Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Sikuani

Family: Guahiban
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: guh
Location: 5.82°, -68.98°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Huber, R. and Reed, R. 1992. Comparative vocabulary: selected words in indigenous languages of Colombia. ILV, Bogotá. de Kondo, Reina, 1985. El Guahibo Hablado. Asociación Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, Lomalinda, Colombia. Queixalós, Francisco. 1988. Diccionario sikuani-español Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, Centro Colombiano de Estudios en Lenguas Aborígenes. Queixalós, Francisco. 1990. Diccionario Sikuani Queixalós, Francisco. 2000. Syntaxe sikuani. Paris. Peeters (Langues et Sociétés d'Amérique traditionnelle n° 7).

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar		paxanɨ [Queix1993]	inheritance			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar		wa:xái-tsi, wa:xáni-tsi	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	xanü (2)	xánɨ	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar		pa-xámɨ	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	xamü (2)	xámɨ	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar		po-mó:nae	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar		pó-ni: [he], pó-wa: [she]	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	atjübüyo (3)	atjɨ́bɨyo	unknown			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	aurijibia (24), orijibia (3), matawüjüa (3), ikatsia (1)	auríjibía, orijíbia, matawǘjüa, ikatsiá	unknown			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	daxita (2)	daxíta	inheritance	shared Cuiva		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	taxuyabere (35)	taxujáberé	unknown			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	koro (2), korona (13)(vello de las axilas)		inheritance			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	ipumana (3)		inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	ta	ta	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	juma (2), jumawi (13), húma (also has koϕé:ϕere which means 'shoulder blade')		inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	abéhe, bijatja (2)	abéhe, bijátja	inheritance			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	boko (2)	bóko	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	kotsoro (2) (stomach)	pe-kóto-to	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	büxü (2)	bɨ́xu	unknown			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	boü (2)	bóɨ, ajái-hawa (piníhi-hawa 'cosa grande, mucho' - 'large thing, much')	doubtful loan	Piaroa buo, buɣ		See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body		sí:ne	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour		tsá-bia	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	jana (2) (Fresh blood), janaba (2) (to bleed)	pe-hána, pi-hána	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body		uxúne, uxúba(pl) (bu:hú:-hai 'el viento sopla' - 'wind blows')	unknown	may be shared Sik-Cuiva-Playero		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body		pe-sí:-to	unknown			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	mipa (2)(pecho), müpabü (3)(pecho)		inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	najumalinota (2)	nahúmalinota	unique			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment		sá:-hawa, tahúa ('arder (la piel)' ('burn (skin)'); 'quemarse' ('burn'); tahúita 'quemar' (burn'))	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body			missing			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human		tsikiri-híwi-jo: (pehéwa-xi: 'niños' - children)	unknown			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion			missing			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment		ɨta-rɨ́-rɨ-bo	unique			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality		a-ké: ('tener frío' - 'to be cold', kainéheba 'frío', tɨna 'enfriarse la comida' - 'food gets cold')	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion		páta, pata-hó:pa	inheritance	shared Cuiva		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	jawa (2) (to be cooked)	hawa	loan	Arawak, cf. Yavitero hawa		See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality		xanía-hai (mean, 'decir la verdad' - 'tell the truth'	inheritance			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental			missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	aîjai (21)	aiháí	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact		ukúta, nikáta (ka-xiúta, etc. thá:ba 'despedazar' - 'cut into pieces')	doubtful loan	Carib, cf. Eñepa -ɨkɨtə-		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	matakabi (3) (also means 'light,' 'time period,' and 'the duration of a lifetime'		inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state		tɨ́:pa	inheritance			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	kua (1)	kua	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality		a-xuíra	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	kamajita (2), kamajitsinae (13) (to intentionally dream)		unknown			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	apa (2)	ápa	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality		tsé:wa	inheritance			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	awonobi (3) (verbo estar romo), momoka (2)(verbo estar romo)	awónobi, ('sin filo' - 'not sharp' = a-bárɨ-bi)	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	bene (2), beno (2)	béne, béne, tsɨxɨ ('en el aire' - in the air)	inheritance			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body		pe-muxu-joró-to	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	ira (2)		doubtful loan	Arutani-Sape iñã		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body		xáne	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna		pe-tobɨ́:-to	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	itaxu (1)		inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body			missing			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	jopa (2), otjopa (2), küx (1)	hó:pa, othópa (plural, bóka-hunua 'caerse' - 'fall down, suddenly be lying prone')	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality		tá:hɨ (tájɨ-nakua 'terra leja' - 'far country, area')	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body		pe-nasí:tsi-to	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	axa (2)	áxa	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	esusu (2)(fright), kujunawa (3)(to fear something)	esúsu , ku-húnawa (hunáwa 'sentir miedo' - 'be afraid')	unique; inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	mianaja (13)	pe-kóro-ɸe-to	inheritance			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	kabekopiboko (235)/ kobekopiboko (235) (it can also mean the claws of an animal), katiwi (2) (claw), kopiabokoünü (245)(meat under the nail)		inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	isoto (2)	i-só-to, náwa	unique			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	akairu, apürü, arali, arepi, atsebokojibiwi (fish without scales), baluwe, baxu (generic small fish), daütjüdaütjü, tsutsubo, tsutsupabo, tsalewaübo, dujai, dujuai (1), dujai (1) (also means game animal), jj (1), jaja(1)		inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion		nawó:ta	unique	shared Playero		See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	matapaju (3)	pe-matóno-to	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion		pú:na	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment		nohó-bo	inheritance			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body		pe-táxu	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora		pe-kuái-to	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality		xánepana	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	axaebi (2)	axaébi	unknown			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	juwa (2)	huwá	unknown			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	matana (13), mataperibü(53)(cuero cabelluro), matayamiyamiwa (27)(to have curly hair), maxüna (13)(hair of arms)		inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	kabe / kobe (1), kaberürü (31) / kobebürü (32) (the conjuction of the fingers to the hand), kabejapa (23) / kobejapa (23) (palm)		doubtful loan (into proto-language?)	