Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 19 | ||||
Aché | no info | |||||
Adnyamathanha | ||||||
Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 82 | 1 | |||
Aguaruna | no info | Overall 2007:237-42 | more likely not | |||
Alyawarr | yes | 122 | 1 | |||
Andoke | no info | |||||
Apurinã | yes | Facundes, 2000: 504-505 | ||||
Arabana | yes | 288-90 | 1 | |||
Arrernte | Yes | 332 | 1 | |||
Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1981:1738 | ||||
Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
Bandjalang | No | 105 | 0 | |||
Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
Barasano | no | A descriptive noun phrase is formed by a stative verb. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 | |||
Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
Bare | yes | Aikhenvald, 1995: 43 | ||||
Batyala | Yes | 4 | 1 | |||
Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007:193 | ||||
Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 29 | 1 | |||
Bilinarra | yes | 7.2.1 | 1 | |||
Biri | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:63-73 | ||||
Bularnu | yes | 91 | 1 | |||
Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
Cabecar | no info | |||||
Cahuilla | no | |||||
Central Aymara | no info | |||||
Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
Comanche | yes | |||||
Cubeo | no | |||||
Cupeño | yes | |||||
Damana | yes | Williams 1993:42-3 | ||||
Darkinyung | yes | 54-5 | 1 | |||
Desano | no | Predicate nominals consist minimally of a predicate noun phrase followed by an affirmative or negative form of the verb ár̃ĩ/ãʔr̃̃ĩ- 'be' | Miller 1999, p.125 | |||
Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
Dharuk | ||||||
Diyari | yes | 101-104 | 1 | |||
Djabugay | ||||||
Djapu | yes | 103-4 | 1 | |||
Djinang | No | 209 | 0 | |||
Duungidjawu | yes | 91-93 | 1 | |||
Dyirbal | yes | 71 | 1 | |||
Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
Eñepa | yes | It is possible for first and second (singular and plural) pronouns. | Gildea 1993:52 | |||
Gabrielino | yes | |||||
Garrwa | yes | 74 | 1 | |||
Githabul | yes | 43 | 1 | |||
Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
Guaymí | yes | Quesada 2008:139 | ||||
Gugu-Badhun | yes | 143 | 1 | |||
Gumbaynggirr | yes | 337 | 1 | |||
Guna | yes | zero copula is preferred | Smith texts | |||
Gunya | yes | 348 | 1 | |||
Gupapuyngu | ||||||
Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 115 | 1 | |||
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 92 | 1 | |||
Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
Ika | no info | |||||
Ingá | no info | |||||
Jaru | yes | 123 | 1 | |||
Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
Kalkatungu | yes | cf 107 (6.3) | 1 | |||
Karajarri | No | 75 | 0 | |||
Karitiana | no info | |||||
Katthang | yes | 108 | 1 | |||
Kaurna | yes | 6 | 1 | |||
Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
Kinikinau | no info | |||||
Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
Kogi | yes | Ortiz 1994:383 | ||||
Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:423 | ||||
Kokatha | Yes | 65 | 1 | |||
Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.34-42 | ||||
Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 263 | ||||
Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 418 | 1 | |||
Kuku Yalanji | yes | 137 | 1 | |||
Kunjen | yes | 68 | 1 | |||
Kurrama | yes | 182-186 | 1 | |||
Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 466 | 1 | |||
Luiseño | yes | |||||
Macaguan | yes | Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 | ||||
Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
Makiritare | no | Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | ||||
Makuna | no info | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43 | no info/not expected | |||
Makushi | yes | Carson 1982:87-124 | ||||
Mapudungun | yes | It is the regular pattern | Zúñiga 2006, p. 225-7 | |||
Marrgany | yes | 348 | 1 | |||
Martuthunira | yes | 205 | 1 | |||
Mathi-Mathi | yes | 72 | 1 | |||
Matses | no info | |||||
Mayi-Yapi | yes | 66 | 1 | |||
Minica Witoto | yes | author does not describe non-verbal predicates, but examples show no copula | Minor and Minor 1982. | |||
Mpakwithi | ||||||
Muruwari | yes | 217 | 1 | |||
Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984 | ||||
Nanti | no | Not indication of this among discussion of copular verb. | Michael, 2008. p. 292, 312-313 | |||
Narungga | Yes | 57 | 1 | |||
Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
