| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 19 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Examples of predicate nominals do not have a copula. |
Allin, 1976: 286 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 43 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 263 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Examples show no copula. |
Shauer & Schaer, 2000: 520, 524 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Examples in Mosonyi (1987) do not have copulas. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 88 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
Possible, not always grammatical, and usually used under circumstances where a subject is being described with an adjective or a location. |
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
All types of copula clauses take a copula verb. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 488 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 504-505 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:1738 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:42 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:193 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Not indication of this among discussion of copular verb. |
Michael, 2008. p. 292, 312-313 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Rowan and Burgues 1979:37 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:4 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:63-73 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Escoriaza 1959:15-18 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982:87-124 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
It is possible for first and second (singular and plural) pronouns. |
Gildea 1993:52 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:178 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
zero copula is preferred |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
|
Ortiz 1994:383 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:139 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
Williams 1993:42-3 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
Overall 2007:237-42 |
|
more likely not |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Aguirre 1999:54-6, Mortensen 1999:25 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
It is the regular pattern |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 225-7 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
However, they take verbal morphology (mood) |
Jung:120 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
Zero copula is allowed for locative phrases as in "I am in X". However, based on the examples of Montes (2004b:78) it seems possible to have predicate nominals with zero copula |
Montes 2004:167 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:391-9 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p145-150 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
author does not describe non-verbal predicates, but examples show no copula |
Minor and Minor 1982. |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
Predicate nominals consist minimally of a predicate noun phrase followed by an affirmative or negative form of the verb ár̃ĩ/ãʔr̃̃ĩ- 'be' |
Miller 1999, p.125 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 263 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no info |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43 |
|
no info/not expected |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.34-42 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
A descriptive noun phrase is formed by a stative verb. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Predicate nominals can also be formed using a deictic pronoun or a personal pronoun when the copula is omitted. |
Strom 1992, p.129 |
|
The copula in Retuarã is the verb ibã. |
|
| Siona |
yes |
indicates permanent state |
Wheeler - 1987:170-171 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
copula: verb "to be, to say" obligatory [dĩî] |
Ramirez 1997: 116 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: ch.4 |
|
evidenced by examples |
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
from examples throughout the grammar |
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 20-21 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
It seems that the language does not have a copular verb. |
Ayala 1996:34-5 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:423 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms17 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
LG26 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
105 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
cf text 1, sentence 1 (201) |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
72 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
137-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 26 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
371 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
163-165 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
223 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
214 |
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
yes |
|
d42 |
|
|
1 |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
62 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
234 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
217 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
66 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
205 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
348 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
466 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
137 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
418 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
6 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
cf 107 (6.3) |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
123 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
115 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
337 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
143 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
69 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
71 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
91-93 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
209 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
101-104 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
54-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
288-90 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
122 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
72 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
85-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
183-185 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
182-186 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
348 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
K85b 66 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
502 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
105 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
28 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
332 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 10 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
97 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
63 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
864 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
103-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
7.2.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
186 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