Arawak ka:pi		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	mataboko (1)(head of a person), itapa (1)(face), mata (2)(lexical root for head), mataakata (25)(to cover head), matanae (1)(head of an animal), matatopi (2)(brain)		inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental		húma-tane [?-see]	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	jamatabüütjü (246), jumatabüütjü (246)		inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality		a-réwe	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	akaba (2), akata (2), matayaba (24), matayata (24)	akába, akáta	unknown			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	amoneyaba (3), bia (1), mataba (2), matatafataraba (3)(hit on the head)	amonéyaba, bía, bia, kónita (kuánita, tsakíta, táubabia, matababa 'para que entre, como una puntilla' - 'cause to go in, as a nail')	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other		xáina	unknown			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	ataju (2) (verb to be hot)	atáju	doubtful loan	Arawak, e.g. Warekena ata		See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar		pa-kuénia (dé:tsa: pa-kuénia, int.)	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	itsa (1)	ítsa	inheritance			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location		tua-túahɨ-ta ('adentro' = 'within', 'inside')	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body		p-í:nɨ	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body			missing			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	beya(2)	béya	unknown			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental		japɨ́:-tane [?-see]	inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment		púka	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	jüajüajai (21), kapona (2) (also means to smile or to laugh at something--make fun)		unknown; inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment		pe-báxɨ-to	unique	shared Playero		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body		pe-tsawéno-	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body		pe-tópa:	inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	bobena (3), boboka (2), boka (2), bokataba (4)	bóbena, bobóka, bóka, bókataba, bó:bena	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment		já:maxɨ	inheritance			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	itawa (3), aitawa (3), jinawanapa (35), jinawonopa (3), jinonopa (3), panapana (2), ponapona (2)		unknown			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	japa (1)		inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	apia (1)(verb to be long), apiayai (12)(verb to be very long), matatoxeneta (36)(to be longer)	apía, apíayái, a-pía	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna		tarɨ-to	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	kafofowi (2)		inheritance			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	jiwitanü (2), jiwitonü (2), jiwi (2)(humans, indigenous people)	pé:bi	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna		pe-wí:-to	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	juameto (3)		inheritance	used for both 'sun' and 'moon' [compare Tukanoan]		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship		é:na:	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment			missing			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	koibo (2), kuaibo (2), kuibo (2), koibowojo (1)		inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human		pe-wɨ́nɨ	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	imoxoyo (2), imoxoyota (2) (to bring something closer or nearer), itamata (3), itjamatja (3), kaejewa (3)	imoxó:-jo: (káe-hawa: 'cercano' - 'close by')	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	koibosi (13)	pe-wɨ:-sí:-to	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality			missing			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	merawia (1)		inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	jume (2)	ápo-, hú:me:	inheritance			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body		pe-púmu:	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality		perúha-hawa	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	kae (1) (it contrasts "various" and not "zero"), kaebeje (some, ones)		inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	wüpata (2)	wɨpáta	inheritance			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	itsa (2)	ítsa-hawa (inanimate, ítsa-nɨ: 'otro hombre' - other man)	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	awitane (3) (verb to be sick)	awítane	unknown			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	jiwi (2) (humnas, indigenous people)		inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	tafuta (2)	tafúta	missing			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment		éma	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour		tsó:-bia	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body		pe-kúha	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture		námu-to	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora		pe-tábu-topa:	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality		tsabána(tuxu-tsáeba, 'oler a podrido' - 'to smell rotten')	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment		tahéta-atsa	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental		humáitsi, tsipáeba, -hái, al fin de la cita (at the end of a quote)	inheritance			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	iriba (2), irita (2), kasiba (2), katita (2)		unknown; inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental		táne	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	barü (2)(noun)	bárɨ, xíu-hai, tséke-hai ('punta' - 'point')	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact			missing			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality		tojáe-ka	inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	kopiaitamata (3)(extremo del hombro)	pe-kóϕia	unique	shared Playero		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	aura (2)(to have shyness/shame)	áura	unknown			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	eeka (2)(estar sentado), eka (2) (estar sentado), ena (2) (estar sentado), eta (2)	eéka, éka, éna, é:ka	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	boko (2)	bóko, pe-perabɨ̃-to	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment		itá-boxo	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body		mahíta	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	atsi (1)	atsí, tʃikiri-jo:	unknown; doubtful loan (into protolanguage?)	Pemon; but likely sound symbolic		See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	jowiba (2) (to smoke), mataütsüxü (35)(vapor)	ɨ́:-tsɨxɨ	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	itaboxo (3)	tuxúne, tuxúba(pl)	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	suaba (2)	suába	unknown			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact		wokóta (sing.) wokóba (plur). ukúbaba 'trozar' (split into pieces)	unknown; inheritance	shared Cuiva		See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	kepaba (3) (also means to be narrow), küküna (2) / küküta (2)(both are apretar in spanish), küküpa (2)(to be all squeezed and narrow)	ka-tarɨrɨta 'apretar ('squeeze'), júhuka 'exprimir' - 'wring'	unknown; doubtful loan (into protolg?)	