Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Yukuna

Family: Arawakan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: ycn
Location: -0.76°, -71.00°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Kondo, R. 1983. La classificación de mamiferos y reptiles por los indigenas Guahibo, Cuiba, Piapoco, y Yucuna. In L. Criswell (ed.), Articulos en Linguistica y Campos Afinas 12. Bogota: SIL. Rodriguez, José Vicente, compiler, and others. 1995. Mamíferos colombianos: sus nombres comunes e indígenas. Bogotá: Conservation International, Fundación Mario Santo Domingo. Shauer, Stanley and Junia G. Shauer. 1972. Fonología del Yucuna. In Viola G. Waterhous (ed.) Sistemas fonológicas de idiomas colombianos 1, 65-76. Bogotá: Ministerio de Gobierno. Shauer, S. and J. Shauer. 1978. Una Gramática del Yucuna. In Shirly Fetter (ed.) Lingüística y Campos Afines, 5 Bogotá: Ministerio de Gobierno, ILV. Shauer, S. and J. Shauer. 2000. El Yucuna. In González de Pérez, María Stella and María Luisa Rodríguez de Montes, (eds.), Lenguas Indígenas de Colombia: Una Visión descriptiva. Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo. Schauer, Junia, compiler, and others. 2005. Meke kemakánaka puráka7aloji: wapura7akó chu, eyá karíwana chu (Diccionario bilingüe: Yukuna - Español; Español - Yukuna). 1st ed. Bogotá: Editorial Fundación para el Desarollo de los Pueblos Marginados.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	weká	weká	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	nuká	nuká	inheritance	no/nu forms cognate in Arawak; but compare quechuan nuka	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	iká	iká	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	piká	piká	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	neká	neká	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	riká, ruká	ɾiká (m), ɾuká	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	cha, richaya	tʃa, ritʃaja	unknown	doubtful loan, direction unknown; Kakua ʧāʔ, Yagua ntʃa		See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	piño	piño	inheritance			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	piyukeja	pijukeha	inheritance			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	ko'ojélaji	koʔohélahi	inheritance			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	ja'awílaji	haʔawílahi	unique			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	pai'ilá, pari'ilá	paiʔilá, pariʔilá	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	wajleji	wahlehi	inheritance			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	chapú	tʃapú	unknown			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	ímaji	ímahi	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	julaji	hulahi	unique			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	kawakó	kawakó	unique			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	ñópo'ojlo	ɲópoʔohlo	unique			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	ajma'akaje	ahmaʔakahe	unique; inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	kameni	kameni	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	íraji, jirá	íɾahi, hiɾá	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	apho'okaje	apʰoʔokahe	unique			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	chi'iji	tʃiʔihi	inheritance			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	aphinámiji (de algo muerto)	apʰinámihi (de algo muerto)	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	chu'uchú	tʃuʔutʃú	doutbful loan	Onomatopoeic, but possibly a loan since the same form is found in a number of areal languages; Makú /tʃütʃü/; Quechua del Pastaza /tʃutʃu/; Yucuna (Arawak) tʃuʔutʃú; Proto-Chibchan		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	re'iyayó ña'akana (inside# come out)	reʔijajó ɲaʔakana (inside# come out)	unique			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	kára'akaje	káraʔakahe	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	ajma'akaje (=bite)	ahmaʔakahe (=bite)	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	to'ojmá	toʔohmá	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	i'ijrakaje	iʔihrakahe	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	[juni] juwáka'ala	[huni] huwákaʔala	inheritance			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	ipe'ení	ipeʔení	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	iphakaje, waícha	ipʰakahe, waítʃa	unique			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	moto'okaje	motoʔokahe	unique			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	kewákaje	kewákahe	unknown			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	lapa'atákaje	lapaʔatákahe	unique			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	iyákaje	ijákahe	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	mata'akaje	mataʔakahe	inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	we'echú, ka'alá	weʔetʃú, kaʔalá	unknown			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	taka'akaje	takaʔakahe	inheritance			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	ichakaje, jichakaje	itʃakahe, hitʃakahe	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	kapijani	kapihani	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	tapú	tapú	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	i'irakaje	iʔiɾakahe	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	makajreni	makahɾeni	inheritance			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality			missing			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	mu'upé	muʔupé	unique			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	i'ijwijí	iʔihwihí	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	te'erí	teʔeɾí	unique			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	ajñakaje	ahɲakahe	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	ejweji	ehwehi	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	ijlují	ihluhí	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	i'ijñejí	iʔihɲehí	inheritance			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	ja'akajo	haʔakaho	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	ya'ajná, juká	jaʔahná, huká	unique; loan, direction unknown	Witoto hɯ́ka		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	jilaji	hilahi	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	hara'apaji	-haɾaʔ [pá] (hr01), haɾaʔapahi	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	kero'okajo	keroʔokaho	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	chijneji	tʃihnehi	inheritance			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	ju'upaji	huʔupahi	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	jiyá, kera'atani	hijá, keɾaʔatani	inheritance	shared Kabiyari		See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	kúpe (dp91)	kúpe (dp91)	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion			missing			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	iwijí	iwihí	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	ajrakaje	ahɾakahe	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment			missing			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	ji'imaji	hiʔimahi	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	íchaji	ítʃahi	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	palani	palani	unique			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	ipureni	ipuɾeni	inheritance			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	tawá'akajo	tawáʔakaho	inheritance			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	wilaji, chijneji 'pelo de su corpo'	wilahi, tʃihnehi 'pelo de su corpo'	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	yáte'elaji	játeʔelahi	unique			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	