Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Yine

Family: Arawakan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: pib
Location: -11.11°, -73.31°
Notes: Closely related to Mashco Piro (uncontacted group). Vocabulary data source (IDS) states that data is Mashco Piro, but actually draws on Yine materials.
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data

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Data Sources: Key, Mary Ritchie, from Joyce Nies, 1986 Diccionario Piro, Pucallpa, Peru. Matteson, Esther [various publications]. 2007. Mashco Piro. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. Matteson, Esther. 1965. The Piro (Arawakan) language. University of California Publications in Linguistics, 42. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	hita; -no	My' is no-; n-. Piro-Apuriná form for 'I' is hi/'no-ta; for 'my' is *n(V)-.	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	hitʸa; hi-	Piro-Apuriná form is 'hĩtia; *hĩ-.	See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	pitʸa; p-; pɨ-	Piro-Apuriná forms are pitia; p-; pɨ-.	See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	waľe; waľa	Respectively: 'he; she'. 'Her' is to-, o-. Piro-Apuriná form for 'her' is to.	See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	pexnɨ; ptowrɨ	Piro-Apuriná form is pa'kɨ-nɨ.	See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	yhalexi		See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	kxepɨ		See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	čiči-pahi	pahi is 'dust' 01.213, also used in 'pollen'.	See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	tʸi		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	mta; pata	Former also means 'skin' 04.120. Piro-Apuriná form is 'mata.	See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	hička-mapa	'Abdomen' is nanwaka; satɨ; 'large abdomen' is čkete; 'lower abdomen' is skota; 'upper abdomen' is hema. Piro-Apuriná forms are ti'ka-te/ko; *hi-tika-mapa/ko.	See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	haškaka; -ta	Also hapšeka, to bite into; hastaka, to bite off.	See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	ksaxi		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	#NAME?	To be bloody is xra. Piro-Apuriná form is hira-'ka/ha.	See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	haxpoka	To blow on is haxpota.	See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	yma	A tiny boil is košičisrɨ. To have a boil is yoma-wata.	See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	ha-pɨ	Piro-Apuriná form is 'ha-pɨ.	See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	sta; t-nɨ	Latter is woman's breast. In baby talk it is čočo. Piro-Apuriná form is 'tɨ-nɨ.	See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	hinˑiphya; nˑiphya		See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	hawiyaka	To chew in order to soften is hamľoka.	See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	whene ~ wɨhene		See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	kyačhapererɨmko		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	kačik-ľe-rɨ	Piro-Apuriná form is kac̷ĩka-'ri.	See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	hina	Piro-Apuriná form is hɨ'nãã.	See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	yanta-ta	'Counted' is ka-yaho. Piro-Apuriná form is ya-wa-'nã-ta.	See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	čiyaha-ta; sapľe	Piro-Apuriná form is c̷iya-ha/pa-ta.	See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	po-kamľa-ľɨ	Piro-Apuriná form is po-kamara-rɨ.	See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	hi-pna; hipɨka	Respectively: 'die' and 'death'. Piro-Apuriná form is hɨ-pɨna.	See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	hipnawata		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	hašroka		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	pahi	Also čixi pahi. Cf. 'ashes' 01.840; hwɨ-pahi is 'pollen', lit. 'flower-dust/particles'. Piro-Apuriná form is 'pa-hi-nɨ.	See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	xnako; xepi	Piro-Apuriná form is kẽ'pi-ta.	See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	nika	Piro-Apuriná form is 'nika.	See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	naxi	Piro-Apuriná form is 'nakɨ.	See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	yhaľe; ha	The latter is used in compounds. 'Eyeball' is yhaľsahi. 'Pupil of eye' is ksaxire-yhaľe.	See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	hička-ta	Excrement' is hička; čki.	See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	hixrɨ-ka	Piro-Apuriná form is hi-ki-rɨ-ka-.	See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	nhi-či	Also kpitʸowaka. 'Oily' is xhi. Piro-Apuriná form is n-hĩ-c̷i.	See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	hi-rɨ; pa-tɨ	Vocative form is pa-pa. Piro-Apurina forms are 'hɨ-rɨ; *pa-tɨ/pa.	See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	pika	Piro-Apuriná form is 'pɨ̃ka.	See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	mexi	'Small feather' is pitʸi. 'Plumage' is paxi. Piro-Apuriná form is 'piti.	See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	sewata	Piro-Apuriná form is 'sewata.	See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	yošika	Means to make fire; to fix the fire is yotʸpaka.	See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	ha-po-ha-ta	Piro-Apuriná form is ha-po'ha-ta.	See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	hwɨ ~ howɨ	Piro-Apuriná form is 'hõwi.	See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	haľna	Piro-Apuriná form is ha'rã-na.	See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	kyačhapererɨmko	Also yačhapere.	See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	xitʸi	'Sole of foot' is stap-xitʸi. Piro-Apuriná form is 'kiti.	See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	kihľe	Piro-Apuriná form is ki-ha're-ka.	See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	c̷erɨwna		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	xiwɨ-c̷a	Bushy hair is šehko.	See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	myo		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	xiwɨ	Piro-Apuriná form is 'kɨwɨ.	See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	xema; yixnakota	Piro-Apuriná form is kema-.	See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	haxi	Piro-Apuriná form is ha'ki-pa.	See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	hi-no-ľɨ	Piro-Apuriná form is (m)ina/o.	See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	hitoko; nanwaka		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	hičkapi		See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	hahrɨ	Verbal forms are hahita; hamľaka; hamľaxita; kaxitewata.	