| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No applicative is discussed as part of the verb stem. |
Allin, 1976: 105 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
n/a |
No applicative |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 35 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 252-262 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 66-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
Not a dedicated morpheme. Also used for designating recipient and dative. |
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 258 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
The only valence-increasing morpheme is a causative. |
Facundes, 2000: 505-509 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1982:56 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
It is a verbal suffix |
Duff-Tripp 1997:79 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p218 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 285-289 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:18 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no info on valence |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no info |
|
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
|
Escoriaza 1959 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982:81 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
It also encodes malefactive meaning |
Frank ?:24 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
mba- |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:122 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:306 |
|
The varinats are lexically conditioned |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1978:22 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:900 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 123-7 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:108 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:79 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:622-9 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
pronominal suffix might actually be verbal prefix if pronoun turns out to be a proclitic |
Landaburu 1979: 196 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 166 |
|
My source does not acctually use the word applicative |
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no info |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.37 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 117 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
benefactive suffix is added to the verb follwed by the causitive suffix and aspect suffix |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 58 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
dependent verb root that compounds with the benefactive marker |
Stenzel 2004, p. 239 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.72 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
-re marks the benefactee/malfactee of a verb to which -bosa (benefactive) has been suffixed. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.68 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.65 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:127-130 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
suffix: -bosa/basa |
Ramirez 1997: 184-5 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:380 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
178-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
103-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 47-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
376 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
205 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Martuthunira |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
402-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
405 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
118 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
305-307 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
85 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
246 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
86-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
124 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
74; 77-78 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
148-52 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
77, 99-101 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
52-60 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
83-90 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 230 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
79 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
890 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
Maybe |
|
79 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