wíla'aruji	wílaʔaɾuhi	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	jema'akaje	hemaʔakahe	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	wajweji	wahwehi	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	kachini	katʃini	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	riliyá	rilijá	unique			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	ña'akaje	ɲaʔakahe	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other			missing			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	ima'aní	imaʔaní	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	meke	meke	unique			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	ee	ee	unique			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	chiyá, chu	tʃijá, tʃu	unique			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	i'ijñepichiji	iʔihɲepitʃihi	unknown			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body			missing			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	nókaje	nókahe	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	we'epíkaje	weʔepíkahe	unique			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	kaeja, kaesa	kaeha, kaesa	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	i'ichakaje	iʔitʃakahe	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	wíchu'upe	wítʃuʔupe	unique			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	pajrú, pa'ajú	pahrú, paʔahú	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	tajneji	tahnehi	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	to'okajo	toʔokaho	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	pichaní	pitʃaní	unique			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	i'imakaje	iʔimakahe	unknown			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	panaji	panahi	inheritance	doubtful loan Arawak > several Witoto languages		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	waphérekuni	wapʰérekuni	unique			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna			missing		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	maja'ajéreji	mahaʔahérehi	unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	achiñá	atʃiɲá	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	i'iji	iʔihi	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	keri	keɾi	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	aloji	alohi	unique			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	yenuri	jenuɾi	inheritance			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	numaji	numahi	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	iíji	iíhi	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	i'iji, i'ímiji	iʔihi, iʔímihi	unique			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	núrupiji	núrupihi	unique			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	núrupiji	núrupihi	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	wajé	wahé	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	lapí	lapí	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	unká	unká	inheritance			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	takuji	takuhi	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	jupichumi (algo), phíyu'uke (alguien)	hupitʃumi (algo), pʰíjuʔuke (alguien)	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	pajluwa	pa(hluwáha) (dp91)	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	me'etákeja	meʔetákeha	inheritance			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	apú	apú	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	kewini	kewini	inheritance			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	ina'uké	ina'uké	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	ñatakaje	ɲatakahe	inheritance			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	juni (=water)	huni (=water)	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	kerani	keɾani	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	ka'añá	kaʔaɲá	inheritance			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	iñe'epú	iɲeʔepú	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	ji'ilaji	hiʔilahi	unique			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	majani	mahani	inheritance?			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	ke'epé	keʔ-pé	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	mí-	mí-	inheritance?			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	jarípa'akaje, sarípa'akaje	harípaʔakahe, sarípaʔakahe	inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	amákaje	amákahe	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	puwe'ení	puweʔení	unknown			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	majáka'akaje	mahákaʔakahe	inheritance			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	metajlani	metahlani	inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	wakúla'apaji	wakúlaʔapaji	inheritance			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	yá'akajo, yá'akaje	jáʔakaho, jáʔakahe	unique			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	ímaji	ímahi	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	je'echú	heʔetʃú	unique			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	kamátakajo	kamátakaho	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	kamu'ujini: kamu'ují	kamuʔuhini: kamuʔuhí	unique			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	ija	iha	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	ama'akaje	amaʔakahe	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	athupákaje, awijákaje	atʰupákahe, awihákahe	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	ata'akaje, jata'akaje	ataʔakahe, hataʔakahe	unknown			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact			missing			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			missing			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state			missing			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	iwijrí	iwihɾí	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	ata'akaje	ataʔakahe	unique			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	a'awaná	aʔawaná	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	jipa	hipa	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	i'irakaje	iʔirakahe	inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	kamú	kamú	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body			missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	jenátakajo	henátakaho	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	i'iwapakaje	iʔiwapakahe	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	jipiji	hipihi	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	marí	maɾí	unique			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	ñópo'ojlo	ɲópoʔohlo	unique			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	melanani	melanani	inheritance			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental			missing			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	kele	kele	unique			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	weji kele	wehi kele	unique			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	rinúrupi aphú (cuello=?)	rinúrupi apʰú (cuello=?)	unique			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	kupakaje, ka'akaje	kupakahe, kaʔakahe	inheritance	Bora		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	pichaní mejé (rayo=?)	pitʃaní mehé (rajo=?)	