See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	hiyľata; kama-ka-ta	Piro-Apuriná form is 'o-ka-ma-.	See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	himata	Piro-Apuriná form is hɨmata.	See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	pow-ha; wenɨ	Also hi-pow-ha. Piro-Apuriná form is hɨ-powa-ha.	See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	hic̷oľhiwata	Fluctuates with hic̷oľhɨwata.	See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	sɨre		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	kehnete		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	ksɨxe; tpaľi	Respectively: lower and upper leg. 'Femur (thighbone)' is tpaľ-hapɨ.	See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	rawrakľe		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	hiweka		See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	ho-pna	Piro-Apuriná form is -'pana.	See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	xepa; šep-či	Piro-Apuriná form is ke-pa-c̷i.	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	čiyľe ~ čiiľe		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	xexi	Piro-Apuriná form is 'keki.	See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	nikči-hitɨ		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	ksɨ-rɨ	Also means 'month' 14.710. To be full moon is tɨpľakwahata. Piro-Apuriná form is ka'sɨ-rɨ.	See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	nato; hin-ro	Vocative form is mama. Piro-Apuriná form is 'na-to/ro.	See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	mahka; pxita	Also c̷rɨpxita. Foot of h. is mahka c̷kata; slope of h. is mahka xripi; summit of h. is mahka c̷opo; hillside is mahka tamnɨ; crest of hill is mrixi.	See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	nama	Piro-Apuriná form is -'nama.	See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	hi-waka	Piro-Apuriná form is hɨ-'waka.	See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	paxnohi / noxi (?)		See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	noxi	Especially back of neck. Neck of water jar is noxi-ta. Piro-Apuriná form is -'no-pi/ki.	See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	xri	Also refers to 'prow'. 'Snout' is smitʸi; šrište. 'Bridge of nose' is skoma-xri. Piro-Apuriná form is ki'ri-ta.	See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	c̷-rɨ	Piro-Apuriná form is mi-c̷i-rV.	See Language page
one	uno	um	number	pa; satɨ		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	kapo-haľɨ; poha	To be sick is hahixewna; yayitʸa. Piro-Apuriná form is põhã.	See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human		Indian of another tribe is payinerɨ.	See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	hina; neka		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	sero		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	potɨkľe		See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	hapo	Piro-Apuriná form is ha'po-rɨ.	See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	ko-c̷a; c̷ki	Piro-Apuriná form is koc̷a.	See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	ksatɨ		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	heta		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	phewna		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	sko-thana; thana		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	tɨpľa-ta	Piro-Apuriná form is to/ɨ'pãra-ka-ta.	See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	nikči-mta; mta	Piro-Apuriná form is 'mata.	See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	teno; tenhohne	Piro-Apuriná form is te/ano.	See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	himka ~ himaka	Also hiphya ~ hopha. Piro-Apuriná form is hi-'maka.	See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	mtɨ-rɨ	Piro-Apuriná form is aše-mɨ'tɨ-rV.	See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	či-či-phya	Also himoľita; himomophyata. Piro-Apuriná form is c̷i-'c̷i-(ph)ĩã.	See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	c̷kaha	Verbal form is hic̷kahata; also hapľika, to spit out.	See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	tɨn-wa-ta	Piro-Apuriná form is tɨnwa-ta.	See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	katahiri	'Evening star' is kayikawsahi; 'morning star' is honsahi; 'Pleiades' is kačkehiri.	See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	hah-mɨna; mɨna		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	sotľɨ		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	haši-ča	Means to suckle. Also hačiča. Piro-Apuriná form is ha'si-ta.	See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	tka-či	Piro-Apuriná form is ata'ka-č/c̷i.	See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	hinkoka	To perspire at night is pohnanɨwata.	See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	hanka; hanka-xrɨ	Piro-Apuriná form is ha'na-na/ka.	See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	ha-noha-ta	Piro-Apuriná form is hanohã-ta.	See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	nši	Piro-Apuriná form is -n-'si-pi.	See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	hi-šinika	Piro-Apuriná form is -sinɨka-.	See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	mapa		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	pľa	'Esophagus' is pľa-c̷a.	See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	hitľohita	'Faint thunder' is wroľoxi.	See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	hišrika		See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	nnɨ	'Tip of the tongue' is ptonˑɨ. Piro-Apuriná form is 'nɨnɨ.	See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	yhi	'Cuspid' is hapkaxere.	See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	hepi	Piro-Apuriná form is hepi.	See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	hapľita	To try to v. is yotokota.	See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	yana		See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	ha; honɨ	'Churning water' is pomča. 'Fluid' is xha; xpa.	See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	hi-ha-ka; kha	Piro-Apuriná form is hɨ̃-hã-ka.	See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	kľa; kľɨ		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	hikľɨ		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	hinaka		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	kľata		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	katɨ		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	hanɨnro ~ hnɨnro		See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	nˑiphya; hawoka	A cold wind is hanˑatɨ. A breeze is kawľerɨ.	See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	mexi	Piro-Apuriná form is 'mẽki.	See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	sɨtʸo	Piro-Apuriná form is sɨitio.	See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	kamrɨrči		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	haphatata		See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	pwaľo	To color yellow is powaľota.	See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