Carib		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact		ká-ixɨna (sing.) káɨxɨka (plur.), 'con aguja o palo' ('with a needle or stick'); kakúata 'con cuchillo o aguijón' ('with a knife or a sting'); varios verbos que terminan en -ba:kuata (several verbs ending in -ba:kuata)	unique			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state		nú:ka	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment		tulúpu-to	loan, direction unknown	possibly into Piapoco duluputu, if this form really does include the S. suffix -to		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	kajürüba (3)	kahɨrɨba	unknown			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora		náe-hawa, náe-bo	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	ibo (2)		inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body		tsu-tsúne (tsu-tsúba - plur.)	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	ikotia (1), juameto (3)(this is a general term that means "astro." It is also applied for moon), juametoikotia (15)		inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	jane (2), janeta (2)		unknown			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body		jahína, putúna (sá:na, tháɨ-tʰáɨna, ϕuϕúna)	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group, compare Aymara pʔusuntaɲa		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	jua (1), kotana (2) (to float), kotoba (2)(to float)		inheritance; unknown			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	boso (1)	bosó	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar		báhara-xua 'that thing'	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	aitayaü (3), itayaü (1)	áitayaɨ, á-ita-jaɨ (áitati 'tupido' 'dense, close together')	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	jiapa (2) (to be thin), koyaüka (2)(to be thin)	ita-ϕá:-ka	inheritance	also koyaüka (2)(to be thin), ita-ϕá:-ka		See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	jumatabü (24)(thoughts), jamatabü(24)(thoughts), jumatabükaruta (257)(thoughts), (jamatabükaruta(257)(thoughts), künüba (3)/künüta (3) (to be thinkinng while falling down)	na-humatabi-xáina (na-bamatabɨ-xáina)	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar		ma:-xúa-he	doubtful loan	Máku, Nheengatu		See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	akueyabi (3), akueyabi pabeje	akúeyabi	inheritance	shared Cuiva		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	jumatawi (1)		unknown			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	bijanaxuaba (25), kayajata (3)	bijánaxúaba, bixána ('tirar' - 'throw', xúaba 'botar' - 'discard', péneta 'botar varias cosas' - 'discard several things')	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment		já:maxɨ (huru-húru-hai 'el sonido del trueno' - 'sound of thunder)	inheritance	shared Cuiva		See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	kerata (2), kereba (3), kereta (3), küba (2), küta (2)	kɨ́:ta, kɨ́:ba	inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	ebarü (2), jume (1)(also means a word, and a sound)	ebárɨ	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body		pe-wóno-to	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	jiarabajaraba (4), jiarabajarata (4), jiarabia (1), jiarajiarajai (21), jiaraka (3), jiarata (3)		unknown		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	anija (2), anijabe	aníja, aníjabe	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group; Arawak, e.g. Warekena enaba, Yucuna iyama		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body		ja:ká:ba	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ekapona (42), enapona (24)	ékapóna, énapóna	inheritance	shared Cuiva		See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment		mé:ra	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality		sukué-na, tsúnuna	inheritance? unknown	Carijona		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar		dé:tsa: xua [xua='thing']	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar		pa-kúhinae	inheritance			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar		itsa-hóta (dé:tsa: hóta, int.)	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour		niopona, ɸobia ['pale']	inheritance	Sik-Cuiva-Playero group		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	ipatsa (1), jipatsa (1)		inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship		pɨ́ha-wa:	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	jowibo (2)	howí:-bo	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	korofe (2)	pe-kóro-ϕe-to	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	jiwitowa (1)		inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	nakuenaba (3)	nakuenába	unknown			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body			missing			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour		wajána	inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	jotsi (2)	hótsi		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	bënë (rk83)	bɨ´nɨ		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	makibü (2)(Sp: caimán; generic, Crocodilus), maxüneje (3)(Crocodylus intermedius), maxünejepetsaebianü (2)	maxɨnehe		inheritance			also maxüneje (3)(Crocodylus intermedius), maxünejepetsaebianü (2)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	panabë (rk83)			inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	jomowabi	homowáːbi		loan (into protolanguage?)		Arawak, cf. Piapoco umawali	maybe loan into Baniwa omáwali				uncoded	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	amái-to, pɨbɨ-to	amái-to, pɨbɨ-to		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	tsó-nɨ, amuabali (small and white), kofia (Tamandua tetradactyla)	tsó-nɨ		inheritance			also: amuabali (small and white anteater)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	jumabokorubenaewi (268), kayure (2), tubujë (Dactylus novemcinctus, rk83)	tuhúbɨ		inheritance			also jumabokorubenaewi (268), kayure (2) (Queixalós)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	musuliboto (52)(Gynerium sagittatum)	múːsuli-boto		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	manakaiboto (32)	manakaíbóto		loan		Arawak: Piapoco manakái					missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	kasawa (2) (Musa balbisiana), balatunu (3)	baláːtuna, kasawa (2) (Musa balbisiana)		loan		Spanish 'platano', prob via Arawak	Piapoco/Achagua Arawak/Sp palatana	WW	%palana		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	jawasiri (2), jawaü [loan Piapoco?]	hawasíri-to		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown		Yanomami	Yanomami hewǝ				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.		urítti (Rivet 1948)		unknown							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		bara-tsuí-to, alirepe, bopena, dowatjikobü	bara-tsuí-to, alirepe, bopena, dowatjikobü		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	jipirainae (Duroia longifolia)			unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	makofaiboto (32)			unique							uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	daina	dáina-to		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	homowáːbi; cororo, túnunu (rk83); kasururu (3) (Epicrates cenchria maurus)	homowáːbi		doubtful loan; loan direction unknown		formed from 'snake'; but cf. Piapoco umawali; Saliva tunana dopa	also túnunu (rk83); kasururu (3) (Epicrates cenchria maurus)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	dére-bɨ	dére-bɨ ('gourd', H&R)		inheritance	Sikuani-Cuiva?		