unique			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	jepo'okaje	hepoʔokahe	unique			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	lenaji	lenahi	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	aijí	aihí	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	pilóro'okaje	pilóroʔokahe	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Macaguan pirárre; see also Chocoan	may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	iyamá	ijamá (dp91)	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	chilákakaje	tʃilákakahe	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion			missing			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	juni	húni	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	ijani	ihani	inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	na	na	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	mékechami	méketʃami	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	méño'ojo	méɲoʔoho	unique			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	kameni	kameni	unknown			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	najlo	nahlo	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	yajáloji	jahálohi	unique			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	karená	karená	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	yupheji	jupʰehi	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	inanaru	inanaɾu	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	jápakaje, sápakaje	hápakahe, sápakahe	unique			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	a'apakaje	aʔapakahe	unknown			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	jewani	hewá-ní	loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	E. Tukanoan		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

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Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	phirí	pʰiɾí		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	pitʃi (dp91)	pitʃi (dp91)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	kajyú (big caiman), yujremi, lánawaru	kahjú (big caiman), juhɾemi, lánawaɾu		inheritance			Also lánawaɾu; kahjú (big caiman)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	jamaná kerani (jamaná 'dolphin', kerani 'red' ), pirarihuara (R95)	hamaná keɾani		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	Central North Arawak	Ramirez reconstructs; cf. other Arawak source loans for dolphin	Also jamaná kerani (jamaná 'dolphin', kerani 'red'), pirarihuara (R95)				uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	kajmú	kahˈmu		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	piyuté	pijuté		unique							uncoded		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	kahaʔajúna ('black ant type')	kahaʔajúna ('black ant type')		unique			Also kuxwéna, karín-a, puhína				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	jaru, saru	haɾu, saɾu		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	ye'é, pusarú/pujarú (Choloepus didactylus, rk83), capaáru (dasypus kappleri, R95), ye'ehuani (dasypus novemcinctus R95)	jeʔé (dp91)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also pusarú/pujarú (Choloepus didactylus, rk83), capaáru (dasypus kappleri, R95), ye'ehuani (dasypus novemcinctus R95)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	ijijila	ihihila		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	piriyé	piɾiyé		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	malakala	malakala		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	paru (banana), paɾu wani (plantain+true, 'plantain')	paru (banana), paɾu wani (plantain+true, 'plantain')		loan		Carib: probably Carijona before p > h	Wanderwort, Carib, e.g. Carijona paru (esp. attested in names for bastard plantain); also Tanimuca pa'ru-a (Carib > Yucuna > Tanimuca?)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	pijirí	pihiɾí		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	kumaná	kumaná		loan (into protolanguage?) - WW		%kumana					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		kupira'aphá	kupiraʔapʰá		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	wéri (R01)	wéri (R01)		missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	pupé (R01)	pupé (R01)		inheritance							missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	jamu'uná, jamo'oná	hamuʔuná, hamoʔoná		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	jewé	hewé		unknown							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	ipatuku (calabash type, maybe for coca?; forest tree), tuku (calabash type, tree), jipa (calabash type, tree), kuya (calabash type, bush), aka'aru (calabash tree, wild and planted; Crescentia?); juruma (H&R)	ipatuku (calabash type, maybe for coca?; forest tree), tuku (calabash type, tree), hipa (calabash type, tree), kuja (calabash type, bush), aka'aru (calabash tree, wild and planted; Crescentia?); jurumá (H&R)		doubtful loan		Paez	Paez tuka; but compare Paresi (South Arawak) maˈtoko. Also hipa, tuku				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	kajáphi, kula, lapakaku, wacharú, jaju, jujré	kahápʰi, kula, lapakaku, watʃa'ɾu, hahu, huh'ɾe		unique			Also kula, lapakaku, watʃa'ɾu, hahu, huh'ɾe				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	kaparú	kapaɾú		inheritance - WW	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch	%kaparu					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	mané	mané		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	kaijmeru	kaihmeɾu		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	keju, kesu	kehu, kesu		inheritance	North Arawak		Likely loan Arawak into Yanomam, e.g. kaʃu a, katsu, Nukak kԑʧuʔ4				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	ɲaʔkú	ɲaʔkú		inheritance							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	jilu	hilu		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum	(árbol silvestre y cultivado)	akaʔaɾú		doubtful loan		Nheengatu?	Nheengatu akaju; see also Baniwa	WW	%akaju		uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	ja'akurú	haʔakuɾú		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	yuriyú	jurijú		missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	ipatú	ipaˈtu		loan, direction unknown - WW		%patu	Attested at least Rio Negro North Arawak. Wanderwort: E. Tukanoan, e.g. Bará pátu, Nheengatu ipadu, Nadëb batoʔ, Carijona ihatu	WW	%patu		uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	yawichóro'oko	jawitʃóɾoʔoko		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	apiyé	apijé		semantic shift	Proto-Arawak (North and South)	from White-lipped peccary				Broader (peccary)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	kapiji; calapiji (R95)	kapíθi (hr01), kapihi		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	jaɾaya, saɾaya	haɾaya, saɾaya		inheritance			Also pilumitʃi				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	jipóro'oji, ipóro'oji	hipóɾoʔohi, ipóɾoʔohi		inheritance							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	pitú (R01), wawa'á, jara'ayú (there are more species)	pitú (R01), wawaʔá, haɾaʔajú (there are more species)		inheritance			Also haɾaʔajú (and more species)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	kuchí 'paujil', wepana 'paujil de rebalso'; piirú (H&R92)	kutʃí 'paujil', wepana 'paujil de rebalso'		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also wepana 'paujil de rebalso'; piirú (H&R92)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	kawayá	kawajá		inheritance?		*kiraʔana - Yukuna/Piapoco?	