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Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Notes	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.					See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.					See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis		pes-ľɨ			See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	Also seroxripiro. Piro-Apuriná form is pe'so-lV.
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia					See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora		c̷omi			See Language page		Also piptʸo. Piro-Apuriná form is 'c̷omi.
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae		pokhi			See Language page		Also kačiči, with Piro-Apuriná form ka'c̷i-ti. Piro-Apuriná form is -pokhi.
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)					See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri					See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum					See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.					See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.					See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.		šyo			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná form is siyo-piri.
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.					See Language page		Shape of a bean, banana, etc. is pɨ.
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna			koši-či			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná form is ko-si-ti-pi-ri-ki.
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala					See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba					See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera		xemxerne; yowini			See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae					See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)					See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']					See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha					See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata					See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera		katato			See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris					See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda		ponro			See Language page		An edible centipede is šyopa.
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea					See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.		c̷a-pi; haha-pi-c̷a			See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	Piro-Apuriná forms are c̷a-pi-ri-ki; *haha-pi-a̷.
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria		kačipkočirotero			See Language page		Also maštataxro; šimtataxro.
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu					See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua					See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)		waphɨ			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	Piro-Apuriná form is wa-ma-pehɨ.
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura					See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae					See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.					See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus		kšote-rɨ			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná form is k-s(i)'o-ti/e-rɨ.
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris					See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae		kamowa			See Language page		Also motkoko; trɨmoxi.
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family		hopši			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná form is hopa-SI.
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.					See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus					See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae					See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna			šima			See Language page		Also hamxi-ro. Piro-Apuriná forms are si'ma-kɨ; *hamaki-rV.
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.					See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera		kočopa			See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana					See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis					See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)		pekľo; kac̷-ľɨ			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná form is kac̷o-rɨ/ta.
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans					See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba					See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti					See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.					See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola					See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi					See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae		koyano; koyataľe			See Language page		Also pakča; šixhinro; škirɨ.
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis		šišri			See Language page		Also popnixiro; wroľo. 'Bumble bee' is hanohyo; yatmeroxi.
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus					See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]					See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae					See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.					See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.					See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic					See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca					See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura					See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra					See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.					See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays		šixi			See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	Piro-Apuriná form is si-ki-mi.
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.					See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta		kanrɨ			See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Bitter manioc is kanrɨ.
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta		ximeka			See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa					See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.		hahyo			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná form is ha'hio.
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera					See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus					See Language page		A rodent is šino.
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)		kačipɨ			See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis					See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae					See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes		hnono; mosa			See Language page	Widespread	Also pawaskiwa.
