Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Hup

Family: Naduhupan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: jup
Location: 0.59°, -69.84°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Epps, Patience. Fieldnotes (2000-2011). Epps, Patience. 2008. A Grammar of Hup. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Ramirez, Henri. 2006. A Língua dos Hupd'äh do Alto Rio Negro: dicionário e guia de conversação. São Paulo: Associação Saúde Sem Limites.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	ʔɨ́n	~ʔɨ́d	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ʔã́h	~ʔáh	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	nɨ́ŋ	~dɨ́g	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	ʔám	~ʔab	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	hɨ́d	hɨ́d	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	tɨ́h	tɨ́h	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	buycóʔ	buj-cóʔ	loan	from Tukanoan		See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	cã́p taʔ (lit. other time)	~cáp taʔ (lit. other time)	unique			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	nihṹʔ, ʔápyɨʔ	~dihúʔ, ʔápjɨʔ	inheritance			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	j’ib kãkã́w	ɟ’ib ~kakáw	inheritance			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	hahád	hahád	unique			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	teg hɔ́w, tuh ('char')	teg hɔ́w, tuh	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	cĩcĩ́ʔ	~cicíʔ	doubtful loan	into H-Y subgroup, from Tukanoan		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	páy	páj	unique			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	b'ɔk	b'ɔk	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	tók	tók	unique			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	mɨ̌ʔ	~bɨ̌ʔ	inheritance			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	pǒg	pǒg	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	g’ǝç-	g’ǝç-	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	j'á	ɟ’á	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	biyǐw	bijǐw	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	pohow’-	pohow’-	unique			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	hɔ̃p típ (lit. fish egg)	~hɔp típ (lit. fish egg)	inheritance			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	g'æ̌g	g'æ̌g	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	pǔd	pǔd	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	haŋ-cak-	~hag-cak-	inheritance			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	hɔ̃-	~hɔ-	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	y’aw’-	j’aw’-	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	dóʔ	dóʔ	unique			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	cak-	cak-	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	j'ɨk kudú	ɟ’ɨk kudú	loan	loanblend in subgroup; kudu from Tukanoan		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	tút, m'ǽ [water]	tút, ~b'ǽ [water]	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	næn-	~dæd-	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	j’ɨw-	ɟ’ɨw-	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	dɔʔkěy	dɔʔkěj	unique			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	dɔʔ-	dɔʔ-	unique			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ʔɔt-	ʔɔt-	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	kɨt-, hɔ̃k-	kɨt-, ~hɔk-	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	wág	wág	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	naʔ-	~daʔ-	inheritance			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	hat-	hat-	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	titíʔ, j'ǎw'	titíʔ, ɟ'ǎw'	unique; inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	cɔ̃hni-	~cɔhdi-	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ʔǝg-	ʔǝg-	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	hǝb-	hǝb-	unique			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	j'ɨg-nɨh (lit. 'not sharp')	ɟ'ɨg-~dɨh (lit. 'not sharp')	unique			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	j'ɨ́k	ɟ'ɨ́k	inheritance			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	bɔtɔ́k	bɔtɔ́k	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	j'áh, b'ɔ̌k [= mud]	ɟ'áh, b'ɔ̌k [= mud]	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	wæd-	wæd-	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	típ	típ	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	kǝwǝ̌g	kǝwǝ̌g	unique			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	j'æ̌ʔ	ɟ'æ̌ʔ	inheritance			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	nɔh-	~dɔh-	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	w’ěh	w’ěh	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	náŋ	~dág	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	ʔíp	ʔíp	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	ʔɔm-	~ʔɔb-	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	hũ tæ̃h pã́t ['bird hair']	~hutæh ~pát ['bird hair']	unique	from 'hair'		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	cob b'ɔk ['finger skin/bark']	cob b'ɔk ['finger skin/bark']	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	teg hɔ̃́ ['wood burn']	teg ~hɔ́ ['wood burn']	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	hɔ̃̌p	~hɔ̌p	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	hi- (lit. 'go down')	hi- (lit. 'go down')	inheritance			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	j’ɔ́	ɟ’ɔ́	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	way-d'oʔ- ['leave-take'?]	waj-d'oʔ- ['leave-take'?]	unique			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	j’ɨ̌k	ɟ’ɨ̌k	inheritance			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	j'ǐb	ɟ’ǐb	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	ʔág	ʔág	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	náw	~dáw	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	pɔ̃pɔ̃h	~pɔpɔ́h	unknown			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	cap-	cap-	unique	shared Yuhup		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	pã́t	~pát	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	d'apṹh	d'apṹh	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	núh	~dúh	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	wɨʔ-	wɨʔ-	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	hãwɨg [wɨg 'seed']	~hã-wɨg [wɨg 'seed']	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	yiwík	jiwík	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	yǝd-	jǝd-	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	m’æh-	~b’æh-	unique			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	tɔn-	~tɔd-	inheritance			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	g'ɨ́	g'ɨ́	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	hɨ̃p	~hɨp	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	tæn	~tæd	unique			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	g’ǒdan	g’ǒd-~ad	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	tok tɨ́t	tok tɨ́t	unique			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	j’uk-	ɟ’uk-	inheritance			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	mæh-	~bæh-	semantic shift	hit'		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	hipãh-	~hipah-	inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	mɔ́h	~bɔ́h	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	tæ̃ʔnɔ-	~tæʔdɔ-	unique	shared Yuhup		See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	cug'æ̌t, -g'æt	cug'æ̌t, -g'æt	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	cɔ̃h cáʔah	~cɔh cáʔah	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	tɔk [thigh], j'ɨ [calf]	tɔk [thigh], ɟ'ɨ [calf]	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	yæt-	jæt-	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	cə́p	cə́p	inheritance	Hup-Yuhup		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	ʔɨb-, ni-	ʔɨb-, ~di-	unknown; doubtful loan (into proto-language?)	