May be inherited; appears to be a loan into Nadeb kawajad				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		kawayá	kawajá		doubtful loan, direction unknown		Carib							See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	walú, yahui (also jaguar; rk83); huerateyaniminami (R95)	walú		unknown/sem shift? - WW			Also yahui (also means jaguar; rk83); huerateyaniminami (R95)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		walú	walú		inheritance									See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	juhuala que (rk83)			loan		Tupi-Guarani	See Nheengatu, yawara ka'apura				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	uku'ukuri 'paloma torcaz' (Columba subvinacea)	ukuʔukuɾi 'paloma toɾcaz' (Columba subvinacea)		inheritance? WW		%motkuku	Likely inheritance Piapoco-Yucuna				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	kumalá	kumalá		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	wawaru (large mojojoy); ñamana (más grande que el mamú, comestible), mumú (pequeña y comestible)	mumú, ñamaná, wawaru		unknown			Also ñamana (más grande que el mamú, comestible), mumú (pequeña y comestible)Also ñamana (más grande que el mamú, comestible), mumú (pequeña y comestible)Also ñamana (más grande que el mamú, comestible), mumú (pequeña y comestible)Also ñamana (más grande				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	kapi	kapi		unknown	Yucuna-Kabiyari	shared Kabiyari					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	kute 'lucienarga mediana', pujiyú, puyajnechí 'lucienarga pequeña'	kute 'lucienarga mediana', puhijú, pujahnetʃí 'lucienarga pequeña'		inheritance? - WW	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch		Attested Yucuna and Piapoco. Also puhijú, pujahnetʃí 'lucienarga pequeña'			Narrower (large lightning bug)	uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		kúpe (dp91); híiɲa (H&R92)	kúpe (dp91)		inheritance			Also kúpe (dp91)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	kuna 'barbasco cultivado', kuna'apí 'barbasco silvestre', pupe'ejrí 'barbasco cultivado'	kuna, kunaʔaˈpi, pupeʔehˈɾi		inheritance	North Arawak		Also kuna'apí 'barbasco silvestre', pupe'ejrí 'barbasco cultivado'				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	kawa'ajné	kawaʔahné		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	lana 'genipapa, jagua', kala'muɾaʔapa(ɾu) 'maluco'	lana 'genipapa, jagua', kalaʔmuɾaʔapa(ɾu) 'maluco'		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also kala'muɾaʔapa(ɾu) 'maluco'				uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	iñewi, jiñewi	iɲewi, hiɲewi		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	jimichi	himitʃi		inheritance			Yucuna-Resigaro only; inheritance or loan?				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	mayá	majá		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	juwa, kari'itú	huwa, kari'itú		unique		but cf. Witoto huma					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	phichí	pʰitʃí		inheritance							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	ma'aré	maʔaɾé		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)	WW%mare, Arawak origin	Wanderwort? Likely loan into some Carib, Guahiban, Yanomami lgs				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola													See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	kapi	kapi		doubtful loan into protolanguage - WW	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch (?)	%kaapi	Wanderwort: E. Tukanoan, e.g. Bará ka'pí, Kakua kapi, Hup kapíʔ, Sikuani kapinae	WW	%kapi		uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	kapana 'especie más grande', kalapichi perí	kapana 'especie más gɾande', kalapitʃi peɾí		doubtful loan		Tukanoan: Macuna/Siriono gaparɨ, or Nheengatu karipira	Also kalapitʃi peɾí			Narrower: large hawk type	uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	mápa, munumunú 'abeja de mel'	mápa, munumunú 'abeja de mel'		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also munumunú 'honey bee'; compare Sikuani bánamánü				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	kawarú	kawarú		missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	a'ají	aʔahí		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Arawak is thought to be source of Spanish ají				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	jímu'u 'Alouatta seniculus'	hímuʔu		loan		Tukanoan	Tukanoan, e.g. Cubeo ɛ̃mu; see also Piaroa imú				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	pi'imí	piʔimí		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Compare Tukanoan (E&W) forms mimi, etc.				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	mañao, matsihui [Guahiban loan?] (rk83)	maɲao		loan - WW		%maɲaʔo, cf. Bora/Resigaro	Shared with Resigaro; see Bora and Ocaina, e.g. máányaʔo, mááñaho; Wanderwort - also borrowed into Kakua?	WW	%mañaʔo		uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	ña'akú, wíru (R01)	ɲaʔakú; wíru (R01)		unique; inheritance							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	yawi	jáwi (hr01)		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	North Arawak	Tukanoan jai, cf. Tupi-Guarani jawar	Compare similar Tukanoan forms, e.g. e.g. Cubeo ja'wí, javi.				uncoded		See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	pirumítʃi (R01)	pirumítʃi (R01)		missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	kari'iché	kaɾiʔitʃé		unknown	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	kujwé	kuhwé		inheritance	North Central Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	la'arú	laʔaɾú		doubtful loan into protolg - WW	Proto-Arawak (North and South)	%arara	Wanderwort: see Cocama arara, Wanano daharo, Carib forms, Spanish ara, Portuguese arara	WW	%ara		uncoded		See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	kaxné (h)	kaxné (H&R)		inheritance	Central North Arawak	Inland N. Arawak					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	yuwarawá [loan Tupi-Guarani?]	juwaɾawá		loan		Tupi-Guarani	Tupi-Guarani, Nheengatu iwarawá, also Yagua jawara				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	bagre, capaz'	jutʃi		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	ka'achí (planta y palo), kajiru (tubérculo)	kaʔaˈtʃi, kahiɾu		semantic shift?	Proto-Arawak (North and South)	prob. related to other tuber terms	Manioc plant: ka'achí				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	parí	paɾí		unknown		cf. other Arawak terms relating to manioc, flatbread					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	itewí	itewí		inheritance? - WW	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	janijú, anigú	hanihú, anigú		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	pa'ajrú	paʔahɾú		doubtful loan, direction unknown		Secoya	Secoya puʔhu				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	jirí	hiɾí (dp91)		inheritance							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				missing							missing		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	apatujmé	apatuhmé		doubtful loan, direction unknown		Carib: Pemon/Akawaio aparuuwa					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	ichirí (rk83); majechí (R95)			inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch		Also majechí (R95)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	pupú; papapiwá (H&R92)	pupú		inheritance - WW? onomatopoeic	Central North Arawak	%pupu; P-A *punpuli (Payne91)	See similar forms in Tukanoan, Yagua, etc.; probably onomatopoeic. Also papapiwá (H&R92)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	kuwajari	kuwahaɾi		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	aneri, janeri	aneɾi, haneɾi		inheritance	Yucuna-Kabiyari						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	karu	kaɾu		inheritance			Attested Yucuna, Resigaro				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	pakoró	pakoɾó		inheritance? - WW		%kuli, loan into Tanimuca	Tanimuca pakoro-ka				uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	pupa	pupa		inheritance							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	pipirí	pipiɾí	pupunha	doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	Central North Arawak	%pipiri					uncoded		Schauer et al. 2005: 135	2	1	0	0	0		no	chontaduro and pupunha interchangeable per dict.