Ngaatjatjara | yes | 28 | 1 | |||
Ngarinyeri | yes | 36 | 1 | |||
Ngarinyin | ||||||
Ngayawang | yes | 24 | 1 | |||
Ngiyambaa | yes | 234 | 1 | |||
Nhanta | yes | 62 | 1 | |||
Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011 | ||||
Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez | from examples throughout the grammar | |||
Northern Emberá | yes | Aguirre 1999:54-6, Mortensen 1999:25 | Chamí | |||
Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
Nyikina | no info | x | ||||
Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
Nyungar | yes | d42 | 1 | |||
Paakantyi | yes | 163-165 | 1 | |||
Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:4 | ||||
Panyjima | yes | 183-185 | 1 | |||
Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | It seems that the language does not have a copular verb. | Ayala 1996:34-5 | |||
Paresi | yes | Rowan and Burgues 1979:37 | ||||
Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999:178 | ||||
Piapoco | yes | Galindo, 2002: 263 | ||||
Pintupi | no info | 214 | x | |||
Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 10 | 1 | |||
Pitta-Pitta | yes | 223 | 1 | |||
Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p145-150 | ||||
Páez | yes | However, they take verbal morphology (mood) | Jung:120 | |||
Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
Resígaro | yes | Examples of predicate nominals do not have a copula. | Allin, 1976: 286 | |||
Ritharrngu | Yes | 97 | 1 | |||
Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: 20-21 | ||||
Serrano | yes | |||||
Shoshone | yes | |||||
Sikuani | yes | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
Siona | yes | indicates permanent state | Wheeler - 1987:170-171 | |||
Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
Southern Ute | no | |||||
Surui | no info | |||||
Tanimuca | yes | Predicate nominals can also be formed using a deictic pronoun or a personal pronoun when the copula is omitted. | Strom 1992, p.129 | The copula in Retuarã is the verb ibã. | ||
Tariana | no | All types of copula clauses take a copula verb. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 488 | |||
Thanggati | yes | 85-6 | 1 | |||
Tharrkari | Yes | 24 | 1 | |||
Tikuna | no | Zero copula is allowed for locative phrases as in "I am in X". However, based on the examples of Montes (2004b:78) it seems possible to have predicate nominals with zero copula | Montes 2004:167 | |||
Timbisha | yes | |||||
Tukano | no | copula: verb "to be, to say" obligatory [dĩî] | Ramirez 1997: 116 | |||
Uradhi | No | 371 | 0 | |||
Urarina | no | Olawsky:391-9 | ||||
Wajarri | Yes | 36 | 1 | |||
Wakaya | yes | 99 | 1 | |||
Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
Wangkumara | yes | 40 | 1 | |||
Waorani | no info | |||||
Wapishana | yes | Possible, not always grammatical, and usually used under circumstances where a subject is being described with an adjective or a location. | Santos 2006 | |||
Warlpiri | yes | LG26 | 1 | |||
Warluwarra | yes | 864 | 1 | |||
Warnman | Yes | 17 | 1 | |||
Warrgamay | Yes | 63 | 1 | |||
Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
Warumungu | yes | 40 | 1 | |||
Warungu | yes | 186 | 1 | |||
Wathawurrung | yes | 77 | 1 | |||
Waunana | no info | |||||
Wayuu | yes | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 | ||||
Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 26 | 1 | |||
Western Mono | yes | |||||
WesternTorres | yes | K85b 66 | 1 | |||
Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
Wirangu | yes | 137-8 | 1 | |||
Woiwurrung | yes | 72 | 1 | |||
Worrorra | yes | ms17 | 1 | |||
Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
Yan-nhangu | ||||||
Yandruwandha | yes | 60 | 1 | |||
Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:42 | ||||
Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: ch.4 | evidenced by examples | |||
Yanyuwa | yes | 70 | 1 | |||
Yavitero | yes | Examples in Mosonyi (1987) do not have copulas. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 88 | |||
Yawuru | ||||||
Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
Yindjibarndi | yes | cf text 1, sentence 1 (201) | 1 | |||
Yindjilindji | yes | 502 | 1 | |||
Yine | yes | Matteson 1965 | ||||
Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
Yir Yoront | ||||||
Yorta Yorta | yes | 105 | 1 | |||
Yugambeh | ||||||
Yukuna | yes | Examples show no copula. | Shauer & Schaer, 2000: 520, 524 | |||
Yulparija | Yes | 42 | 1 | |||
Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 69 | 1 |
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