| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 16 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976, p. 53-58 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 5 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Sudo, 1976 p. 9 and Galindo, 1992, p. 55 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p.12 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi (1987), p. 26 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006:34 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Alvarez, 1985: p. 40 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhencald 2003: 32 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 55 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Mihas 2010:45 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:15 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Fast 1953:191 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:65 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p33 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 221 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:11 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:28 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:25 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:32-33 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988:215; 255 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 143 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
Pessoa 2005:58 |
|
Tuarepang dialect |
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:11 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Margery 1982:34-5 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:23-30 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
not apparent when using diphthongs or triphthongs |
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985: 9-10 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:42 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Aguirre 1999:16-7 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Saint and Pike 1962:15 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1976:23 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:93 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.73-92 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:37 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:11 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2000:291 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:55-8 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
However, Binder et all (1995:172) suggest that length is constrastive. This is also suggested by Sanchez and Castro (1977:33) |
Loewen 1954:7 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979, p.38 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p23 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
Vowel length seems to affect the interpretation of verbs quite a bit (Deza Galindo 1992: 56). |
Gomez 1992: 23 |
|
Gomez (1992: 23) indicates that lengthened vowels, despite being rare, are indeed phonemes. |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Texeira 1988:26 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
e.g. rɨngo 'woman' - rɨɨngo 'big frog' minimal pair |
Minor and Minor 1982. p. 2 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Barbosa 2005:49-50 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
corresponds to tone |
Martins 2004:55 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Miller 1999, p. 9-15 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.2-3 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Waltz p. 34 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993,p. 23,28-29 |
|
some opinions that vowel length is phonemic. Elongated vowels only occur in final break in the data collected and seem to focus, rest or hesitation. |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.1-6 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.8-17 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
I checked Gaviria and found NO evidence (although it is not as clear a source; p.75-85 in Gav.) |
Strom; 1992; p.12 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Siona template form Daniel |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:18 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:15 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:34 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:15-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Rossler 2008:32 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:106-110 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
2 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n65 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
10 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
19-20 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
maybe |
|
62 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 13 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
6 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
6 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
318 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
32-33 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
188 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
35-36 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no |
|
d32 |
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
14 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
28 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
283 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
377 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
37 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
Xix, 248 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
2 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
271 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
19 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
21-22; 24 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
24-28 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
maybe |
|
12-13 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
5 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
10 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
2 |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
no? |
|
48, 51 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
25-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
6 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
19 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
132-133 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
9 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
2 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
283 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K81 105, 109 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
ch 2 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
501 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
9 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
5 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 36 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
9 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
829 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
10 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
xxv, 19 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no? |
|
2.1.3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
9 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
28 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
3 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
1 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:432 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001:30 |
|
|
|
