Guaymí

Family
Chibchan
Region
South America
ISO 639-3
gym
Location
8.83°, -82.39°
Notes
Features
Grammatical Data
Data Sources
Alphonse, Ephraim. 1956. Guaymi grammar and dictionary. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print.


Grammatical Data (226)
Category Grammatical Feature Grammatical Feature: Notes Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Phonology - Segmental Pre-/post-nasalized stops Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. no Quesada 2008:32
Phonology - Segmental Glottalized/ejective consonants Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] no Quesada 2008:30
Phonology - Segmental Palatalized stops Phonemic contrast no Quesada 2008:30
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic vowel length Does the language have long and short vowels? no Quesada 2008:23-30
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels no Quesada 2008:30
Phonology - Segmental Complex onsets Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme yes Quesada 2008:47
Phonology - Segmental No codas *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] yes Quesada 2008:47
Phonology - Segmental Word-final coda required Do all syllables end in a consonant? no Quesada 2008:47-8
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive tones Note how many contrastive tones no Quesada 2008:42
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive stress Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? yes Quesada 2008:37
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments no Quesada 2008:34
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? yes Particularly with clitics Quesada 2008:34
Phonology - Suprasegmental Vowel harmony yes mid vowels become high in contact with high vowels and front vowels become back in contact with back vowels Quesada 2008:26
Morphology - General Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] no Quesada 2008:99-145
Morphology - General Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes Stem change, tone no Quesada 2008:99-145
Morphology - General Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word yes Quesada 2008:99-145
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing There are many more prefixes than suffixes no Quesada 2008:49-145
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing There are many more suffixes than prefixes yes Quesada 2008:49-145
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different no Quesada 2008:49-145
Morphology - General Reduplication: full The full morpheme is reduplicated no info more likely not
Morphology - General Reduplication: partial Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated yes The final vowel of a noun is reduplicated to derive nouns apparently from adjectives Quevedo 2008:50-1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive NN compounding Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced no Quevedo 2008:49-98
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV serialization (without compounding) Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection no Quevedo 2008:99-146
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV compounding Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word no Quevedo 2008:99-146
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' no info more likely not
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Auxiliary verb(s) There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs yes There seem to be four auxiliary verbs Alphonse 1956:30, Quesada 2008:134
Morphology - Incorporation Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process Verb contains nominal segment no Quesada 2008:99-145
Morphology - Incorporation Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns no Quesada 2008:99-145
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classes/genders Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP no Quesada 2008:49-97
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Number of noun classes/genders Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. yes Quesada 2008:91
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates Masculine, feminine, neuter no Alphonse 1956:3
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates no Alphonse 1956:3
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system Animate/inanimate, human/non-human no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only no Quesada 2008:69
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates yes It is distinguished long, rounded and plain things Quesada 2008:91
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates yes Quesada 2008:91
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification "Repeater" classifiers Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals yes Quesada 2008:91
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' no Quesada 2008:99-146
Nominal Categories - Number Singular number may be marked on the noun Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups no info more likely not
Nominal Categories - Number Plural affix on noun yes Alphonse 1956:2
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun no Quesada 2008:49-54
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by reduplication of noun no Quesada 2008:49-54
Nominal Categories - Number Plural word/clitic no But Quesada (2208:70) considers /tre/ as an independet word Quesada 2008:70
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked on human or animate nouns only no Quesada 2008:49-54
Nominal Categories - Number Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns yes But only for third person animate Alphonse 1956:4, Quesada 2008:70
Nominal Categories - Number Unique associative plural marker e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' no info
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Definite or specific articles Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only no Quesada 2008:49-96
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness no Quesada 2008:49-96
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Indefinite or non-specific article or marker no Quesada 2008:49-96
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you yes Quesada 2008:69
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) no there is no person marking on verbs Quesada 2008:99-146
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system 3 Quesada 2008:75
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) yes There is a two-way contrast for "not perceptible things". This seems to be a visibility contrast Quesada 2008:75
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3sg pronouns no But it seems that animacy is distinguished: niara is used with animate nouns and nokó is used with inanimate or neuter nouns Alphonse 1956:4, Quesada 2008:69
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3pl pronouns no Alphonse 1956:4, Quesada 2008:69
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns no Alphonse 1956:4
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Formal/informal distinction in pronouns Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns no Quesada 2008:69
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Reflexive pronouns e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix yes The suffix /-ara/ is added to the personal pronouns to form the corresponding reflexive pronoun. Alphonse 1956:9
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Adpositions mark core NPs Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients yes There is a postposition which marks dative case. This postposition can be suffixed to certain nouns. Quesada 2008:82
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: number of cases Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun 2 only ergative and dative cases are marked Quesada 2008:82, 155-6
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are no Quesada 2008:82, 155-6
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: symmetrical All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) yes Quesada 2008:155-67
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: asymmetrical Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates no Quesada 2008:155-67
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: suffix or postpositional clitic yes Quesada 2008:82, 155-6
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: prefix or prepositional clitic no Quesada 2008:82, 155-6
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: infix or inpositional clitic no Quesada 2008:82, 155-6
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: stem change no Quesada 2008:82, 155-6
