| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 109 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Only one future marker |
Allin, 1976: 342 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
A serial verb construction is used for near future and intention while an enclitic is used for general future. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 31 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 161-172 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
No regular future tense |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
There are multiple future markers, but their use is conditioned by the person performing the action and the "definiteness" of the event. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 320 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 513 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:1113, Payne 1983:12 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:39 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
But this is done only by the use of auxiliaries and/or clitics but not a dedicated affix |
Duff-Tripp 1997:117 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"We have to bear in mind that there is no tense marking in Baure."; "Since there is no tense marking in Baure, the interpretation of a situation as past or present depends on the verb's meaning and time adverbs in the clause." |
Danielsen 2007: p273, 175 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 249 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:38-40 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
no tense |
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965:72-73 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:61 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 329 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 116 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
only one future |
Payne 2012:216 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 130 to 133 |
|
Pemon has various suffixes that show that that an accion is imminent or intended, but my source says that this is not quite a verb form for indicating future |
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
There are at least two future tense markers: /-ngua/ for future simple and /-iwa/ for inmediate future |
Frank 1990:61 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
Apart from the morphological future tense, there is a preiprhastic future tense (Margery 1985:123-4) |
Margery 1985:116-7 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
Guaymi distinguishes between inmediate and remote future |
Quesada 2008:100-8 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000:218 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:347-57 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:75 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Peeke 1973:39 |
|
There is only one future tense marker |
|
| Ingá |
yes |
/-/ mark inmediate future but this verbal suffix is optional |
Levinson 1978:14-5, Levinson 1974:67 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:435-43 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:93-4 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
Marked by the combination of the non-present suffix plus other aspect suffixes |
Parker 1965:28, 50-2 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-492 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:57 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p179 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 132 |
|
Because you can't see it, that is to say it is not experienced, the future is thought to be behind you, whereas the past is in front of you. |
|
| Kakua |
yes |
not sure yet |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
author only describes one future |
Goncalves 2011:73 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
3 classes; immediate, imminent, and distant future. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.24 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
there is also another marker which Martins calls futuro estrategico, but it is also a marker of finalidade. |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 70 |
|
3-way system of marking for future tense; 'might', 'probably will', and 'future' |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007:255-263 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.54 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53-63 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Third person imperatives are divided into near-future and distant-future tenses. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.78-82 |
|
Proximate and nonproximate markers are only found in first- and third-person imperatives. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
Unlike the past tenses, there are no distinctions that depend on the proximity of the projected event to the moment of speaking. |
Strom 1992, p.75 |
|
Future tense is indicated by the suffix -rãyu. |
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:138-174 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
future tense markers have various aspectual and other distinctions, but not distance in time |
West and Welch 2004: 111-115; Ramirez 1997: 166-168 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
no evidence of this |
|
| Ninam |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:265-74 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
according to author, no TAM markers in Nheengatu (footnote pg. 36) |
Cruz 2011:36 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:317-9 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
immediate and remote futures |
Vallejos 2010:478-481 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
60 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
51-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n40 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
97-104 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
130-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
113, 119 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 42 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes? |
|
r13-14 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
175, 198 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
202 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
158 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
136-164 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
317 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
353 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
93 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
407 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
291 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
167 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
maybe |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
36-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
183 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
79 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
72-73 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
44-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
169-176 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
125, 128 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
327 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K85c 93 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
510 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
94 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
165 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes? |
|
m289 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
259-276 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
no dedicated future; irrealis instead |
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
