| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
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|
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|
|
| Timbisha |
|
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|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
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|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
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|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
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| Southern Ute |
|
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| Shoshone |
|
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| Comanche |
|
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| Idaho Shoshone |
|
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|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
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|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 125 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Interrogative words remain in the "slot" for the element that is being questioned, although many of these are sentence-initial. (E.g. the word for "how" fills the "comparative" slot, which is a sentence-initial position.) |
Allin, 1976: 346-347 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 46 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
The content word is preposed. |
Galindo, 2002: 273-274 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64, 79 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
Only presence of q-word. |
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
In the text in Mansen and Mansen (1979), all examples of content questions have preposed question words. |
|
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Question word is usually sentence-initial. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 503 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
clause-initial question word |
Facundes, 2000: 361 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Mihas 2010 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:51 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
The contet question word occurs sentence-initially but the other constituens remain as in declarative sentences |
Duff-Tripp 1997:184-6 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:131 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"One thing that all interrogative clauses... Have in common, is the fact that the predicate of a clause appears in a nominalized form." |
Danielsen 2007: p350 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
The content word is preposed. |
Michael, 2008. p. 391 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:13 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:20 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
|
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:69 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 344 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 46-48 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:371-388 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
Q words in-situ |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:6 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:87-8 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
Queston words remain in the position of the argument they are replacing |
Williams 1993:118-9 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
there is a content question word ("détsa" (de Kondo); "de" (Queixalós)) which occurs before the question, but the order of the sentence itself is unchanged |
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:22 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
question word comes first; subject-verb inversion |
Buenaventura - 1993:45 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:478-9 |
|
Presence of wh-word and no apocope in the verb marks content questions |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
13 |
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Orr et all. 1991:21 |
|
Word order is similar to declaratives sentences but a clitic is added to the questioned contituent |
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1972:260-4 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
Content Q usually have the Q word sentence-initially but this is not obligatory |
Fleck:980-1 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 253-61 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:186-7 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:92-94 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:101-120 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:814-31 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:65 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 149 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p335, 391-392 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 296 |
|
The simple interrogative sentence in Aymara has the same word order as the declarative sentence. The difference is that the interrogative has a question word with the suffix sa as it's subject and a rising intonation. |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
Sentence structure is the same for declarative as well as interrogative. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.68 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
Question words as first element, no word order change |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 131 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
content questions do include wh - words |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 23 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.56 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.120 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.141 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
Question word is clause-initial, and the subject & verb invert. |
Wheeler - 1987:137 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
subject pronoun and verb are inverted |
West and Welch 2004: 22 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 217 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.60-61 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 66-67 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
The same strategy as yes/no questions is used |
Everett 2006:322:3 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
Word order varies depending on which element is the focus |
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:140-1 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:544 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no? |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
76 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
maybe |
|
106 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
164-165 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
31 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
66-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
77-78 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 53 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
46 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
390 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
167-170 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
214 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
196; 216 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
126 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
259 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
120 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
69-70 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
236-238 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
338 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
482 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
404 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
288 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
152 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
291 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
63-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
no info |
|
45-9 |
|
|
x |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
151 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
59 |
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
55-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
98 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
56 |
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
46 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
127-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
104-105 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
37 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
30-31 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
215 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
338 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
131 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no? |
|
FO 128-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
504 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
241 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 249 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
874 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
69 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no? |
|
321-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