Tukanoan		See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	hɔ́	hɔ́	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	w’ə̌t	w’ə̌t	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	næ̌m	~dæ̌b	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	hɔ wowǒw’	hɔ wowǒw’	unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	tiyǐʔ [1st syllable comes from 3sg pn tɨh]	tijǐʔ	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	d'áp	d'áp	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	wædhɔ́	wædhɔ́	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	ʔín	~ʔíd	loan into proto-language, direction unknown	Puinave, Kakua-Nukak		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	pǎç [=stone]	pǎç [=stone]	inheritance			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	nɔg'ǒd	~dɔ-g'ǒd	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	hǎt	hǎt	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	nuh totóy’	~duh totój’	inheritance			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	máh-yɨʔ	~báh-jɨʔ	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	kaʔtɨ́t	kaʔtɨ́t	unique			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	d’ǝw-, tuhúp [tɨh + hup, 3g + person]	d’ǝw-, tuhúp [tɨh + hup, 3g + person]	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	j'ǝ́b	ɟ’ə́b	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	pã̌ [Neg exist]	~pǎ [Neg exist]	unknown			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	tǒj	tǒɟ	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	tɨh-wǝhə́d (man), tɨh-wá (woman), bɨ̌g (inanimate),	tɨh-wǝhə́d (man), tɨh-wá (woman), bɨ̌g (inanimate),	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	ʔayǔp	ʔajǔp	unique			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	poʔ-	poʔ-	inheritance			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	j’ã́p	~ɟ’áp	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	peʔ- (v.)	peʔ- (v.)	unique			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	húp	húp	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	j’ɔŋ-	~ɟ’ɔg-	unique			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	d'oj- (v.)	d'oɟ- (v.)	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	dó	dó	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	pɨb cáʔah ('strong/quick side')	pɨb cáʔah ('strong/quick side')	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	tǐw	tǐw	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	tǐh	tǐh	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	d'ɔh- (v.)	d'ɔh- (v.)	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	wæg yɔ̌h	wæg jɔ̌h	unique			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	nɔ-	~dɔ-	inheritance			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	kokoj-, hæp-	kokoɟ-, hæp-	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	key-	kej-	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	j’ɨ́g	ɟ’ɨ́g	unique			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	cɔw- (w/blowgun), teghɔ̃- (w/ gun), g’ig- (w/ arrow), b'u	cɔw- (w/blowgun), teg-hɔ- (w/ gun), g’ig- (w/ arrow), b'u-	inheritance			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	wǝt-nɨ́h (tall-neg)	wǝt-~dɨ́h (tall-neg)	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	cǎc	cǎc	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	hutbi-	hutbi-	inheritance			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	pæm-	pæb-	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	b’ɔ́k	b’ɔ́k	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	pǎç	pǎç	semantic shift			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	ʔɔ̃h	~ʔɔh	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	cĩ́pm'æh	~cípb'æh	unique			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	j'ɨk	ɟ'ɨ́k	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	cĩh-wɨʔ-	~cih-wɨʔ-	unique		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	j’ɔç-	ɟ’ɔç-	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	b’ah-, pob	b’ah-, pob	inheritance			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	koʔwow’-	koʔwow’-	inheritance			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	yok-, cĩy'	jok-, ~cij'	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	g’et-	g’et-	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	wædhɔm'æ̌h [mæh 'small']	wædhɔ-~b'æ̌h	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	j’ek-	ɟ’ek-	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	těg	těg	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	pǎç	pǎç	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	ʔaj’-, ʔun'	ʔaj’-, ~ʔud'	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	wædhɔ́	wædhɔ́	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	kub'ǎh-deh way-	kub'ǎh-deh waj-	inheritance?			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	puhu-	puhu-	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	j'ɔm-ham- ['bathe-go']	ɟ'ɔm-~hab- ['bathe-go']	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	d'ǔb	d'ǔb	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	n'íp, yúp	~d'íp, júp	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	g’ə́ʔ	g’ə́ʔ	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	cə̌pmæh	cə̌p-~bæh	inheritance			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	hipãh-	~hipah-	unique			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	nu-, n'i-	~du-, ~d'ɨ-	unique			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	mɔtaʔǎp, mɔtwɨgʔap ['rubber-tree-seed-quantity']	mɔtaʔǎp, mɔtwɨgʔap ['rubber-tree-seed-quantity']	inheritance			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	ʔɔ̃́g’	~ʔɔ́g’	inheritance			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	b’uy-	b’uj-	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	pǽ̃y	~pǽj	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	j'ɨ̃p-	~ɟ'ɨp-	unique			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	nɔg'æ̌d	~dɔ-g'æ̌d	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	tǝ́g	tǝ́g	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	d’oʔkǝd-, hupkǝd-	d’oʔkǝd-, hupkǝd-	unique		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	koʔap, kəwǝgʔap ['eye-quantity']	koʔap, kəwǝgʔap ['eye-quantity']	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	hɔn-	~hɔd-	