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: tone no Quesada 2008:82, 155-6
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: comitative = instrumental Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' no Quesada 2008:81
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-2 At least some part of the system involves base-2 no Quesada 2008:91
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-5 At least some part of the system involves base-5 no Quesada 2008:91
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-10 At least some part of the system involves base-10 yes Alphonse 1956:13
Nominal Categories - Numerals Other base (specify) 4, 20, etc. no Quesada 2008:91
Nominal Categories - Numerals Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' no Quesada 2008:91-3
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 5 'Many' or some other non-exact term used no Alphonse 1956:13
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 10 'Many' or some other non-exact term used no Alphonse 1956:13, Quesada 2008:92
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival yes This past tense marker is added to the noun Alphonse 1956:6
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Person inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no Quesada 2008:49-96
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N alienable/inalienable? no Quesada 2008:73
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N alienable/inalienable? yes Quesada 2008:73
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' no Alphonse 1956:50
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head e.g. 'the boy his-dog' yes Alphonse 1956:50
Nominal Syntax - Possession Possessive classifiers There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities no Quesada 2008:72-5
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of inalienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of alienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of kin terms 'my-father' but *father no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) 'my-leg' but *leg no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) no info
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Underived adjectives There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes yes Alphonse 1956:4, Quesada 2008:54-7
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco no Quesada 2008:54
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb yes It also expresses the agent Quesada 2008:51
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb yes Alphonse 1956:43
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb no Quesada 2008:49-53
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive verbalizing morphology There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective no Quesada 2008:49-146
Nominal Syntax - Other NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' no info
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated past marker(s) Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere yes Inmediate past. There are at least two mophological past tense markers Alphonse 1956:29
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. distant vs. recent past yes Guaymi distinguishes between recet, remote and testimonial past Quesada 2008:100-8
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. imminent vs. distant future yes Guaymi distinguishes between inmediate and remote future Quesada 2008:100-8
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) yes Alphonse 1956:28
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: prefix no Quesada 2008:100-8
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: suffix yes Quesada 2008:100-8
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut no Quesada 2008:100-8
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect suppletion yes There are six verbs which show suppletive forms to express differences in tense. Quesada 2008:108
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood no The indefinite tense is used to express imperative modality Quesada 2008:117-8
Verbal Categories - Mood Polite imperative morpheme There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) no Quesada 2008:99-146
Verbal Categories - Mood Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses no info maybe not since the imperative takes the same morphology as finite verbs
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' no info
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: affix on verb Inflectional marking of capacity to do something no Quesada 2008:136
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: verbal construction yes An auxiliary verb meaning "to stay, to remain" is used in this construction Quesada 2008:136
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: other marking no Quesada 2008:136
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: affix on verb Modal expressing hypothesis no info
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: verbal construction no info
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: other marking no info
Verbal Categories - Mood Marking of expected/unexpected action or result There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected no info
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal frustrative Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") no Quesada 2008:99-146
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal habitual Modal expressing habituality no A verbal periphrasis is used where the verb to be is used plus the main verb in realis indefinite form. Quesada 2008:137
Verbal Categories - Mood Apprehensive construction There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' no Quesada 2008:99-146
Verbal Categories - Mood Reality status marking on verbs There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' yes There is a realis/irrealis distinction in which both terms receive a particular morpheme Quesada 2008:100-8
Verbal Categories - Mood Affect markers (positive/negative) Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative no Quesada 2008:99-146
Verbal Categories - Directionals Directional elements affixed to the verb There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. no Quesada 2008:80-7
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized visual Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized nonvisual Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized inferential Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized reportive Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized quotative Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Other evidential Any other evidential values not represented above no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: part of tense system Includes portmanteau morphs no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: separate particle no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: modal morpheme no info
Verbal Categories - Verbal number Verbal number suppletion no Quesada 2008:99-146
Verbal Categories - Other Social interaction markers Note the type of interaction no info
Word Order No fixed basic constituent order yes The author argues that SOV is the underlying constituent order. But this order may vary by pragmatics Quesada 2008:152
Word Order VS in intransitive clauses Verb precedes subject no Quesada 2008:142
Word Order VS in transitive clauses no Alphonse 1956:51
Word Order VO in transitive clauses Verb precedes object no Alphonse 1956:51
Word Order OS in transitive clauses Object precedes subject no Alphonse 1956:51
Word Order Preposition-Noun no Alphonse 1956:51
Word Order Noun-Postposition or case suffix yes Alphonse 1956:51
Word Order Gen-Noun Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) yes Quesada 2008:72
Word Order Noun-Gen Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') yes Alphonse 1956:50
Word Order Adj-Noun Adjective precedes the noun no Quesada 2008:54
Word Order Noun-Adj Adjective follows the noun yes It seems to be the only possible order for noun and adjective Quesada 2008:54
Word Order Dem-Noun no Quesada 2008:147
Word Order Noun-Dem yes Quesada 2008:147
Word Order Num-Noun no Quesada 2008:148
Word Order Noun-Num yes Quesada 2008:148
Word Order Noun-Rel Relative clause follows noun that it modifies yes Quesada 2008:173-5
Word Order Rel-Noun Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies yes Quesada 2008:173-5
Word Order Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') yes Quesada 2008:173-5