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	mawiru	mawiɾu		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	maí; hipuʔuhmá (H&R92)	maí; hipuʔuhmá (H&R92)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also hipuʔuhmá (H&R92)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	wapuchi	waputʃi		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	ujrí	uhrí; kuwajú, paihí (H&R)		unknown			Also paihí (H&R)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae	jumane'ené	humaneʔené		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	jechi	hetʃi		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	ipijí, ipijrí, ipisí	ipihí, ipihɾí, ipisí		inheritance			Yucuna-Resigaro only; inheritance or loan?				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	punama; masiri	punama; masiri		missing							missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	mulu	mulu		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	lupu, parayú	lupu, paɾajú		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch		Also paɾajú				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	waroro	waɾoɾo		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Loan INTO Yanomami				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		jeina, jeí (rk83); heíŋ (H&R92)	heina		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	janaʔatú (H&R92)	janaʔatú (H&R)		unknown							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	kuríri (R01)	kuríri (R01)		missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	kati	kati, hẽí-ta, umit∫íri (H&R)		unique			Also hẽí-ta, umit∫íri (H&R)				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	yurumá	jurumá		loan		Tupi-Guarani					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	ijyé, melé	ihjé, melé		inheritance; loan		Carib, Carijona?	Also melé				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	nukumi, jiña iwaká	nukumi, hiɲa iwaká		unique			Also hiɲa iwaká				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	ña'akú	ɲaʔakú		doubtful loan, direction unknown		Carib	Carijona naha’kɯ ‘yam’				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	jema; he'echú (R95)	héma (hr01)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also he'echú (R95)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	kamara 'comején blanco', karí, yamuchi	kamaɾa 'comején blanco', kaɾí, jamutʃi		inheritance	North Arawak		Also kaɾí, jamutʃi				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	kúpá-rhu (R01), hemakupaju 'garrapata grande', pujuta 'g. mediana', mu'utuyú 'g. muy pequena'	kúpá-rhu (R01), hemakupahu 'garrapata grande' (hema 'tapir', kupahu '?'), puhuta 'g. mediana', muʔutujú 'g. muy pequena'		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also puhuta 'medium-sized tick', muʔutujú 'very small tick'			Narrower (large tick)	uncoded	hema 'tapir', kupahu '?')	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	yariwapu	jaɾiwapu (Crypturellus erythropus)		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	kururú; makaxmé (H&R92)	kuɾuɾú		loan	Yucuna-Kabiyari	TG kururu	Also makaxmé (H&R92)				uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	lichi	litʃi		doubtful loan		cf. Resigaro	Yucuna-Resigaro only; inheritance or loan?				uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	ipú (dp91), iyari, jiyari 'tortuga terrestre'; háara (H&R92)	ipú (dp91), ijaɾi, hijaɾi 'toɾtuga teɾɾestɾe'		inheritance			Also ipú (dp91), háara (H&R92)				uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	yaje, yase	jahe, jase		inheritance		loan into Tukanoan?	Similar forms in East and West Tukanoan, e.g. Tukano dase				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		a'awaná	aʔawaná		inheritance			Yucuna-Resigaro only; inheritance or loan?				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	põʔí (hr01), waʔakú; calapichi (R95)	põʔí (hr01), waʔakú		inheritance			Also waʔakú; calapichi (R95)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	jirí	hiˈɾi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	waajú	waajú (H&R)		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	jai	hai		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	kalapichi; poí (R95)	kalapitʃi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch		Or? poí (R95)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	kuwatá, parahuacú (rk93)	kuwatá		loan - WW	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch (?)	%kuwata	Wanderwort: probable loan into Cubeo, Tanimuca, Makuna; and (from Cubeo?) into Kakua "koatá", and (from Arawak?) into Waimiri Atroari "kwata"; Yagua, others. Also parahuacú (rk93)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	je'erú eja'awá e'iyajé (je'erú 'pig', eja'awá 'forest', e'iya 'in')	heʔeɾú ehaʔawá eʔijahé, apijé wanakújari (H&R)		unique	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also je'erú eja'awá e'iyajé (je'erú 'pig', eja'awá 'forest', e'iya 'in')			Broader (peccary)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	mera'aní, mera'amí, θu waʔphá, kuwajé	mera'aní, mera'amí, θu waʔphá, kuwajé		unique		cf. 'kuwaje' form, compare Baniwa, Makiritare					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	ijijila	ihihila		unique							Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	jipa jiñekaná (jipa 'stone', jiñekaná '?')	hipa hiɲekaná 'para prender fuego'		inheritance		Proto Central North Arawak				Alternate: peɾu (axe)	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	yenaji	jenahi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	tujláka'aruna	tuhlákaʔaɾuna		unique							Derived	Looks like tuhlá is a common element to a number of words to do with food processing, but unclear what the exact meaning is.		See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	kuwáʔala		large basket, to carry yuca	Unknown							Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	kuwá'ala	kuwáʔala (grande para cargar yuca)		inheritance										See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material				missing										See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	ijnejí	ihnehí		unique										See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material				missing										See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	jeta'apá, eta'apá	heta'apá, eta'apá		inheritance						Also eta'apá				See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	wapa'aná	wapaʔaná		inheritance		Proto North Arawak							currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	wíluru	wíluɾu		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing									if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	wira'apara	wiɾaʔapaɾa		loan			TG *ɨβɨrapa			Compare also Carib, e,g, Akawaio uuraba			arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	chiyo'opá	t͡ʃijoʔopá		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro	cf. Tupi-Guarani							See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	jita	hita		inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	michi	mit͡ʃi		loan - WW			%miʃi	WW	%miʃi	Quechua source? mishi; Bora míichi; Yucuna, michi; Resígaro, miishí; Eсepa,miǩi; Makiritari, mēši; Orejon, michi agu; Yanomami mishi, Sikuani mitsi	Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kapére	kapéɾe		unknown						Alternate: kapéɾeɾu (specifically female chicken)	Simplex			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	wakára'ajeri	wakáraʔahe-ri		inheritance?			shared Achagua				Derived	command' + masculine marker -ri		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	a'arumakaji	aʔaɾumakahi		inheritance										See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	kujyuwa'ala	kuhjuwaʔala		unique										See Language page
coca			narcotics	ipaˈtu			Unknown			Local	WW	%patu	Nheengatu ipadu; Arawak (e.g. Tariana hipatú); Carijona ihatu; E. Tukano (e.g. Bará 'pátu); Daw	Simplex			See Language page
cook food			food	motoʔokahe			Unknown							Derived	kahe 'type' - nominalizer?		See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology	kuwañá	kuwaɲá		unknown							Simplex		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	aɾápaʔakahe			Inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Derived	kahe 'type' - nominalizer?		See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	kapichirí	kapitʃiɾí		unknown							Simplex		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	tupana, je'echú	tupana, heʔetʃú		loan; unique			Nheengatu				Simplex		In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing										See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	tapú	tapú		inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	kumu			missing			Bora	WW	%kumu	Likely loan from Bora. Signal drum: Bora, Muinane, Resigaro, Yucuna, (Paez?); bench: ET: Macuna, Tukano, Tanimuca, Bará, Waimaja (also means 'benzador' in some of these lgs); canoe: ET: Bará, Carapana, Macuna, Yuruti, Siriano, Tanimuca, Waimaja (definitel	Simplex			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture	kumu	kumu		loan - WW			%kumu						Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	majma'ajoji	mahmaʔahohi		unique							Derived	mahmaʔa, “to fan”	esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	pútenaji	pútenahi		unknown										See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	kurára (R01)	kurára (R01)		loan			Spanish/Portuguese						may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	kawí 'bebida fermentada'	kawí 'bebida fermentada'		loan			Tupi-Guarani						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing										See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	siyá, jiyá	sija, hijá		inheritance		Proto Central North Arawak	from 'fire'			Also: hijá	Simplex			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food				missing										See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	ana'akaje	anaʔakahe		unique							Derived	anaʔa “fish” -kahe “verbalizer” (perhaps a deverbal “infinitive” form?)		