| Cahuilla |
|
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|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
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|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
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|
|
| Serrano |
|
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|
| Kitanemuk |
|
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|
| Kawaiisu |
|
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|
| Timbisha |
|
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| Western Mono |
|
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|
| Chemehuevi |
|
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|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
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| Southern Ute |
|
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| Shoshone |
|
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| Comanche |
|
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| Idaho Shoshone |
|
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| Northern Paiute |
|
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| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1993: 33 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Allin says that adjectives contrast with other parts of speech, although he does note that they co-occur with nominal and verbal word-level suffixes. |
Allin, 1976: 193 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 25 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 142 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520, Shauer, 1978: 44 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Mosonyi suggests a class of adjectives distinction from verbs, on the basis that adjectives take cross-referencing suffixes, while verbs take both suffixes (O) and prefixes (S, A). This may be better described as an active-inactive alignment system. Howev |
Mosonyi, 1987: p 55-56 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
Adjectives are formed by taking a word from a different word class and adding an adjectivizing affix (which varies based on semantic goal). |
Santos 2006:176 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
They are rare. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 72 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Adjectival function accomplished through use of classificatory nouns (CNs) or descriptive verbs. |
Facundes, 2000: 432-344 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
very small class of adjectives |
Mihas 2010:143 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-35 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:52-60 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p156 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 310-311 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
However, this category only has four lexemes. This undervied adjectives seem to have a derived historical origin. |
Brandão 2010:22 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:14 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:118 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
small class of adjectives |
Patte 1989:59-61 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
The adjectives are classifiers. |
Seifart - 2005:77-103 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
"There are no adjectives. Only nouns occur to modify nouns in noun phrases" |
Abbott 1991: 128 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
It seems that the class of (underived) adjectives in Panare is very restricted in number. |
Payne 1993:134 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 253, 254 |
|
Most adjectives, however, are derived from other parts of speech. |
|
| Guna |
yes |
small class (e.g. bipi 'small') |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
small class |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:19-20 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Bourland 1976:55 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Alphonse 1956:4, Quesada 2008:54-7 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
small class |
Queixalós 1998:84 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:137-8 |
|
There are about 40 underived adjectives |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Aguirre 1999:43 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1974:73-8 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:462 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 187-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Rojas:179 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
it seems that there are underived adjectives based on the examples |
Parker 1965:33, Perroud 1973:25 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
However, Faco Soares (1990:86-87) shows that uderived adjectives exist |
Montes 2004:162 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:187 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p296 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 216 |
|
These are the qualifying adjectives and others mentioned in Deza Galindo (1992: 86,87). |
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
|
Goncalves 2011:294 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.41-44 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
little info, but there seem to be a few, e.g. 'small' |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
small set of roots that never occur with verb endings but only classifers |
Miller 1999, p. 51 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
small class of adjectives distinct from nouns and verbs |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 124 |
|
The class of nonderived adjectives is small. Among the adjective roots are ape- 'other', bɨkɨ- 'old (animate)', kai- 'entire, all', pedẽ- 'dry', etc. |
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 105 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.36-38 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
Barasano is a verb-adjective language, which is to say that there is a single set of roots which may take either regular verbal inflection and serve as predicates or may take nom, part., and classifiers and serve as modifiers in NP. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.24 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
While most of the adjectives are derived from verbs, there is a small set of (possibly borrowed?) underived adjectives. |
Wheeler - 1987:117 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
Adjectives appear to be underived, but this is not stated outright |
West and Welch 2004: 62-63 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
no true adjectives |
Lizot 1996: 32-3, Ramirez 1994: various examples |
|
Terribly confusing. There's not a lot of good, direct discussion of adjectives. They pretty much are only either verbs or get incorporated |
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
descriptive verbs are derived from verbs, quantifiers, however, are underived |
Borgman 1990: p. 209 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:308 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:194 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:55 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
|
Rossler 2008:106-123 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
author only discusses adj.-like VPs. Adj word class not apparent |
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes? |
|
54 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no? |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
96-99 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 25-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
18 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
334 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
212 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
3 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
n/a |
|
51-55 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
301 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
85 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
386 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
6 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
n/a |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
62 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
253 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
319 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
289-290 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
21 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
3 |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
84 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
72-73 Mathi Mathi, 185-187 Wati Wati |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
26 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
20 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
20 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
301 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 123-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
73 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 9 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
216 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
no? |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
3.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
18 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
159 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
very small/limited class |
Payne and Payne 1990:416 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