also tsukoto-bɨ				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	kabalu/kapalu (2)			loan - WW		%kaparu; North Arawak	esp. Piapoco kabalu				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata				missing							missing	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	koko (generic), madudu (2), materi (2), matsaleri (3), alibosoli (2), jaranasisi (25),	koko, madudu (2)		inheritance; loan, direction unknown		Makiritare	also jaranasisi (25), koko (generic), madudu (2), materi (2), matsaleri (3)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	jómocobi (rk83)	hómokobi		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	eméri (Rivet 1948)			missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	furinae (21), xuruinae (21), kowaraxurui (14)			loan - WW		%eroi, Carib, via Piapoco	also xuruinae (21), kowaraxurui (14)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	metsajajapato (25)			unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	bolenawa (1) (larva), linu (2)	bolenawá		unknown							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	patu	patu		loan - WW		%patu					missing	See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	alaba, alama (both borrowings from Arawak), bokobokowa			loan - WW		Piapoco	Piapoco, alàaba				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	tsamuli (rk83)	tsamúli		loan (into protolanguage?)		North Arawak	e.g. Baniwa dzamolíto				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	kapisi (2) (Nasua nasua)			loan		Piapoco	Piapoco kapìsi				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)		papáɨ-nae		inheritance		possibly semantic shift					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	kaluwai (1)			loan		cf. Saliva kalabaʔʤa, Wayana kalapu; maybe from Arawak					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	ɨthɨbɨrɨ (H&R), kawipi (2)(Crax daubentoni)	ɨtʰɨbɨrɨ, kawipi		inheritance		North Arawak	e.g. Baniwa kóitsi; alternative word ɨthɨbɨrɨ (H&R)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	ovebi/amali (kr83; amali=Arawak?); awali (2), eduma (2), inojopajuli (25), juju (2), kenenali (3), kinanali	owéːbi, awáli, edúma		inheritance			also amali (Piapoco loan), awali (2), eduma (2), inojopajuli (25), juju (2), kenenali (3), kinanali				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		awali (2), eduma (2), inojopajuli (25), juju (2), kenenali (3), kinanali	awáli, edúma		inheritance								See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	awiri (2)(borrowing from Arawak?), kotsito (2) (puppy), daiubi (2)(over all domisticated animal)	awíri, daiúbi		loan (into protolanguage?)		Arawak: Achagua/Piapoco	e.g. Achagua áuli; alternative word daiúbi				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		awiri (2)(borrowing from Arawak), kotsito (2) (puppy), daiubi (2)(over all domisticated animal)	awíri, daiúbi		loan into protolanguage		Arawak						See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	unutsavini (rk83)			loan direction unknown		Piapoco	Piapoco únichàwini				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	ukuku (3)	úkuku		loan - WW		%motkuku					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	kutsibo (Phalacrocorax olivaceus)			loan		Arawak: Achagua					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	simuta (2); matsubo (2)(Rhyncophorus palmarum)	simúta; matsúbo (Rhyncophorus palmarum)		loan direction unknown		Piapoco	màachùba				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	kúde	kúde		loan - WW		%kute, via Piapoco					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		baluwe, baxu (generic small fish), akairu, apürü, arali, arepi, atsebokojibiwi (fish without scales), daütjüdaütjü, tsutsubo, tsutsupabo, tsalewaübo, dujai, dujuai (1), dujai (1) (also means game animal), jj (1), jaja(1)	dúhuai, baxu		inheritance			also akairu, apürü, arali, arepi, atsebokojibiwi (fish without scales), baluwe, daütjüdaütjü, tsutsubo, tsutsupabo, tsalewaübo, dujai, dujuai (1), dujai (1) (also means game animal), jj (1), jaja(1)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	araita			doubtful loan		Carib (Pemon?)					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	manepa (3)	mánepa-to		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	mapaütonae (31)			unknown							uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	matsiruli (Lutra)(Arawak borrowing), menetsamui (1)			loan		Piapoco	Piapoco matʃé:ɾuli 'Giant otter'				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	póːnaː	póːnaː		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	mali, wakára (Zamponi)	mali, wakára (Zamponi)		loan; loan - WW		Arawak; %wakara					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	kuyumi (3), marai (1)(Arawak borrowing)	márai, kújuwi		loan (into protolg?) - WW		North Arawak; Carib	Piapoco malài; see also Yanomami; alternative word kújuwi	WW	%mare		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola	maranae (31)(Virola cuspidata), marabo (3)											See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	kapinae (31)	xuípa		loan - WW; loan into protolanguage? direction unknown - WW		%tuipa, %kaapi					uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	amaro (2), amaru (2), kawakawa (3), kokopi (2), kuyawisi (3)(Pandion haliaetus)	amáro, amáru		unique			also kawakawa (3), kokopi (2), kuyawisi (3)(Pandion haliaetus)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	manü (2) (generic), awiripumujani (246), banamanü (24), jubümanü (24), kanawasi (1), kekere (3), makuwai (1), manakafiafia (14), maniju (2)	awíripúmujáni, bánamánü		inheritance			also awíripúmujáni, bánamánü				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	nónohi (CM72); ikulinonoji (16), jumanialiji (3)	nonohí:-to		inheritance			also ikuli-nonoji (16) [tortoise-pepper], jumanialiji (3)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	ikotia-nüjü (3) (Alouatta seniculus), nëjë (rk83)	nɨhɨ		inheritance			also ikotia-nüjü (3) (Alouatta seniculus)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	iniji (3), si:-si:-bárɨ-to, sí:pi (H&R)	siː-siː-bárɨ-to, síːpi		inheritance			also iniji (3)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	matiwi (2)	matíwi		inheritance			loan INTO Piapoco				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	wiripanae (31); oti (2)	wirípanaé, óti		doubtful loan		Arawak wiru					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	amarunewütjü (35), nevëthë (cat in general, rk83), avácana, vacuínali (felis onça, rk83)	newɨtʰɨ		unknown; inheritance			also avácana, vacuínali (felis onça, rk83), amarunewütju (35)			Broader (cat in general)	uncoded	See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	saiwanae (31)	saíwanaé		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	tsaliri (2)	tsalíri		loan		Achagua/Piapoco					missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	amai (1) (generic), irabürü (42), iramawi, kaiwiali (2), kiuli (2), mapalipawa (1)	amái		unknown							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	maja (2)	máːha		loan into protolanguage		Tukanoan?	