See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	kuna			Inheritance		Proto North Arawak				Alternate: kunaʔaˈpi (wild), pupeʔehˈɾi (cultivated)	Simplex			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	cha'awí, wécha'aji	tʃaʔawí, wétʃaʔahi		unknown						Alternate: wétʃaʔahi	Simplex			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	pupuchí 'torta hecha del almidón de yuca)	puputʃí 'torta hecha del almidón de yuca)	flatbread made from manioc or umari (huacuri) fruit	unknown							Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	u'uwí	uʔuwí		loan - WW			%uʔwi	WW	%uʔwi	Immediate source other?	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	kewirí	kewiɾí		inheritance		Proto North Arawak				May be cognate Wapishana	Simplex		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	eja'awa e'iyo-waje	ehaʔawa eʔijo-wahe		unique						Alternate: kameheɾi	Phrase	May mean 'jungle-in-recently'	Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology	lana			Inheritance		Proto Arawak				Alternate: kalamúɾaʔapa(ɾu)(maluco [adj?])	Simplex			See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	jiñá pechu	hiɲá petʃu		inheritance?										See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	kuya; akáʔrú (R01); tuku	kuja; akáʔrú (R01); tuku		loan; inheritance; inheritance - WW?			Nheengatu; %koto/matoko	WW	%kuja	Nheengatu kuja (inherited Tupi) Baniwa kóoja, Yucuna kuja, Yagua kuju 'gourd', Tanimuca koʔa 'gourd'	Simplex			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	ta'ajónaji (de yuca)	taʔahónahi (de yuca)		unique							Derived	taʔa “to grate” -honahi nominalizer?	esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	liri	liɾi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex			See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	kuwelá, yurá	kuwelá, jurá		unknown, direction unknown; loan			Tupi-Guarani							See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	po'orí	poʔoɾí		inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Simplex		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	hijá	hijá	shotgun	unique		Local				Similar term 'fire-stick' found in many of the regions languages	Simplex			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	jamaká; hetá (R01)	hamaká; hetá (R01)		inheritance, inheritance		Proto Arawak		WW	%amaka	Occurs in Arawak, Macaguan, Kakua (?), Urarina (?), Aguaruna. Taylor 1957 argues that origin is in Arawak 'sleep-NMLZ'	Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	japewa	hapewa		loan			Port chapeu			Hup, Arawak (e.g. Yucuna hapewa); Pemon sapewa; Tukanoan E. (e.g. Desano sapea)	Simplex			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				inheritance									Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing										See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	munumunújalá	munumunúhalá		unique							Derived	munumunú = “honeybee”	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	ñakareji	ɲakaɾehi		unique										See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food				missing										See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	irajú	iɾahú		unique			Tanimuca				Simplex			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	wajmereji	wehmeɾehi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex	-hi masculine/neuter gender marker		See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	jajalu	hahalu		unique							Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	tujláka'aruna	tuhlákaʔaɾuna		inheritance?			cf. Ignaciano							See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	we'echí	weʔetʃí		doubtful loan			East Tukanoan							See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology	lana	lana												See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	kewirí	kewiɾí		missing										See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	papera	papeɾa		loan			Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing										See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	i'ichí patá (de arcilla), paratú	iʔitʃí patá (de arcilla), paɾatú		loan			Spanish/Portuguese			Nheengatu parátu (from POR); see also Arawak (e..g Yucuna paɾatú); Carib (e.g. Makushi pɨratu); Jivaro (e.g. Aguaruna parátu); Hup padatu=b'ɔk	Simplex			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing										See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	i'ichí	iʔitʃí		doubtful loan			Bora				Derived	iʔi “pot” -tʃí “non-possessed”		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	la'arí	laʔaɾí		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	mã́i	mã́i		inheritance						Probably from 'bee/wax'	Simplex			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	íñeji	íɲehi		inheritance										See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	yukira; (híwi=carurú) (R01)	jukiɾa; (híwi=carurú) (R01)		loan - WW; inheritance			%jukira	WW	%jukira	Alternate: hiwi (vegetable salt used in ceremonies). Yucuna jukiɾa; Nadeb juki:ɾ; Daw xí:lʔ; Cubeo jukila	Simplex			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	jewíña'akajo ñakarelana	hewíɲaʔakaho ɲakarelana		unique							Phrase	hewíɲaʔakaho = “study” ɲakarelana “house with a special use”		See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	mari'ichú	maɾiʔitʃú	shaman	inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	ji'ima'ulaji	hiʔimaʔulahi		doubtful calque			Local			See Bora, Resigaro	Derived	hiʔima = “foot” ʔulahi = “cover”		See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	jaya	haja		loan			Port/Span saia	WW	%saja	Port > Nheengatu > others? Arawak (e.g. Baniwa tsʰaaja); Makushi u-saja-ri; Wanano saya si; Nheengatu saja; Ninam saja	Simplex			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	surara	suɾaɾa		loan - WW			%surara	WW	%surara	Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu	Simplex			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	ataníkaje	ataníkahe		unique						Alternate: káwijala, lumaʔala, peʔiyoɾola, jáleji, meɾaʔaɲala, aʔahitakahe	Derived	atan appears to be root for “sing”, -kaje some kind of nominalizer?		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	wejrukú	wehɾukú		inheritance?						Also: kahilá (ritual lance, used in dances)	Simplex			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	itu'urú	ituʔuɾú	starch	unknown							Simplex			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material	jipa jiñakaná	hipa hiɲekaná		unique							Phrase	hipa “stone,” hiɲekaná”to set fire”		See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	kana	kana		missing										See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	kuli'iyá	kuliʔijá		inheritance	Proto Rio Negro						Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	karu	kaɾu		inheritance										See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	piyutena (lit. 'good-tool')	pijutena (lit. 'good-tool')		unique									word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	litʃi			Unknown						Payne gives yamá	Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing									use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool	kawayá (= 'deer')	kawajá (= 'deer')		doubtful loan, semantic shift			Kakua			Both the Yucuna and Kakua terms also mean “deer”	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	ja'apá	haʔapá		unknown							Simplex		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	pi'ijulaji	piʔihulahi	beeswax	unknown						Alternate: riʔihwí taɾaná; taɾanahi (earwax)	Simplex	-hi masculine/neuter gender marker		See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	jirú	hiɾú		unknown		Proto North Arawak					Simplex		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology	waka'aperi	wakaʔapeɾi 'flauta Yuɾupaɾí'	Yurupari flute (flauta Yurupari)	inheritance		Proto Rio Negro				Cognate Tariana? luwiluwí 'ceremonial trumpet'	Derived	possibly something relating to 'command' + flute?	a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	no	There are compounds, but these are rare.	Shauer, 1978: 49
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521-524
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521-524
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info		Shauer & Shauer, 2000; Shauer & Shauer, 1978
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes	The remote past is expressed with the auxiliary verb iʔima'ka.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	yes	The progressive category on nouns and reflexives on verb is manifested by changing the final vowel to /-o/, but most categories simply use suffixing.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 519
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	yes	Examples of partial and total reduplication.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 517
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	yes	Examples of partial and total reduplication.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 517
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no	No mention of incorporation processes.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521-524
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521-524