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	g'et-ham-, ham-g'oʔ-	g'et-~hab-, ~hab-g'oʔ-	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	děh	děh	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	pu-	pu-	loan	Tukano puu-		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	hɨ̃n'ɨ̌h	~hɨd'ɨ̌h	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	hɨ̃-m'ǽ	~hɨ-~b'ǽ	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	hɨ̃-cóʔ, hɨ̃t	~hɨ-cóʔ, ~hɨt	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	tohó	tohó	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	ʔǔy	ʔǔj	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	tæ̃h-ʔín	~tæh-~ʔíd	unique			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	bohót	bohót	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	ké	ké	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	tãʔã́y [1st syllable comes from 3sg pn tɨh]	~taʔáj	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	bɨʔ-	bɨʔ-	unique	shared Yuhup		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	nɔg’a-	~dɔ-g’a-	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	pohó	pohó	unique			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	hǝ́w	hǝ́w		inheritance						underived		See Language page	1	decorative paint	0		0	cultivated		seeds mashed and used for paint	0		1	attained through exchange with Tukanoans	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	mæ̌t	mæ̌t		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	hǎt	hǎt		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	mostly men	roasted, boiled, smoked	0		0		Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	tǎy	tǎj		unique						underived		See Language page	1	but high mythological significance	0		0				0		0		Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	pɨ̌ŋ, buhúh	pɨ̌ŋ, buhúh		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	gathered	women, children	eaten raw, mashed and drunk	0		0		grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	deh-hũt-cǝ́g	deh-hũt-cǝ́g		calque		East Tukanoan	'water tobacco piece'			compound	water-tobacco-piece	See Language page	2		0		0				0		0		Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	mɨ́ʔ	mɨ́ʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0	gathered	men, children		0		0			no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	[no generic]	[no generic]		missing						missing		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	bɨ̌g	bɨ̌g		doubtful loan into protolanguage	Hup-Yuhup-Daw	Tukanoan	doubtful loan, e.g. Tukano bɨko			underived		See Language page	0		1		0	?			0		0		Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	yěw	jěw		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1	yes	0	hunted	men, women, children	dug out of burrow, roasted in coals of fire	0		0		Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	mǔh-teg	mǔh-teg		unique			'arrow-stick'			compound	arrow-stick	See Language page	0		0		0	cultivated / gathered	men?		0		0		tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	yũhúm	jũhúm		inheritance		East Tukanoan				underived		See Language page	0		1		0	cultivated	women, men?	eaten raw	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	g'ædʔǽg	g'ædʔǽg		unique	Hup-Yuhup					compound	?-fruit	See Language page	2		1	fruit	0	gathered	women, men	mashed and drunk	0		0	in 'dabacuri' exhange rituals with other Hup groups (clans, villages, etc.)	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	pɨhɨ́t	pɨhɨ́t		semantic shift?		prob a markedness shift from 'sororoca' (wʉt in Dâw); cf. Hup-Tukano calques 'forest banana' (sororoca)	doubtful, from wild heliconia sp.			underived		See Language page	0		1		0	cultivated	women	eaten raw, made into mash and drunk	0		0			no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	cɨb'ɨ́h	cɨb'ɨ́h		inheritance						other complex	lexicalized cV- prefix?	See Language page	0		1		0				0		0			no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	peyã̇w	pejã̇w		loan		Portuguese				underived		See Language page	0		1	imported by whites only	0				0		0			no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		hũtæ̃́h [Martins: wět]	hũtæ̃́h [Martins: wět]		unique			animal-small'			compound	animal-small	See Language page	0		0	many species, esp. by children	0	hunted	men, children	shot with arrows or darts	0		0			no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	cǽ	cǽ		unique	Hup-Yuhup					underived		See Language page	0		0		0	gathered		bark peeled and used for tumplines	0		0		secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	ciwǐb	ciwǐb		inheritance						underived		See Language page	2		1	fruit	0	gathered	women, men	fruit boiled	0		0	in 'dabacuri' exhange rituals with other Hup groups (clans, villages, etc.)	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	j'ɨj'ɨ̌b', hǒh, wowǒw	ɟ'ɨɟ'ɨ̌b', hǒh, wowǒw		unique						reduplicated		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	bǒ	bǒ		doubtful loan		cf. Pume po, TG jiboja				underived	unusual tone pattern - rising tone not usually found in V-final words	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	b'ɔ̌ʔ	b'ɔ̌ʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0	cultivated	women	dried, cut in half to make dippers	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	tɨ́w	tɨ́w		unique	Hup-Yuhup					underived		See Language page	0		1		0	gathered	men, women	eaten raw	0		0		1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	ʔóh	ʔóh		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	wǐw	wǐw		inheritance						underived		See Language page	2		0		0				0		0			yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	b'eb'ěp	b'eb'ěp		inheritance	Hup-Yuhup					reduplicated		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	deh-tǎh	deh-tǎh		calque		East Tukanoan	water-tapir'			compound	water-tapir	See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	j'ã ̌h	ɟ'ã ̌h		doubtful loan into protolanguage		East Tukanoan	compare e.g. Candoshi tʃámó			underived		See Language page	0		1		0	cultivated	women	boiled; mostly used as additive in beer	0		0		secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	yãhám	jãhám		unique	Hup-Yuhup					underived		See Language page	0		1		0	gathered	men, women		0		0		secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum	jãhám	jãhám		unique	Hup-Yuhup					underived		See Language page	0		1		0	gathered	men, women		0		0		Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	cǎy	cǎj		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	cǽy'	cǽɟ'		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW		onomatopoeic				underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	yúb	júb		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0	gathered	men, women	pulled from trees, peeled; bundled for sale to Brazilian traders, used to make baskets and for tying	0		0	currently with Brazilians	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	pũʔṹk	pũʔṹk		unique			contains ʔuk 'convey powder to mouth'?			