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)					See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.					See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana					See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica					See Language page	Widespread	'Parakeet' is pčoľixi; c̷ɨnrɨxi and kočina, with Piro-Apuriná form koc̷ina-ke.
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	kiru	kiru; polta-kirne [polta 'parrot'] 'pijuayo amarillo, pijuayo de papagayo (especie de palmera de fruto grasoso)'	pijuayo, pifayo (palmera de frutos comstibles cuyo tallo sirve para hacer flechas y balistas)	konreji 'pijuaillo (palmera pequeña parecida al pijuayo. Tiene fruto comestible)' (Nies 124)	Nies 1986: 116
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea					See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus					See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae					See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum					See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas		xipa-ľɨ			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná form is kɨ'pa-rɨ.
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae					See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones		hekľo			See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua					See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata		xpiro			See Language page		Also kočľa; mrato; tʸitʸwro.
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda		šišrikapi			See Language page		Also xitʸri; yonwaľoxi.
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna			himnɨ; pi			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná forms are hɨ'mɨnɨ; *pi.
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox					See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae		pɨthana			See Language page		Also kamčic̷kerɨ, daddy-long-legs. Also kamčic̷kenrɨ.
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.		c̷oľya			See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae					See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.					See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.		seroxiro			See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris					See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera					See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea					See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura					See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum		yiri ~ hayi-re			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná form is ha-yui-ri.
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria		čkipɨ; sɨprɨ			See Language page	Widespread	The latter means 'tortoise'. Piro-Apuriná forms are c̷ikipɨ; *sɨ̃pɨ-rɨ.
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna			hah-mɨna			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná form is haha-'mɨna.
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella					See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui					See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae		may-ľɨ			See Language page	Widespread South America	Also serotľapaľɨ, a red-headed v.; kľatataľɨ, a white v. Piro-Apuriná form is ma'yo-rɨ.
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita		sanɨ			See Language page		Piro-Apuriná form is 'saanɨ.
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons					See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus					See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari					See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae					See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology			See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	kašri	Piro-Apuriná form is ka-siri-pi-c̷i.	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	koľpe-to	Piro-Apuriná form is ko-ra-'pi-tV.	See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	koxi-ta	Piro-Apuriná form is ko-ki-'ta-ri.	See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	tɨwɨtɨ		See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	xeko	Piro-Apuriná form is i-'keko.	See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material			See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture		if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	twa (?)	Piro-Apuriná form is ta'pwa.	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	mišito		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	hatʸawripa		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology			See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	mka	Piro-Apuriná form is 'mãka.	See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology		In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	hipnawata		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture		Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	hepno-pi	Piro-Apuriná form is hVpono-pi/ta.	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture		prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other			See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	čiči; hičima		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool			See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	pra; pɨra-	The latter means 'to domesticate'. Piro-Apuriná form is pɨ'ra.	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	samenɨ		See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	yomľe		See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology		Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics			See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	popnixirha; wroľ-ha	Also to-ha, lit. 'her-liquid'; cf. 'water' 01.310. Piro-Apuriná form is (t)o-ha.	See Language page
house			other	panči; pxi	Settlement is -pok-či, with Piro-Apuriná aa-poko-c̷i.	See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	wa-ta	Refers to a bamboo knife. Piro-Apurina form is yo-'wa-ta.	See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	hitɨsc̷i		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport			See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology			See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology			See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	[kirɨka]		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	hitɨsc̷i		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	kašimpo		See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation			See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	šakapaxi; škikixi		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology			See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	c̷a	Also means 'string'. Piro-Apuriná form is c̷a.	See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	tɨwɨ; mro	The latter means 'salty'.	See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress			See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	šikaľe-ta	Song' is šikaľɨ. Piro-Apuriná form is sikarV-ta.	See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool			See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material			See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	počwaksɨrɨ	'Cane' is kac̷ľɨ; wačkono; yapihaya.	See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology			See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture		use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other			See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 97 of 97 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	no info		Matteson 1965
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no info		Matteson 1965
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	no info		Matteson 1965
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info		Matteson 1965
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	no info		Matteson 1965
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no		Matteson 1965
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	yes	vowel length	Matteson 1965
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word			Matteson 1965
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	yes		Matteson 1965
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	no		Matteson 1965
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Matteson 1965
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no info		Matteson 1965
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no info		Matteson 1965
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	yes		Matteson 1965:78
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	yes	incorporated locatives	Matteson 1965:79
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no	only recipients	Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	yes	recipient marked with an "indirective"	Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		no	no case markers	Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no	no case markers	Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	yes	author only describes one article	Matteson 1965:128
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no		Matteson 1965:106
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		Wise 1986:586
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	yes	2 distances (male, female, plural; near and distant respectively)	Matteson 1965:107