e.g. Tukano maha				uncoded	See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	jaratabüjetsa (246), jetsa (2)	hétsa		inheritance			also jaratabüjetsa (246)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	fulisikai (31), irapanawatsi (36)(red manioc), iwitsulikai (41), jerasi (3), jomowabisi (13), kadenabawasi (35)(Spanish Borrowing), kai (1), kajuyalikaisi (25), kamalipalusi (2), kulipijikai (31), kululiakai (31), kuwaisi (12), limasi (13), makokosi (3),	newáhɨ		inheritance			also fulisikai (31), irapanawatsi (36)(red manioc), iwitsulikai (41), jerasi (3), jomowabisi (13), kadenabawasi (35)(Spanish Borrowing), kai (1), kajuyalikaisi (25), kamalipalusi (2), kulipijikai (31), kululiakai (31), kuwaisi (12), limasi (13), makokosi				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	bawa (2), kokobawa (24),	báːwa		inheritance			also kokobawa (24)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	kuato (2)	kuáto		doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown		Guahiban, e.g. Candoshi katʃo; Andoke kɒ̃ǝ̃ta; see also Carib kuwai	compare Bora iñe (+clas, e.g. íñehe (aguaje tree); mumubi (2) (the bulb of a moriche)				uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	kalamanü (42), kokopiwaeso (24), kopipi (2)	wáeso-to, wáese-to		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	iri (2)	íːri, óli-to		loan (into protolanguage?_)		Piapoco	Piapoco íri			Broader (rat in general)	uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	muxuyoro (24) (generic), dowatjimuxuyono (135), iramuxuyono (246)	dowatjímuxúyonó		unknown			also dowatjimuxuyono (135), iramuxuyono (246)				uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	menetsamuito, matsírali (lutra sp., rk83)	bohónawi		inheritance; loan		Piapoco	also? menetsamuito, matsírali (lutra sp., rk83)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	tsica (rk83, Didelphus marsupialis)			unknown	subgroup: Sikuani-Cuiva	Piapoco	Piapoco isìri				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	hororóː-to, kuruduli (2) (Caprimulgidae)	hororóː-to		inheritance; loan - WW		%murukutu / kurukutu	also kuruduli (2)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	ofáebë (rk83)	oɸáebɨ		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	malenae (31)	malénaé		missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	kêke (1), kinikini (2) (the first two are Aratinga leucophtalmus), kamadui (2), jowai (1), kamatjui (1), kutsali (2)(Pionus menstruus), xú:ra, óno (H&R)	xúːra, óno		inheritance			both inherited				uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	jipiriboto	hipiri-boto	palmera sp. (chontaduro); [prestamo arawak]				Arawak loan - %pipiri?				uncoded	Queixalos 1990: 73	2	1	0	0	0		no	Entries in Huber & Reed for 'chonta' mostly relate to Irartea palm; no info found for Cuiva or Guayabero
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	mawiru (3)(Ananas sativus), dunusi (1) (Ananas sativus)	mawíru, dunusí		loan - WW; inheritance		%mawino (from Piapoco)	alternative word dunusi (1) (Ananas sativus)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	kawara (2), kowara (2), kowora(2)	kowára-bo		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	tsala (rk83), maxëbë (rk83) (both coenda prehensilis)			loan; inheritance		Piapoco	Piapoco tʃala; alternate word maxëbë (rk83) (inheritance)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	daütjü (2)	dáɨthɨ		inheritance						Broader (potato in general)	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	daütjü (2)	dáɨthɨ ('sweet potato', CM72)		inheritance						Broader (potato in general)	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	ake			unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	pewitsaboto (42)	pewítsabóto		missing							missing	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	bocobë, docobë, docoli, yequeto, etc. [rk83]; mapuluweni (2), yowowa (2) [Uranosodon superciliosa, rk83]			inheritance	subgroup Cuiva-Sikuani (no other info)		also docobë, docoli, yequeto, etc. [rk83]; mapuluweni (2), yowowa (2) [Uranosodon superciliosa, rk83]				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	kiwa (2); kará (sp.; Melendez: Ar loan)	kíwa; kará (sp.; Melendez: Ar loan)		doubtful loan (into protolg?); loan		Carib, cf. Pemon kuuiwa; Arawak, Achagua karakara (Melendez)	e.g. Pemon kuuiwa				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		jomo (rk83); atsajomo (42), jomo (2), manu (2)(Arawak borrowing)	hómo		inheritance			atsajomo (42), jomo (2), manu (2) (Arawak borrowing)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	kakutali (2), bula, térotero (rk83	jaː-síː-to		inheritance			also kakutali (2), bula, térotero (rk83)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	kajuyalitopa (15)			unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	jomobü (2)(generic), itajaja (1), meneitajaja (25), itajojo (1), jojowa (1), menejara (24)	hómo-bɨ-to		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	derebü (21)	derébǘ, dére-bɨː		semantic shift		from Crescentia?	from 'calabash'?				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	maderi (2), materi (2)			loan (into protolg?)		Achagua/Piapoco	Piapoco matèri, Yavitero mateti				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	pone (2)	póne		inheritance							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	busunomaka (35) (just a variety of yam)	noː, nóː-bɨː, búsunómaka		doubtful loan into protolanguage		Carib	e.g. Akawaio naböi, Carijona nahake; alternative word busunomaka (35) (just a variety of yam)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	kalemani (3)(Tapirus pinchaque), matana (2)(Tapirus bairdii), metsaja (3)(Tapirus terrestris)	méːtsaha		loan; inheritance		Arawak (Piapoco; see Melendez)	kalemani (3) (Tapirus pinchaque) (Arawak borrowing), matana (2) (Tapirus bairdii)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	alikere (2), ana (2)	alikére, ána		unique			also alikére, ána				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	laülaü (2), manüpenani (2), metsajatiapa (25)			unique			also manüpenani (2), metsajatiapa (25)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	anajibiwi (34), busu (2)(Bufo granulosus), edali (2), kumo (1), kutete (2) (Physalaemus neglectus dunni)	busú-to		inheritance			also anajibiwi (34), edali (2), kumo (1), kutete (2) (Physalaemus neglectus dunni)				uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	tséːma	tséːma		loan		Arawak					uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	ículi/jayaca (Geochelone, rk83, iculi=Arawak); ikuli (3), jara (2) (generic)	hajáka, íːkuli		loan; inheritance		Arawak: Piapoco ikùli	also hajáka (inheritance)				uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	kalikuelekue (35)(Ramphastos ambiguus), talikuelekue (15)	tikuéku, tikuékue		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		nae, náe-hawa	#NAME?		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	(kapalu) papabü (25)	papábɨ		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	kanukali (3)/ kanukeri (3) (both are Sarcoramphus papa), kekere (3) (Coragyps atratus)	kéːkere, wáːjuli		inheritance, loan - WW		Arawak	also kanukali (3)/ kanukeri (3) (both are Sarcoramphus papa), wáːjuli				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	manü (2) (generic), adere (black wasp), aina, ainimanü (chunchulita), alimuru (matajé), atsaxae, ene (1), enemanü (42), jetsokoro (2), jiwituna (124), jotsikawa (1), kanükerimanü (24), kata (2) (red wasp with large abdomen), kurali (1), mana (2), manare			unknown			also adere (black wasp), aina, ainimanü (chunchulita), alimuru (matajé), atsaxae, ene (1), enemanü (42), jetsokoro (2), jiwituna (124), jotsikawa (1), kanükerimanü (24), kata (2) (red wasp with large abdomen), kurali (1), mana (2), manare (2)(blue wasp),				uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	vánali (rk83)	papábɨ		unknown							uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	kuwairi (2) (Ateles paniscus)	kuwéːri, kuwáiri		loan		Piapoco	Piapoco cuwáiri; direction prob into Sik, but unclear	WW	%kuata		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	jabëtsa (rk83)	haːbɨːtsa		loan (into protolanguage?)		