compound	cf. verb ʔuk- 'scoop up powdered substance'	See Language page	1		0	ingested by placing in mouth, but not swallowed	0	cultivated			1	powdered and mixed with toasted embauba leaves; placed in mouth; used by men and old women only	1	attained through exchange with Tukanoans	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	dadáp	dadáp		doubtful loan into protolg, direction unknown		Kakua? Jivaroan? cf. Arawak *taparutu				reduplicated		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	tɔ̃hód'	tɔ̃hód'		unique			peccary + ?'			compound	peccary-?	See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men		0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	cú	cú		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0				0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	cuwúk	cuwúk		semantic shift		kapok				underived		See Language page	0		0		0	cultivated?			0		1		secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	cɔhɔ́	cɔhɔ́		unique						other complex	lexicalized cV- prefix?	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	yí	jí		unique		East Tukanoan	see Tanimuca dyĩ'bĩã			underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana	pěd	pěd		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	gathered	women		0		0	in 'dabacuri' exhange rituals with other Hup groups (clans, villages, etc.)	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	cɨ́b	cɨ́b		unique						underived		See Language page	0		1	prized game bird	0	hunted	men	shot with arrows or darts	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	mɔhɔ̃̌y	mɔhɔ̃̌j		inheritance	Hup-Yuhup					underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0			no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		mɔhɔ̌y	~bɔhɔ̌j		inheritance								See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	yãʔamhóʔ	jãʔamhóʔ		semantic shift	Hup-Yuhup-Daw	from jaguar + ?	jaguar' + ?			compound	jaguar-?	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0	dogs are prized for hunting	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		yaʔamhóʔ	jãʔamhóʔ		inheritance								See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	yãʔám wãwã̌t	jãʔám wãwã̌t		unique			jaguar pace.about'			compound	jaguar RED-?	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	wɔhwǽw	wɔhwǽw		inheritance			onomatopoeic			underived	onomatopoeic	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	deh pǔp	deh pǔp		unique			possible calque from Tukano? 'water + ?'			compound	water ?	See Language page	0		1		0				0		0			no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	j'ak-tɔ̃̌h	j'ak-tɔ̃̌h		inheritance						compound	buriti.palm-larva	See Language page	0		1		0	gathered	women, also men?	trunks felled and left; grubs gathered later	0		0			no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	cub'út	cub'út		inheritance						other complex	lexicalized cV- prefix?	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	huhǔy, kedo	huhǔj, kedo		doubtful loan into protolanguage - WW; loan		%kukuj;Tukano kero	Tukano kero			reduplicated		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		hɔ̃̌p	hɔ̃̌p		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1	most species	0	fished	men, children, sometimes women (when fish poison is used)	boiled or smoked	0		0			no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas	pidadacú	pidadacú		loan		Portuguese				underived		See Language page	0		1	but not normally available as food source	0				0		0		big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	d'ǔç	d'ǔç		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0	gathered, cultivated?	men	lengths are beaten into water to release poison; stuns fish	0		0		secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	n'án-kɔ́b	n'án-kɔ́b		inheritance						compound	flea-?	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	d'ǎd, pú ʔág ('wetness fruit'), bobo ʔág (Um Norte, 'bird sp. fruit')	d'ǎd, pú ʔág ('wetness fruit'), bobo ʔág (Um Norte, 'bird sp. fruit')		doubtful loan		North Arawak	e.g. Baniwa dáana			underived		See Language page	1	decorative paint	0		0	gathered			0		0		widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	yɔ́k	jɔ́k		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	cǐh	cǐh		unique						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	mæmǽç	mæmǽç		inheritance						reduplicated		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	bohów'	bohów'		unique						underived		See Language page	0		1	not regularly, but may be at least by children	0				0		0		Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	g'áj	g'áɟ		unique						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	yěç	jěç		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola	cæ̃hæ̃k 'paricá'	cæ̃hæ̃k 'paricá'										See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	kapíʔ	kapíʔ		loan - WW		%kaapi, East Tukanoan	Wanderwort; found widely in No. Arawak, Sikuani, Kskus, E. Tuk	WW	%kapi	underived		See Language page	1	ingested (traditionally); associated dance/songs	0	ingested but not a food source	0	gathered	men		1	ritual use, now rarely used; traditionally taken by older men, associated with dance/song cycle; songs with unintelligible words, possibly Arawak origin	0		semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	wǐh	wǐh		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	næ̃ŋ ʔã́w	næ̃ŋ ʔã́w		inheritance						compound	honey-insect	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	kawáyu [Pt loan]	kawáju [Pt loan]		loan		Portuguese				underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	kɔ́w	kɔ́w		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1	fruit - cultivated	0	cultivated	women	used to season most food	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	tǔg	tǔg		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	cúg	cúg		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0		Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	cǝw'ǝ́b	cǝw'ǝ́b		unique						other complex	lexicalized cV- prefix?	See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	mostly men	roasted, boiled, smoked	0		0			no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	mǐn	mǐn		doubtful loan into protolanguage		Tukanoan mene				underived		See Language page	0		1		0	gathered	women, children	eaten raw	0		0		Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing						missing		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	yãʔám	jãʔám		inheritance						underived		See Language page	1		2		0				0		0			yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura	yawák	jawák		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	gathered	men, women	boiled and mashed for cassava dip, buried to store	0		0	in 'dabacuri' exhange rituals with other Hup groups (clans, villages, etc.)		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	cuwúk	cuwúk		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0	cultivated, gathered?			0		0		northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	deh-cák	deh-cák		unique			water-climb'			compound	water-climb?	