (clitics?) are all postpositions.	Allin, 1976: 238-279
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes	"Limiter" corresponds to possessor, precedes noun.	Allin, 1976: 223
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Allin, 1976: 223
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes		Allin, 1976: 223
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no		Allin, 1976: 223
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Allin, 1976: 223
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Allin, 1976: 223
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		Allin, 1976: 223
Word Order	Noun-Num		no		Allin, 1976: 223
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes	The relative clause fills the "modifier" slot.	Allin, 1976: 368
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no		Allin, 1976: 368
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no		Allin, 1976: 368
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Allin, 1976: 368
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	no	Not always, it seems as though most question words fill sentence-initial "slots," but when core participants are the questioned elements, these remain in situ.	Allin, 1976:346-352

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
14	medium	AG	medium	sedentary	Riverine

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