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	yes	Recipients (referente 2) receive case marking?	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 38
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	4		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 38
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 38
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes	No subset is mentioned, the examples include both case-marked animates and inanimates.	Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no	No subset is mentioned, the examples include both case-marked animates and inanimates.	Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes	Postpositions	Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no	"Instrumental" and "Accompaniment" case markers.	Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	yes	There is a category of "determiner" but no discussion of it.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000; Shauer & Shauer 1978: p. 29
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no info	Articles/demonstratives not discussed among other word classes.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no info	Articles/demonstratives not discussed among other word classes.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no	Not in subject prefixes. The pronouns in Arawak languages are built on subject prefixes.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42, Shauer & Shauer 2000: p. 518
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	no info	Demonstratives are not discussed among other part of speech.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no info	Demonstratives are not discussed among other part of speech.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	yes	Subject noun class is marked with suffixes on the verb if the subject is an overt NP (otherwise, the subject is indicated with cross-referencing prefixes).	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 40
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	3		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 41
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes	Numeral classifiers, perhaps also possessive classifiers?	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 519
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no	All gender examples are with animates, adjectives don't agree with inanimate nouns.	Shauer & Shauer 2000: 519, 520
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes	Gender only seems to be marked on animates, inanimates are neutral-marked. ??	Shauer & Shauer 2000: 519, 520
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	yes	Elements of noun phrases also are distinguished by gender, but no other pronouns do.	Shauer & Shauer 2000: 518
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no	All humans get one classifier, all animals get a different classifier, and other things are classified by shape.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 50
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 50
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no	Only possessive and numeral classifiers, no mention of repeaters.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 50
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	no info		Shauer & Shauer, 2000; Shauer & Shauer, 1978
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 519
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes	Only on animate nouns.	Shauer 1978: 43
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Shauer 1978: 43
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Shauer 1978: 43
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		Shauer 1978: 43
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		yes	Marked only on animate nouns.	Shauer, 1978: 40
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 519
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 49-50
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 49-50
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 49-50
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	yes	20	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 49-50, Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 520
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	no info		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 49-50, Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 520
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 49-50
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 49-50
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 301
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no	There seems to be a copula that gets the person marking (see clause 2 on page 528), but the examples under "attribute clauses" on p. 524 do not have person marking on the predicates.	Shauer & Shauer 2000, p. 524, 528
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes		Shauer & Shauer 2000: p. 518
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Shauer & Shauer 2000: p. 518
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Shauer & Shauer 2000: p. 518
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Shauer & Shauer 2000: p. 518
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	yes	They are formed using regular pronoun and common element.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 297
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520, Shauer, 1978: 44
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	yes	Adjectives are marked with masculine (unmarked), feminine, or plural markers to agree with the noun they modify.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 302, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 44
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	no	There are three nominalizing markers. One seems to be an object nominalizer, (see line 97), suggesting that agentive and action/state nominalizers, if present, aren't productive.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 48
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	no	There are three nominalizing markers. One seems to be an object nominalizer, (see line 97), suggesting that agentive and action/state nominalizers, if present, aren't productive.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 48
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	yes	Shauer (1978) notes that this is a nominalizer. He doesn't note its specific function, but it does create an obligatorily possessed noun. The example is "his heat."	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 48
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	yes	Applies to nouns, adjective, adverbs AND verbs. There are only a few verb nuclei that consist solely of a vebral root.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 48
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no	There is a comitative case marker, but no mention of NP coordination in section on NP syntax.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47, Shauer & Shauer, 200: p. 520
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47, Shauer & Shauer, 200: p. 520
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	yes	This marker occurs on the possesser of alienably possessed nouns, in which case the possessive classifier (?) doesn't appear on the possessed noun.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 520
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes	-te is the marker on animate possessed nouns (with some exceptions), -re and -ne are markers of inanimate possessed nouns, but -re is less frequent. Possessive prefixes also attach to the head.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no	There are markers on the possessed noun that may be acting like classifiers? These occur on the head noun when it's possessed. -te marks animate nouns, and -ne and -re mark inanimates.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 520
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	yes	These markers are found on alienably possessed nouns.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 300, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520, Shauer, 1978: 47
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1972
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p.12
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p.12
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p.12
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p.5-6
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 4
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes	Only /n/ and /h/ appear in coda position. CVC syllables are rare. It's not explicit, but there don't seem to be any examples word-finally.	Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 4
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 4
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 1-14
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	yes		Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 10-11
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 8
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 12
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1972, p. 10
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	n/a	No case marking on A/O	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	n/a	No case marking on A/O	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		n/a	No case marking on A/O.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes	The verbal paradigm has the same subject prefixes for transitive, intransitive and stative verbs.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes		Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18, 38