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	hǔd	hǔd		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1	delicacy	0	gathered	men, women, children	big drones gathered seasonally when leaving nests; heads broken off and eaten live or toasted	0		0			no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	yǎk	jǎk		unique						underived		See Language page	1	feathers for decoration	1		0	hunted	men		0		1		Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	pɨhɨt-yṹm	pɨhɨt-jṹm		semantic shift		parallel E.Tukanoan, Bora	maize-sow'			compound	banana-plant	See Language page	0		1		0	cultivated	women	very little raised; mostly used for beer	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing			not present in region			missing		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	hudúk	hudúk		unique						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	fished	mostly men	boiled or smoked	0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kayák	kaják		unknown		perhaps loan East Tukanoan kii + native form?	Tukanoan kii, Arawak ka-			underived		See Language page	0		1		0	cultivated	women	processed to make flatbread, tapioca, meal	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kayak wæ̌d ('manioc eat')	kajak-wæ̌d		unique	Hup-Yuhup		manioc-eat'			compound	manioc-eat	See Language page	0		1		0	cultivated	women	boiled; mostly used as additive in beer	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	j'ǎk	ɟ'ǎk		inheritance						underived		See Language page	2		1	fruit	0	gathered	women, men	eaten raw, mashed and drunk	0		0	in 'dabacuri' exhange rituals with other Hup groups (clans, villages, etc.)	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	g'í	g'í		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	nunút	nunút		unique						reduplicated		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	wáh-wǝg, bǐʔ	wáh-wǝg, bǐʔ		unknown; loan		Tukanoan				underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	pǝ́b'	pǝ́b'		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		2		0				0		0			no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	yɔk-kúç	jɔk-kúç		inheritance			otter + ?'			compound	otter-?	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	caʔmáy	caʔmáj		unique						other complex	lexicalized cV- prefix?	See Language page	0		1		0				0		0			no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	cǔk, pǝpǝp	cǔk, pǝpǝp		unique; doubtful loan - WW		%pupu				underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0		Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	hũyæ̃́w	hũjæ̃́w		unique			animal good'			compound	animal-good [tasty]	See Language page	0		1	valued food animal	0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	húhuʔ	húhuʔ		doubtful loan		East Tukanoan	e.g. Makuna uxuga			reduplicated		See Language page	0		1		0	fished	mostly men	boiled or smoked	0		0			no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	tɔ̌p-g'æt	tɔ̌p-g'æt		unique			'house-leaf'			compound	house[archaic]-leaf	See Language page	0		0		0	gathered	men	grows in particular places, may require a long trek	0		0		Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	j'ɔ́y'	ɟ'ɔ́j'		inheritance						underived		See Language page	1	feathers for decoration	0		0	hunted	men		0		1		Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	pǔp [loan Arawak?]	pǔp		doubtful loan into protolanguage	Hup-Yuhup-Daw	North Arawak	e.g. Baniwa poópa			underived		See Language page	0		0		0	gathered	men	wood used for building, etc.	0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	s'ɨ́w	ɟ'ɨ́w	peach palm	inheritance						underived		Epps 2013	2		1	fruit - cultivated	0	cultivated, gathered	women, men	fruit boiled	0		0	in 'dabacuri' exhange rituals with other Hup groups (clans, villages, etc.)		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	y'æʔ-tutúʔ	j'æʔ-tutúʔ		unique	Hup-Yuhup (no further data)					compound	feces-RED.submerge	See Language page	0		1	seed - cultivated	0	cultivated	women		0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	caná, yɔ̌y	caná, jɔ̌j		loan		East Tukanoan	senã (jɔj inheritance?)			underived		See Language page	0		1	fruit - cultivated	0	cultivated	women	eaten raw, mashed and drunk	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	ʔɨ́t	ʔɨ́t		unique						underived		See Language page	0		1	valued food source	0	fished	mostly men	boiled or smoked	0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	pǔg	pǔg		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	píʔ, cɔ̃cɔ̃̌p	píʔ, cɔ̃cɔ̃̌p		unique			e.g. Tukano jãpi, Cubeo japika			underived		See Language page	0		1		0	cultivated	women	boiled; mostly used as additive in beer	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	píʔ	píʔ		doubtful loan		East Tukanoan				underived		See Language page	0		1		0	cultivated	women	boiled; mostly used as additive in beer	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae	pɔnǽn	pɔnǽn		unique						other complex	form suggests multimorphemic, but components not identifiable	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	pãhã́y, mɔ̌t	pãhã́j, mɔ̌t		unique						underived		See Language page	0		0		0	gathered			0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	cǝ́ʔ	cǝ́ʔ		semantic shift?		from shrimp?				underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	wáh	wáh		inheritance						unknown		See Language page	2		1		0				0		0		mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	pán	pán		unique						underived		See Language page	0		1	sometimes	0	hunted	men	killed in treetops	0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	ʔɔ́w	ʔɔ́w		unique						underived		See Language page	0		1	mostly eaten by children	0	hunted	esp. children	roasted	0		0			no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	g'ɔ́̃j	g'ɔ́̃ɟ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		[no generic]	[no generic]		missing						missing		See Language page	0		1	some kinds and some people only	0	hunted?			0		0			no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	tǝ̃hǝ̃́y, b'aw	tǝ̃hǝ̃́j, b'aw		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0		Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	hɔ̃pɔ̌y	hɔ̃pɔ̌j		unique			from hɔ̃p pɔj 'fish ?'			compound	fish-?	See Language page	0		1		0	fished	mostly men	boiled or smoked	0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	bɔyɔ́ʔ	bɔjɔ́ʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	b'ɔʔ-wæ̌d	b'ɔʔ-wæ̌d		semantic shift		cuia/Crescentia-eat'	eating gourd'			compound	gourd-eat	See Language page	0		1		0	cultivated	women	boiled and eaten; little used	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	wɔ̌m	wɔ̌m		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0			no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	j'æ̌ʔ	ɟ'æ̌ʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	kopǒy'	kopǒj'		unique						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	cultivated	women	boiled; mostly used as additive in beer	0		0	attained through exchange with Tukanoans		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	tǎh	tǎh		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0			no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	b'úʔ	b'úʔ		doubtful loan into protolanguage	Hup-Yuhup-Daw	East Tukanoan	e.g. Tukano butu			underived		See Language page	0		1		0	gathered	women, men	eaten raw	0		0			no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	tahcěb	tahcěb		inheritance						compound	tapir-?	