Arawak (Piapoco)	Piapoco apìtʃa				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	naedokodoko (24)	naedókodóko		unique							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	xuátabo; baleni(2) (type of large arrow), kuyene (2), puyene (2)	xuátabo; baleni(2) (type of large arrow), kujene (2), pujene (2)		unknown; inheritance		cf. Warao				Classified	Related to word for arrow cane xuáta-boto	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	sipari (Rivet 48)			loan - WW	Proto-Guahiban	%sipara/sapere	WW	%sapara	in other languages this WW means 'machete			especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	liwai (1)			unknown								can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material				missing									See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	kote		carrying basket	Inheritance	Proto-MSC (Macaguan, Sikuani)								See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	lisibo (31), mapiri (2) (basket for manioc flour), kote (K73)	lisibo (31), mapiri (2) (basket for manioc flour), kote (K73)		unique, loan; inheritance		Arawak: Achagua							See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	aba (flat basket); also yoxobo, mumubi, mapire, lísibo (see Kondo 1973 for descriptions)		flat basket	unknown									See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	tulíquisi	tulíkisi (bead string)	string of beads	loan - WW		%tulikiʃi, via Piapoco							See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material				missing									See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	tape (Rivet 1948)			loan		North Arawak, e.g. Kabiyari nápe							See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	zirípi-bo (Rivet 1948)	zirípi-bo (Rivet 1948)		loan, direction unknown	Proto-MSC (Macaguan, Sikuani)	Piapoco			Shared with Macaguan; could be loan Guahibo > Arawak, but Rivet lists dozens of Arawak lgs with similar words for blowpipe, arrow, and dart.	Classified		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	boteyabü (31)	botéjabɨ́		missing									See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing								if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	bi-sabi (Rivet 1948)	bisabi (Rivet 1948)		inheritance		North Arawak			Also occurs in Cuiva; may be loan into proto-language			arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	kajuetsijawa (4)	kahuétsihawa		unknown									See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	jera (2)	héra		doubtful loan (into protolg?)		Arawak: Achagua húnaa			compare Cuiva héra				See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	mitsi	mitsi		loan - WW		%miʃi	WW	%miʃi	Quechua source? mishi; Bora míichi; Yucuna, michi; Resígaro, miishí; Eсepa,miǩi; Makiritari, mēši; Orejon, michi agu; Yanomami mishi, Sikuani mitsi				See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	wakara	wakará		loan		from 'egret', via Carib?	WW	%karaka	Probably Arawak origin (see Nordenskiold 1922). Tukanoan, e.g. Wanano karaka; Arawak, e.g. Baniwa kaláka; Yanomamo, Nadeb; Macaguan takra, Sikuani wakara				See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	pematakanukaenü (sedentary group); pematakaponaenü (nomadic group); both from pemata- 'old person'	pematakanukaenɨ (sedentary group); pematakaponaenɨ (nomadic group); both from pemata- 'old person'		unique									See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	wakapa	wakapa		unknown									See Language page
coca			narcotics				Missing									See Language page
cook food			food	hawa			Unknown									See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				missing								malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	natonahia		to dance	Unknown									See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool				missing								hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	pumeníruwa, kajúyali (Melendez 2014: both Arawak loans)	pumeníruwa, kajúyali (Melendez 2014: both Arawak loans)		loan, loan		Achagua						In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing									See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	itamajitsipana	itamajitsipana		inheritance	Proto-MSC								See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	latabo	latabo		unknown									See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing								Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	huata	huata	to fan	doubtful loan (into protolg?)	Proto-Guahiban	cf. Yavitero mahu'ita, Sikuani huata, Kokama wauta			But compare Yavitero mahu'ita			esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	[maneritanae (31)(wood to make fences)]			missing								may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	périra; kúlia	périra; kúlia		sem shift; loan		from 'flatbread' (Arawak); Arawak: Achagua/Piapoco						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology	wanali (talisman)	wanali (talisman)	talisman	unknown									See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing									See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	íso (CM72)			inheritance									See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	jona	jona		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban				Shared Guayabero				See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	kulupamaü (line to fish with)	kulupamaü		unknown									See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	araita			Unknown					Compare Makiritare a:da:di				See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	kulupamaü	kulupamaɨ		unknown						mau 'string'			See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	botsa; kakuli (2)			loan direction unknown		North Arawak			Also: botsa, duliakai				See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	peri	peri		loan (into protolanguage?)		North Arawak			Could be loan into protolanguage. Shared Guayabero, Macaguan			usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	bawa; matsúka (CM72)	bawa; matsúka (CM72)		loan - WW; loan - WW		%porowa; %matsuka	WW	%porowa	Also: matsuka (Arawak loan; Rivet 1948)			agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	kalawani (3)(type of flute); kalawapio (2) (a type of flute); jivabẽrẽ (Kondo 1973)			doubtful loan		North Arawak			Also: kalawapio; jivabẽrẽ (set of 2 flutes played by 2 people; Kondo 1973); iba (shared Achagua, Rivet 1948)			multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	dujuai (1), dujai (1) (also generic term for fish)	duhúai, duhái		unknown		same as 'fish'						Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology	mapaütonae			Unknown									See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	ainawi (3), dowatji (2)(not necessarly bad, but it can be), jumape (3)(soul or image); dubate (R18)	aínawi, dowátji		unknown									See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	tumatsinae (31) (calabash tree), dére-bɨ ('gourd', H&R)	tumátsinaé (calabash tree), dére-bɨ ('gourd', H&R)		loan; inheritance		Piapoco kumàtʃi							See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	abalakua	abalakua		doubtful loan	Proto-MSC	Arawak, cf. Warekena ába; Embera ibhárra			Compare Macaguan arpa; could also be internal loan or loan from Arawak, e.g. Baniwa áada.			esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool				missing								agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	yamaxüto	jamaxɨto		semantic shift		from 'lightning/thunder'							See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	bu (2)	bú		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban								See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	yorai	jorai		unknown		Carib?			