Word Order Relative clause is correlative or adjoined e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' no Quesada 2008:173-5
Word Order Question word is clause initial 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause no Question words can stay in situ Quesada 2008:87-88
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects no Quesada 2008:155-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked no Quesada 2008:155-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker yes Quesada 2008:155-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers no Quesada 2008:155-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) no Quesada 2008:155-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative no Quesada 2008:155-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative no Quesada 2008:155-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other yes Quesada 2008:155-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite no Quesada 2008:155-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive no Quesada 2008:155-9
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs no Person is not cross-referenced on verbs Quesada 2008:99-146
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other no Person is not cross-referenced on verbs Quesada 2008:99-146
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive no Quesada 2008:99-146
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) no Quesada 2008:99-146
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: split More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. no Quesada 2008:99-146
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects yes Alphonse 1956:8, Quesada 2008:69
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) no Quesada 2008:99
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) no Quesada 2008:99
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no Quesada 2008:68-72
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects no Quesada 2008:68-72
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking on intransitive verbs Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes no Quesada 2008:99
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers no Quesada 2008:99
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take object (P) markers no Quesada 2008:99
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system yes But this is because there are no person markers on the verb whatsoever Quesada 2008:99
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system yes But this is because there are no person markers on the verb whatsoever Quesada 2008:99
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Number can be marked separately from person on the verb Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately yes The plural marker is an independent word which is the same plural marker used for nouns /tre/ Quesada 2008:99
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes no There are not person markers on verbs Quesada 2008:99-146
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Gender distinguished in verbal person markers For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent no There are not person markers on verbs Quesada 2008:99-146
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: indirect object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently yes Quesada 2008:49-96, 155-66
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: double object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives no Quesada 2008:49-96, 155-66
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: secondary object In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently no Quesada 2008:49-96, 155-66
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. yes This seems to be an independent word Quesada 2008:71
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reflexive: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. yes Quesada 2008:71
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb yes Quesada 2008:71
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Passive Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted yes The main verb takes the form of the realis indefinite plus the iterative suffix /-ta/ Quesada 2008:130
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Antipassive Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages no info more likely not
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Other intransitivizing morphology There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency yes The verbal prefix /xƆn-/ attached to a verb of movement derives a transitive verb. Quesada 2008:108
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: benefactive Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: other Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: prefix Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb no Quesada 2008:183
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: suffix Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb no Quesada 2008:183
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix no Quesada 2008:183
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: serial verb or analytical construction Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization yes Verbs meaning "put", "send" or "leave" are used as auxiliaries in this construction Quesada 2008:182
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' no Quesada 2008:181-2
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated sociative Indicates that causer participates in event no Quesada 2008:181-2
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency no info
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a preposed element Clausal negator is a preposed element yes Quesada 2008:63
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a postposed element Clausal negator is a postposed element no Quesada 2008:63
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: affix Negatives: affix no Quesada 2008:63-8
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: particle Negatives: particle yes Quesada 2008:63-8
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: auxiliary verb Negatives: auxiliary verb no Quesada 2008:63-8
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: double Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' no Quesada 2008:63-8
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' no info
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase no info
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: interrogative particle Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle yes There are five different interrogative particles Quesada 2008:61-3
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: verb morphology Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology no info
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: word order Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) no info
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: intonation only Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only no info
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Content questions: word order differs from declaratives Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) no Quesada 2008:87-8
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: verbal Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position no info
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: nominal Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position no info
Simple Clauses - Predication Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) yes Quesada 2008:139
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) yes Quesada 2008:174
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. no Quesada 2008:173-5
Simple Clauses - Predication Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause no Quesada 2008:173-5
Simple Clauses - Predication Relativizer is a verbal affix no Quesada 2008:174
Simple Clauses - Predication Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) no Quesada 2008:43-53, 173-5
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions Grammaticalized verbal desiderative Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) no Quesada 2008:135-6
Simple Clauses - Other Clause chaining Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. no Quesada 2008:99-146
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked switch-reference system There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined no Quesada 2008:99-146
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence no Quesada 2008:99-146