See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	b'ǒy	b'ǒj		unique						underived		See Language page	0		1	valued food source	0	fished	mostly men	boiled or smoked	0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	mɔ̌h	mɔ̌h		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	hɔhɔ́h	hɔhɔ́h		doubtful loan		West Tukanoan	Siona/Secoya hoho			reduplicated		See Language page	0		2		0				0		0			no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	hũ̌t	hũ̌t		inheritance						underived		See Language page	1	smoked in ritual, curing, and everyday contexts	0	smoked	0	cultivated		dried and smoked	0		1	attained through exchange with Tukanoans		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	mǐh	mǐh		inheritance						underived		See Language page	2		1	check	0				0		0		Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	cɔkw'ǝ́t	cɔkw'ǝ́t		inheritance						compound	?-long	See Language page	0		1		0				0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		tegd'ǔh, -teg	tegd'ǔh, -teg		inheritance						unknown		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0			no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	yawǎç	jawǎç		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	mɨ̌h	mɨ̌h		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	gathered	women, children	eaten raw, mashed and drunk	0		0	in 'dabacuri' exhange rituals with other Hup groups (clans, villages, etc.)	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	wã̌ʔ	wã̌ʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0		Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	yɔ̌ʔ	jɔ̌ʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		2		0				0		0			no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	hǽw	hǽw		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	b'ɨ́j	b'ɨ́ɟ		unique						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men	boiled or smoked	0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	tɔ̃́h	tɔ̃́h		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		1		0	hunted	men		0		0	meat in general was once traded extensively with Tukanoans		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	hǒb	hǒb		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0		0		0				0		0		Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	mǔh	mǔh		unique						Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	mɔm	mɔm		inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	mɨʔ	mɨʔ		unknown					May be related to 'under'	Simplex		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	ticeda=b'ɔk (bowl=round thing)	ticeda=b'ɔk (bowl=round thing)	bowl	loan		Tukano?			Port source	Other complex	loan 'bowl' + native class term 'vessel'		See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	máj		aturá	Inheritance	Proto-DYH					Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	máj	máɟ		inheritance									See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	paʔ	paʔ	shallow, flat basket	unknown						Simplex			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	g'ǎç	g'ǎç		doubtful loan - WW		%kasiru	WW	%kasuru	Wapishana (Arawak) kʰaʃuru; Carib (e.g. Akawaio kazuru); Matses (Pano) kasɨɾɯ	Simplex			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	káma	káma		loan		Portuguese				Simplex			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	kǝd	kǝd		unique						Simplex			See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	capb'ak	capb'ak		inheritance	Proto-DYH					No info	May be etymologically complex, lexicalized;c.f. -b'ak 'clump, cluster'	currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	tód'	tód'		Semantic shift					Probably from 'hollow'	Simplex			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing								if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	g'ǐg b'ah	g'ǐg b'ah		inheritance	Proto-DYH					Derived	shoot.arrow= CL:split/flat.thing	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	hæp=bɔg	hæp=bɔg		unique		from 'sweep'				Derived	sweep-clump		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	hɔh=těg	hɔh=těg		inheritance	Proto-Nadahup				Compare Puinave ha:ʔ	Derived	smoke-log		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	picana	picana		loan - WW		%pisana	WW	%pisana	probably originally from Port bicho 'small animal'; compare E. Tukano, (e.g. Desano pisana); Arawak (e.g. Tariana pisána); Carib (Makushi pisana; Pemon pitʃana). But note Quechua 'broom' pitʃana	Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	cadakaʔ	cadakaʔ		loan - WW		%karaka, via Tukano	WW	%karaka	Probably Arawak origin (see Nordenskiold 1922). Tukanoan, e.g. Wanano karaka; Arawak, e.g. Baniwa kaláka; Yanomamo, Nadeb; Macaguan takra	Simplex			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	yɔ̃ʔɔm=ʔĩh	jɔ̃ʔɔm=ʔĩh		unique						Derived	power-MSC		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	yǔd	jǔd		inheritance									See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
coca			narcotics	pũʔṹk			Unique						Other complex	Probably lexicalized compound, containing verb ʔuk- 'scoop up powdered substance'		See Language page
cook food			food	cɨw-			Inheritance	Proto-HY					Simplex			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology	d'oh-ʔãy	d'oh-ʔãj		unique						Other complex	Lexicalized, probably from 'spell-FEM'	malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	yám-		dance, since kapiwaya	Inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex			See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	wah ʔǔt			unique						Compound	patoá (tree sp.) spine	hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	g'æg=tæ̃h	g'æg=tæ̃h	Bone-Son	calque		ET 'Bone-Son'				Compound	bone son	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing									See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	cɔ̃hni (verb)	cɔ̃hni (verb)		inheritance	Proto-Nadahup				Also in Nadeb	Other complex	cɔ̃h (also 'left hand [side]') + ni 'be' (verbalizer)		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	m'æt=b'ɔk (cutia=skin)	m'æt=b'ɔk (cutia=skin)	drum, lit. 'cutia skin'	unique						Compound	cutia skin		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing								Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	heb'	heb'		inheritance						Simplex		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	yak pãt 'macaw feathers'	jak pãt 'macaw feathers'		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	hicǎd	hicǎd		inheritance		Tukano?				Other complex	FACTITIVE-?	