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		yes	distant, not seen	Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	yes		Matteson 1965:93
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes		Wise 1986:102
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		yes		Wise 1986:592
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Wise 1986:593
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no		Wise 1986:593
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	yes		Wise 1986:593
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no info		Wise 1986:593
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	5 - one hand	Matteson 1965
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Matteson 1965:593
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Matteson 1965:593
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	yes	on nouns	Matteson 1965:97
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	yes		Matteson 1965:97
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes		Matteson 1965:106
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Matteson 1965:106
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Matteson 1965:106
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Matteson 1965:106
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes		Matteson 1965:118
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		Matteson 1965:94
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no info		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes		Matteson 1965
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Segmental	Oral-nasal contour segments	May be analyzed as oralized nasal consonants or as oral consonants with a nasal release. e.g. mb-, -bm	no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	yes		Matteson 1965:25
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes		Matteson 1965:23
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no		Matteson 1965
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no	no case markers	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no	no case markers	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no	no case markers	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no	no case markers	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no	no case markers	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes	S of transitive and intransitive marked with the same prefixes, O marked with a suffix	Wise 1986: 586
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes		Matteson 1965:57
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no	only by particle	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no	negative particle	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)			Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no info	no discussion of negation	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	no info	no discussion of negation	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	no info	no discussion of negation	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no info	no discussion of negation	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no info	no discussion of negation	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no info	no discussion on negation	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no info	no discussion on negation	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no info	no discussion on negation	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes	can take aspect	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	no	rarely, they are mostly verbal markers	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes		Matteson 1965:72,
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes	prefix	Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Wise 1986:586
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no		Matteson 1965:72
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	yes		Matteson 1965:94
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	yes		Wise 1986:588
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	yes	indirective' morpheme on noun	Matteson 1965:44
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	yes		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes		Matteson 1965:80
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Matteson 1965:78
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes		Matteson 1965:78
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no info		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	yes		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no		Matteson 1965
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no info		Matteson 1965
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	no	no tense markers	Matteson 1965:72-73
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	no		Matteson 1965:72-73
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no		Matteson 1965:72-73
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		no		Matteson 1965:72-73
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Matteson 1965:72-73
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Matteson 1965:72-73
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Matteson 1965:72-73
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Matteson 1965:72-73
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	no		Matteson 1965
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no	list of affixes does not mention evidentials	Matteson 1965:71-80
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no	list of affixes does not mention evidentials	Matteson 1965:71-80
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no	list of affixes does not mention evidentials	Matteson 1965:71-80
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	no	list of affixes does not mention evidentials	Matteson 1965:71-80
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no	list of affixes does not mention evidentials	Matteson 1965:71-80
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no	list of affixes does not mention evidentials	Matteson 1965:71-80
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		no	list of affixes does not mention evidentials	Matteson 1965:71-80
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no	list of affixes does not mention evidentials	Matteson 1965:71-80
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no info		Matteson 1965
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no info		Matteson 1965
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no		Matteson 1965:72-73
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Matteson 1965:72-73
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	no info		Matteson 1965
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	no		Matteson 1965
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no info		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no info		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no info		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no info		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no info		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	no info		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no info		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no		Matteson 1965:70-81
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no		Matteson 1965
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no		Matteson 1965
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no info		Matteson 1965
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no	SOV	Matteson 1965:39
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Matteson 1965:39
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Matteson 1965:39
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Matteson 1965:39
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Matteson 1965:39
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Matteson 1965
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes	under postpositives	Matteson 1965:126
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Matteson 1965:65
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Matteson 1965:65
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	no		Matteson 1965
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	yes	SComp and OComp	Matteson 1965:68
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Matteson 1965
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Matteson 1965
Word Order	Num-Noun		no info	author does not indicate position	Matteson 1965
Word Order	Noun-Num		no info	author does not indicate position	Matteson 1965
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	no info	author does not address relative clauses	Matteson 1965
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no info	author does not address relative clauses	Matteson 1965
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no info	author does not address relative clauses	Matteson 1965
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no info	author does not address relative clauses	Matteson 1965
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Matteson 1965:57

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