Also: sapebúa (loan chapeu)				See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				loan		North Arawak						Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing									See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	banara (31), jabüra (31)	bánará		inheritance	Proto-Guahiban				But compare Carib wan, wanɛ			only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	bo (1)	bó		inheritance									See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	jina (2) (also means to fish), kajaita (2)(to go out hunting)	jina (2) (also means to fish), kajaita (2)(to go out hunting)		unique									See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	kusiupa (21), kusiupae (1), kusuipa (21) (all three are Spanish borrowings)	kusiupa		loan - WW?		%kɨtʃe (or Span cuchillo?)	WW		Spanish source; Arawak, e.g. Warekena kotsiyo				See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	tabumapa	tabumapa		unknown									See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	maseta (2)	maseta		loan		Spanish			Also Aymara, machiti; Cofan, machiti; Candoshi, mchita; Huambisa, matʃit; Aguaruna, máchit; Quechua ayacuchano, machiti	Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	wahubo	wajubo		inheritance	Proto-MSC				Compare Macaguan wɨp		Probably has -bo classifier		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	téna-pa (CM72)	téna-pa (CM72)		loan (into protolg?)		Achagua/Piapoco							See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology													See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	yaleru (Kondo 1973); jiwabürü (42)	jaleru; híwabɨ́rɨ		unknown									See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	kuyalata	kujalata		loan		Span/Port 'carta'			possibly Carib?				See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing									See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing									See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	ferebo	ferebo		loan - WW		%parapi							See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing									See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	büxü (2)	bǘxü		inheritance					Also: oaxi (shared Achagua; Rivet 1948)	Simplex			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	tsitsi			doubtful loan (into protolg?)		onomatopoeia, but cf. Arawak, Cayapa, Bora, Jivaroan			Onomatopoeic; Also shared Macaguan	Reduplicated			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	mawi	mawi		doubtful loan		Arawak			Compare Wai Wai, maaɲi	Simplex			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture		pe-máka, pe-máɨ-to		inheritance									See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	jaho	jaho		loan, direction unknown	Proto-MSC	Saliba ʤeho			Also: yáyo (Rivet 1948)	Simplex			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation				missing									See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	banakatsu (2), dopatubinü (3), kuwaiba (2)(to become a shaman by relevation of the god Kuwai), kuwainü (2)(a shaman iniciated by Kuwai)	banakátsu, dopatúbinü	shaman initiated by deity Kuwai	unknown		North Arawak			May be a loan + semantic shift; not clear if this is a native innovation based on loan for 'deity', or itself a loan.	kuwai 'deity'		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress				missing									See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material				missing									See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	isimali	isimali		unknown									See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	wahi	wahi		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	kuérere-bo	kuérere-bo		unknown		North Arawak?			means 'club' in Nadeb, Yucuna, and Macaguan.		bo classifier		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	katsahane	katsahane		unknown									See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material	inae	inae		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	basueboto	basueboto	sugar cane	unknown						Compound	boto 'cane'		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	awimali	awimali		unknown								agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	malenae (31)	malénaé		unknown									See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	yoboto (Kondo 1973)			unknown								word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	sema			Loan		Achagua	WW	%tsema	Also: tʃema, zema	Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing								use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool	iwa (2) (table to wash), meniapaeto (2)(un lavadero)			missing								agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	araita (2)	araíta		unknown					Compare Carib, e.g. Akawaio urari			hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	manixuxu, banaxuxu (beeswax)	manixuxu, banaxuxu (beeswax)		loan; unique		Arawak mani 'resin'							See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	yacali (sifter, Kondo 1973)		sifter	loan		Achagua						agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing								a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	yes		Queixalós 1998:125-129
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	yes	Second verb usually takes tense/mood marking, while first verb takes person/number.	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:93-94; Queixalós - 2000
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	yes		Queixalós 1998:189-190
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:219-237
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes		Quexalós 1998:268-286
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no		Queixalós 2000
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes	tense, aspect, person (object) prefixes; mood and person (subject) suffixes	Queixalós 2000
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Queixalós 2000:575-576
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:219-237
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	yes	seems like prefixing weakly preferred	Queixalós 2000:575-576
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	yes		Queixalós 1998:114-115
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	yes	Can even be used in transitive clauses.	Queixalós 1998:191
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:219-237
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no		Queixalós 1998
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	6	oblique cases marked as suffixes	Queixalós 2000:78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	yes	e.g. benefactive, causal, associative, locative	Queixalós 2000:78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes		Queixalós 2000:78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no	No evidence of cases. Instead, Sikuani utilizes a very intricate verbal agreement system.	Queixalós 2000:78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes	oblique cases marked as suffixes	Queixalós 2000:78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Queixalós 2000:78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Queixalós 2000:78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Queixalós 2000:78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Queixalós 2000:78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	yes		Queixalós 2000:78
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no	apparent that no articles are used	Queixalós 1998:68
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no	demonstrative marks definiteness	Queixalós 1998:68
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no		Queixalós 1998:68
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	yes	Inclusive: waxáitsibeje; Exclusive: paxánëbeje	de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:72	Queixalós shows that the suffix "-behe" can be used to show duality for all nouns.