may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	húptok [person-belly]	húptok [person-belly]		unique								prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology	pɨn'	pɨn'		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	teg-hod (fire-hole)	teg-hod (fire-hole)		unique						Compound	wood hole		See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	těg	těg		inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	b'ak, tǝd ('beat timbo')	b'ak, tǝd ('beat timbo')		unknown; inheritance						Simplex			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	hɔ̃p kǝk (fish pull)	hɔ̃p kǝk (fish pull)		inheritance					Lit. means 'pull', but exists in Nadeb too; may derive originally from noun 'line'	Compound	fish-pull		See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	d'ǔç		timbó	Inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	hɔ̃p kǝk tɨt (fish pull line)	hɔ̃p kǝk tɨt (fish pull line)		unique					kǝk is inherited form, but phrase appears to be unique to Hup	Compound	fish pull line		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	wɨç	wɨç		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	b'ǎʔ, pǎn'	b'ǎʔ, pǎn'		doubtful loan; inheritance	Proto-DYH	Tukano 'eat'			Possibly a loan from Tukanoan 'eat' baʔa	Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	kæ̌n, cíh	kæ̌n, cíh		doubtful loan; unknown		North Arawak 'manioc'				Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	pĩh=teg	pĩh=teg		inheritance	Proto-HY					Derived	play.flute=CL:stick	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	hũ	hũ		inheritance	Proto-DYH					Simplex		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology	d'ǎd			Doubtful loan		North Arawak				Simplex			See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	baktɨb', nɨm	baktɨb', nɨm		unknown									See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	b'ɔ̌ʔ	b'ɔ̌ʔ		inheritance	Proto-DYH					Simplex			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	hɨ̃p	hɨ̃p		inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	hod (hole)	hod (hole)		unique						Compound	person hole		See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	wab	wab		inheritance	Proto-DYH					Simplex			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	b'ɔk-káb	b'ɔk-káb		inheritance	Proto-DYH				Daw has cognate form for 'plate'	Compound	clay griddle?	agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	teghɔ̃=teg	teghɔ̃=teg		calque		from 'fire'				Derived	fire (wood-burn)=CL:stick		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	yág	jág		inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	nuhuy-tuk (head-upside down)	nuhuj-tuk (head-upside down)		unique						Other complex	head-DYNAMIC upside.down		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	kǝd=ʔĩh	kǝd=ʔĩh										Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics	huptok hɔ=těg (beer canoe)	huptok hɔ=těg (beer canoe)		unique						Compound	caxiri canoe		See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	næŋ	næŋ		inheritance	Proto-DYH					Simplex		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	mɔ̌y	~bɔ̌j		inheritance									See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	hũ mæh-	hũ mæh-		unique						Phrase	game kill		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	wan=tæ̃h (knife=small)	wan=tæ̃h (knife=small)		unique		see 'machete'				Phrase	knife small		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	bobob	bobob		Unknown						Simplex			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	wan	wan		inheritance	Proto-DYH				But see Tariana wánaɾi	Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	tok teg	tok teg		doubtful loan		E. Tukanoan; cf. Tuyuka doka-ri-ga; onomatopoeic			same as 'pestle'	Derived	pound=CL:stick		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	hæ̃̀y'=b'ah	hæ̃̀j'=b'ah		unique									See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology													See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	heheh	heheh		unknown						Reduplicated	lexicalized; no base form known		See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	cug'æt	cug'æt		semantic shift		leaf'			From 'leaf'	Other complex	Lexicalized, prob. from 'forest-leaf'		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	tok teg	tok teg		unique					same as 'mortar'	Derived	pound=CL:stick		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing									See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing									See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	padatu=b'ɔk	padatu=b'ɔk		loan		Portuguese (via Tukano?)			Port source	Simplex			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	podiciya (policia)	podicija (policia)		loan		Portuguese			maybe via Tukano	Simplex			See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	b'ɔk	b'ɔk		inheritance	Proto-DYH					Simplex			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	tǎy	tǎj		unknown		East Tukanoan				Simplex			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	wɔ̃h	wɔ̃h		doubtful loan, direction unknown		Kakua				Simplex			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology	yam	jam		Semantic shift					From 'dance'	Simplex			See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tɨ́t (cord, vine)	tɨ́t (cord, vine)		inheritance									See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	b'ǒh	b'ǒh		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	b'oy mɔy	b'oj mɔj		Unique						Compound	study house'		See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	cǝw	cǝw		inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	capatu (sapato)	capatu (sapato)		loan		East Tukanoan			Port source; Tariana sapatu; Yanomam sapato; Hup capatu	Simplex			See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	caya (saia)	caja (saia)		loan		Port/Span saia	WW	%saja	Port > Nheengatu > others? Arawak (e.g. Baniwa tsʰaaja); Makushi u-saja-ri; Wanano saya si; Nheengatu saja; Ninam saja				See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	sudada	sudada		loan - WW		%surara	WW	%surara	Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Nheengatu, Yanomamo	Simplex			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	yamhidɔʔ	jamhidɔʔ		inheritance						Phrase	music FACTITIVE-tell/count?		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	cɔ̃h(teg)	cɔ̃h(teg)	pronged fish spear	inheritance	Proto-Nadahup					Derived	spear(v.)=CL:stick		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	nǔh	nǔh		inheritance	Proto-Nadahup				Used for any solid that precipitates out of a liquid	Simplex			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing									See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	mǔh=teg (arrow/sugar cane); acuka (sugar)	mǔh=teg (arrow/sugar cane); acuka (sugar)		unique						Compound	arrow=CL:stick		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	wɔ̌n'	wɔ̌n'		inheritance	Proto-HY					Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	tɔ̌p-g'æt	tɔ̌p-g'æt		unique						Compound	house(archaic)=CL:leaf		See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	yɔ̃̌h	jɔ̃̌h		unique						Simplex		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	hũ̌t			Inheritance	Proto-Nadahup				But may ultimately be derived from 'blow', Hup pũhũt	Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing								use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool	mɔhɔ̌y	mɔhɔ̌j		Semantic shift		East Tukanoan			lit. 'deer' (loan translation: same semantic overlap as in Tukano)	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	nám	nám		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW?		%namo				Simplex		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	næ̌ŋ cak (beeswax)	næ̌ŋ cak (beeswax)	beeswax	inheritance						Compound	bee climb?		See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	koyǒy	kojǒj, cɨm'		unique					Probably derived from 'tie with vines'; also koyǒy	Simplex		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology	dohó-d'ǝh ['transformers'?]	dohó-d'ǝh ['transformers'?]		unique					doho literally means 'transform'	Other complex	d'ǝh is plural animate marker; 'transforming-ones'	a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	yes		Epps 2008