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no		Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	yes	Proclitic form	Shauer and Shauer 1978: p. 18, 36-37
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes	Enclitic form	Shauer and Shauer 1978: p. 18
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes	Proclitic and enclitic negation, sometimes both are used.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523, Shauer 1978: 39
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	yes	In Shauer (1978), he notes pro- and enclitics that can occur together. In Shauer & Shauer (2000), he notes that negation is normally expressed with a negation word before the verb, as well as the negation suffix -la on the verb.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 523, Shauer 1978: 39
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 523, Shauer 1978: 39
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 523, Shauer 1978: 39
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no	All of the examples of multiple clauses have person marking on all the verbs.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 21-23
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no	No mention in discussion of dependent clauses.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 21-23
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	yes	Simultaneous clauses are marked morphologically, while sequential clauses are identified by a missing subject.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 21
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	no	Adjectives don't seem to get any person/tense marking in predicative position.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	yes	Adjectives and nouns both seem to lack time and person marking when they appear in predicative positions.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520, 524
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes	Examples show no copula.	Shauer & Schaer, 2000: 520, 524
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	no	The "appositive" (which the relative clauses are identified as) follows the noun.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	yes	"Agreement" with number and gender marked on the relativized verb. One example on page 526 (Shauer & Shauer, 2000) shows a relativized verb with a "feminine" marker. It looks like object marking, but it is "outside" of the relativizing marker.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000 p. 526, 528
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		yes	There are four relativizers that are attached to the verb, one for relativizing singular nouns, three for plural nouns.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978, p. 23-24
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	yes	-ka functions as a nominalizer and a subordinator for relative clauses (as well as complement and adverbial clausess).	Shauer & Shauer, 2000, p 526
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes	There are "complete pronouns" in addition to verbal prefixes, but no examples or indication of their uses. However, no differences are noted in word order for sentences with NP subjects and pronominal subjects.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 18
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 41-42
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 41-42
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 41-42
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no	There are "complete pronouns" in addition to verbal prefixes, but no examples or indication of their uses. However, no differences between NP subjects with full pronouns and NP subjects with nouns	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 18
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no	Feminine, masculine, and plural affixes on transitive verbs, but these seem to be coreferent with subjects, not objects.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 41-42
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Shauer & Shauer 2000: 297, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Shauer & Shauer 2000: 297, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	yes		Shauer & Shauer 2000: 297,299
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 524, Shauer 1978: p. 42
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 524
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 524
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 524
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	yes		Shauer 2000: 308, Shauer 1978:
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	yes	For reflexives as well as intransitivizing.	Shauer 2000: 308, Shauer 1978: 47
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no		Shauer 1978: 47
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	no	No passivizing morphology in the Yucuna verbal template.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no	No antipassive noted in the verbal template.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521, Shauer, 1978: 47
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no info		Shauer & Shauer, 2000; Shauer & Shauer, 1978
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes	Shauer notes that other in the imperative mood, a verbal suffix marks immediate past tense.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 38, 42-43
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes	The distant past is infrequently used and mainly occurs with statives.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43, Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes	When the verb is preceded by some modifiers, -hi-ka is used, rather than -he	Schuaer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Schuaer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Schuaer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Schuaer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Schuaer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		n/a		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no	The imperative mood "covers up" the declarative.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 314, Shauer & Shauer, 1987: p. 38
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes	This marker is intrinsically an imperative negative, although the declarative negative can also be used for this function. Fill in page number!!!	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523, Shauer, 1978: p. 38
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	no	Not mentioned overtly, but the first example in the second column on page 523 of Shauer & Shauer (2000) has "exhortative morpheme." However, the example is translated with a second-person subject, and carries a second-person subject prefix, although it's	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 523
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	yes	There is a "subjunctive mood," with "possibility" listed as one of the functions. From the examples, it seems to be situational possibility/ability.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no info		Shauer & Shauer, 1978; Shauer & Shauer, 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no info		Shauer & Shauer, 1978; Shauer & Shauer, 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no info	There are "subjunctive markers," one of these functions is to indicate possibility, but it looks like situational, rather than epistemic possibility.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no info		Shauer & Shauer, 1978; Shauer & Shauer, 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no info		Shauer & Shauer, 1978; Shauer & Shauer, 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes		Shauer & Shauer 2000: 313, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no	Shauer identifies a "subjunctive" category used to express desire, intention, or possibility, but each of these subtypes have distinct morphological expression.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no	No difference is drawn between word order in transitive and intransitive clauses.	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	yes	SVO	Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 518, Shauer 1978: p. 518
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28, Shauer & Shauer 2000: p. 518
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978 p. 28
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28, Shauer and Shauer 2000: p. 518
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28, Shauer and Shauer 2000: p. 518
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28, Shauer and Shauer 2000: p. 518
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28, Shauer and Shauer 2000: p. 518
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 49
Word Order	Noun-Num		no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 49
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes	The "appositive" (which the relative clauses are identified as) follows the noun.	Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 34-35

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
1000	medium	AG	medium	sedentary	Riverine		approx 1200 persons within 60-mile radius (Fabre)

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