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	2	proximal, distal	Queixalós 1998:74-75
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	yes		Queixalós 1998:31
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	3	Classes: masc, fem, inanimate (respectively)	Queixalós 1998:31
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes		Queixalós 1998:3
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	yes	masculine and feminine	Queixalós 1998:31
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Queixalós 1998:31
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes	masc./fem. for animate; rest are inanimate	Queixalós 1998:31
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	yes	Applies to both singular and plural.	Queixalós 1998:21
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		Queixalós 1998:31
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes	Classification system. Including cylinder, sphere, flat plane, etc.	Queixalós 1998:33
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no		Queixalós 1998:31
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no		Queixalós 1988
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	yes		Queixalós 2000:175
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	yes	Occur with all types of nouns.	de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:161-167
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes	Occur with all types of nouns.	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:126; Queixalós - 2000:167-171
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:167-171
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:167-172
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:167-173
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:167-174
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	yes	for first and second person	Queixalós 2000:13
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Queixalós 1988
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes		Queixalós 1988
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		Queixalós 1988
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Queixalós 1988
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	five 'hand', four comes from 'accompany'	Queixalós 1988
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no	Above 5, however, exact quantities are not typically referred to.	Queixalós 1988	There exist numerals up to 10, but they are very rarely used, and often muddle the meanings of the sentences. In fact, only numerals up to 3 are commonly used.
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no	rarely used	Queixalós 1988
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	yes	on nominal	Queixalós 1998:82-83
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes	Masculine and feminine, as well as neuter.	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:15; Queixalós - 2000:8-9
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		yes	Masculine and feminine, as well as neuter.	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:15; Queixalós - 2000:8-9
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:8-9
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no	only an affix is used	de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:206
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes	small class	Queixalós 1998:84
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:5
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	yes		Queixalós 2000:162
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes		Queixalós 2000:162
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	yes	ex: xáne (to eat), pexáejawa (food, "n" dropped)	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:93
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no		Queixalós 2000:69
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:20; Queixalós - 2000:35, 131-132, 294-298
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:20; Queixalós - 2000:35, 131-132, 294-298
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no	possesive marking on VPs or stands alone	de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000: 294-298
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes		Queixalós 1998:41
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	yes		Queixalós 1998:42
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no	No apparent distinction.	de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no	No apparent distinction.	de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000: 294-298
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000: 294-298
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		de Kondo 1985
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	yes	not apparent when using diphthongs or triphthongs	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985: 9-10
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1)- 1985: 9
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no	no core case marking	Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no	no core case marking	Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no	no core case marking	Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no	no core case marking	Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no	no core case marking	Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no	there is a content question word ("détsa" (de Kondo); "de" (Queixalós)) which occurs before the question, but the order of the sentence itself is unchanged	de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:22
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no info		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no info		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:2-25
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes	Always occur, even when free NPs are present.	Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		Queixalós 2000
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes	subjects are suffixed	Queixalós 2000:575-576
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes	objects are prefixed	Queixalós 2000:575-576
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes		Queixalós 2000: 575-576
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes		Queixalós 2000: 575-576
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	yes		Queixalós 2000: 575-576
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no	different prefixes for possession	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:20; Queixalós - 2000:2-26
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	no	either the agent or recipient are assumed to be 3s, so only two verbal markings end up being used	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:50; Queixalós - 2000:136-137
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	yes	both are prefixed to verb	Queixalós 2000:576
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:136-137
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no	No apparent reciprocal is used.	de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	yes	Verbal prefix.	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:48; Queixalós - 2000:206
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes		Queixalós 2000:128
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:122
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:122
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes	"-yaba" used significantly less often (de Kondo)	de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	yes	Causer gets first reference; verb "exana" (meaning "to make") is serialized with initial verb(s), and verb serialization then takes -ø marking for causer	de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	no	same affix for past and present;usually inferred from the context of the sentence	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000:218
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000:218
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000:218
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes		Queixalós 1998:287
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:83
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no	no evidence of evidentials	Queixalós 1998, 2000
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no	no evidence of evidentials	Queixalós 1998, 2000
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no	no evidence of evidentials	Queixalós 1998, 2000
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	no	no evidence of evidentials	Queixalós 1998, 2000
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no	no evidence of evidentials	Queixalós 1998, 2000
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no	no evidence of evidentials	Queixalós 1998, 2000
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		no	no evidence of evidentials	Queixalós 1998, 2000
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no	no evidence of evidentials	Queixalós 1998, 2000
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no	no evidence of evidentials	Queixalós 1998, 2000
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no	no evidence of evidentials	Queixalós 1998, 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no	two injunctive suffixes	Quixalós 2000:295
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	yes	Verbal prefix (3s), functions as object marker of transitive verbs.	de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:46; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	no info		Queixalós 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:18; Queixalós - 2000:348-349
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:18; Queixalós - 2000:348-349
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:18; Queixalós - 2000:348-349
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:18; Queixalós - 2000:348-349
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:18; Queixalós - 2000:348-349
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:18; Queixalós - 2000:348-349
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes	Not an affix.	Queixalós - 2000:20
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	yes	author calls them factual/virtual	Queixalós 2000:575-576
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no	SOV preferred	Queixalós 2000
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Queixalós 2000
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Queixalós 2000
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Queixalós 2000
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Queixalós 2000
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:49-206
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:49-206
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes	Adjectives have their own class, but function most often as prenominal affixes (especially with animate/intimate nouns).	de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26
Word Order	Num-Noun		no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26
Word Order	Noun-Num		yes		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	yes		Queixalós 2000:232
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no		de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4; Queixalós - 2000:2-26
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	yes	Nominal prefixes on subject create the entire clause (show as one word).	de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:4
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:44; Queixalós - 2000:387-400

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