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no		Epps 2008
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	yes		Epps 2008
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no		Epps 2008
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	no		Epps 2008
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no		Epps 2008
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	yes	imperative inflection involves tone change	Epps 2008
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Epps 2008
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Epps 2008
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Epps 2008
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Epps 2008
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no		Epps 2008
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	yes		Epps 2008
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no		Epps 2008
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	3		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	3	near, far, intangible	Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		yes	other'	Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	0		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	2 = 'eye-quantity'. 3 = 'rubber-tree-seed quantity'; (in Umari Norte dialect) 'without sibling'	Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	yes	perfective, inchoative	Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	yes	bare verb stem with rising tone	Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes	bare verb stem + classifier	Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	yes	related to verb 'be'	Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	yes	3rd person singular pronoun	Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes		Epps 2008
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	yes		Epps 2008
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	yes		Epps 2008
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	yes		Epps 2008
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	yes		Epps 2008
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no		Epps 2008
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no	phonetic effect of vocalic laryngealization when preceded by a glottalized C	Epps 2008
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no		Epps 2008
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	no		Epps 2008
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no	but preferred	Epps 2008
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	yes	2 tone contrasts	Epps 2008
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no		Epps 2008
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	yes		Epps 2008
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	yes		Epps 2008
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		yes	limited to vowel-copying suffixes and diachronic processes affecting	Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: A (subject of a trans clause) or for nom-acc S (subject of intrans)	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	n/a		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: O (object of trans) or for erg-abs S (subj of intrans)	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	n/a		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	yes		Epps 2008
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes	distant and recent past; optional	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes	various suffixes	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	yes	go do V and return'	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	yes		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	yes		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	yes		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	yes	construction calqued from Tukano; ni probably related to 'be' verb	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes	may be either; 'fluid' morphemes can appear in either inner suffix or enclitic position	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes	bare verb stem with high tone	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	yes	alternative use of Perfective aspect marker	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	yes	same as Declarative suffix	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		yes	usually involves verb 'know'	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	yes		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual [this is better classified as aspect than mood]	Modal expressing habituality	yes		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	yes	bare verb stem, tone appears to be lexically determined	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no		Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	yes	do V in cooperation'	Epps 2008
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number		no		Epps 2008
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no		Epps 2008
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Epps 2008
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Epps 2008
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Epps 2008
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Epps 2008
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Epps 2008
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		Epps 2008
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Epps 2008
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Epps 2008
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	no		Epps 2008
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	yes		Epps 2008
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Epps 2008
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Epps 2008
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		Epps 2008
Word Order	Noun-Num		no		Epps 2008
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	no		Epps 2008
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	yes		Epps 2008
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no		Epps 2008
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Epps 2008
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Epps 2008

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Ethnographic Information

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
1500	medium	HG	low	mobile	Interfluvial	Clan exogamy

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