Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Kakua

Family: Kakua-Nukakan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: cbv
Location: 0.89°, -67.57°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Bolaños, Katherine. Fieldnotes. Bolaños, Katherine. 2010. Kakua phonology: first approach. University of Texas at Austin. (MA thesis). Bolaños, Katherine. 2016. A Grammar of Kakua. LOT dissertations series.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar		missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	fǐt	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	wěm	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	jěbm	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	měm	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	kět	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	kǎn/kǎnʔ	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	ʧāʔ [be.above]	doubtful loan	Yucuna tʃa, Yagua ntʃa		See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	panʔmɨnt [and.so.like.this/ discourse marker; fᵂɨ̂bm [return]	unknown			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	niʔat	unknown	may be a calque of Tukanoan/Hup 'be-end/finish'		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	hĩʔ [noun suffix]	unknown			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	híʧa-kurúʔ [foot-cl:nucle]	unique			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body		missing			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	tɨ̂̃-hǔ̃ʔ [wood-ash]	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	=bǔ [locative case]	unknown			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	tã̂ʔ	doubtful loan	Baniwa t̪áma		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	jehěp	inheritance			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	ʧûw	unique			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	wṹrã-	unique			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	nɨmɁ=bǔ [be.below=LOC], dêj [go.down]	unknown	compare Puinave nom		See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	bɨdǐ- [be.big]	unique			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	ʧǎ̃k	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	ʔêj- [be.black-]	unique			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	mêp	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	pôh	unique	compare Hup pohow'		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body		missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	id/ idǐp	unique	compare Puinave -ut		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	hũʔ-daʔ [breast-cl.round]	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	kâwdiʔ-waj [heart-pull]	unique			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	ʔǐgŋ	unique			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body		missing			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	wébit	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	ʔǎbm-beh [go.up-go]	unknown			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	bab-at toliʔ-dãʔ [H&R]	unique			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	kɨ̂bɨʔ	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	hʉ̌j [arrive.here], hãwʔ3	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	pɨ̌b	unknown			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	job3op3-diʔ4 [H&R]	unique			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	hênaʔ [count/measure]	unknown			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	hɨ̃̌j	unknown			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	bûd, ʔib2 (H&R)	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	yěw-fwáp	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	wɨn	inheritance			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	bǎd	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna		missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	kej3hɨ̃b-dĩ4 [H&R]	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	ʔǔʔ	unknown			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	bâb	unique			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	maɁ-wǐʔ-kɨn-ni [water-not.exist-neg-adjvz]	unique			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	ʔeʔ-kan-ni [be.sharp-neg-adjvz]	inheritance			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	uh	inheritance			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	mũrĩ-ʧû [ear-cl.cover]	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	bak	loan	Nadahup: Hup b'ɔk; see below 'flower' Hup ɔ > Kakua a; Nukak term distinct		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	hěmɁ	unique			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	típ-daʔ [egg-cl.roud]	loan (into protolg?)	Nadahup		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	kibm-daʔ [eye/seed-cl.round]	unique			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	hunɁ	unknown			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	bɨ̌gŋ	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	jɨp3 [H&R]	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	jî	doubtful loan into proto-language	E Tukanoan, e.g. Desano ɨji; compare also Puinave ye		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	ʔíp	loan (into proto-language?)	Nadahup: Hup ʔíp		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	ʔɨm	doubtful loan into proto-language	Nadahup: Hup ʔɔm		See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	júk-dup [hair-cl.long.thin.pointed]	semantic shift	hair		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	têjʔ-ʧôa [hand-nail?] 'ʧôa' seems like a borrowing, no /o/ in native words	unknown			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	tɨ̂-kɨt [wood/fire-cl:log]	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	keh	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	dõh3 [H&R]	inheritance			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	ʧâ	loan	Nadahup: Hup c'ɔ; Hup ɔ > Kakua a; Nukak term distinct		See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	hǐh	unique			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	ʧǎwʔ, hej3 [H&R]	inheritance			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	híʧa	unknown			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	keʔe4 daʔ4 [H&R]	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	tɨ̂j	unique			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	hêʔa-hajʔ-ni	unique			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	beɁ	unknown			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	júk	unique			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	tejʔ	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	wâw-daʔ [head-cl.round]	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	hǔj	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	kawriʔ-daʔ/kawliʔ-daʔ [heart-cl.round]	unique			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	ʧǔd [be.heavy]	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	fwějʔ	missing			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	maw, pêwʔ [hit.against something]	unique			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	ʔɨ̌bm	unique			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	ʧẫʔ [to warm up in the sun or with fire]	unknown			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	dêdn-paʔ	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	na (verbal suffix) [H&R]	unique			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	dit [be.inside]	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	hodop3 tõp4 [H&R]	unique			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	tak	unknown			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	mâw	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	hêjʔ	inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	ʔîm	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	dêwʔ	unknown			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	nɨ̂w̃	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	wâj-mant [pull/put.together-side]	unique			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	wɨ̂-naʔ [leg-cl.tree.like]	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	lah-	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	wedǔna	doubtful loan	unknown		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body		missing			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	mam-daʔ [liver/pit-cl.round]	unique			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	dup [cl]	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	bɨƅʔ	unknown		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	ʧǎâ	inheritance			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	newěʔ	unique			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	dep	loan	Nadahup: Hup d'áp		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	widʔ	doubtful loan into proto-language, direction unknown	Nadahup wædhɔ, widhɔ		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	ʔín	loan into proto-language	Puinave, Nadahup		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	bak-hě [soil-mountain]	unique			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	haʔ	unique			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	wɨ̃t	unique			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body		missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	pèbʔ [be.near]	unique			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	bɨ̀t-	unique			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	hâp	unique			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	ʧēj	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	wîʔi-kan [not.exist/not.have-NEG], dĩʔ4kãd4 [H&R]	unique			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	wʉ̄:k	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	mâ [inanimate], beʔ-tǔaʔ [grow-approach]	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	bik	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	wãt	unknown			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	biʔ	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	tɨbɨ̌p [sickness], tɨ̌b [be.painful]	missing			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	kãk	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	mâw	missing			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	maʔ-bɨ̌gŋ- [water-fall-]	unique			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	dɨ̂-ni [be.red-adjvz]	doubtful loan	Nadahup: Hup dó; also Desano diari		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	hê-yet-man	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	namǎ	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	mâ-nat	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	mǔp/mǒp	unique			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	ʔùn	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	nih	doubtful loan (into proto-language?)	Tukanoan, e.g. Tukano nii 'say'; see also Quechua		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	tãk	unknown			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	ʔên	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	ʔěp	inheritance			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	tîw [shoot blowgun]	unknown			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	baʔ4-dĩ4	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	mɨh-pɨh, dad3 [H&R]	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental		missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ʧɨ̂d-	unique			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	ʧûw	unique			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	hêʔá	inheritance	compare Yucuna heʔetʃú		See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	ʔɨ̃̀w̃	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	bai-ni [small-adjvz?]	inheritance			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	ʧàw	unique			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	hũj	unknown	Nadahup	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body		missing			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	paʔ4, pãk2 [H&R]	missing			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	hẽʔ	unique			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	tah	inheritance			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	ɲɨ̌ʔ	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	kɨ̂j	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	nɨm	unknown			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	mâ [tree], --naɁ [cl.tree.like/stick], tõp [vein]	unique			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	hê-daʔ [stone-cl.round]	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	húbʔ	unique			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	yêw	unique			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body		missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	tʃala	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	jǎʔ	unique			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	pĩh	unique			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	kun	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	wɨp- [be.thick]; min [H&R]	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	fᵂîpi [be.thin] only for innanimates	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	hênaʔ hǔj [count-listen]	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	nin	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	bík-pêjʔ-kan-nit [other-?-neg-sg.inan]	unknown			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	wãnaʔ-	unknown			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	juʔ	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	ʔeno	loan	Arawak		See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	ʧêw	unique			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	nɨ̌ʔ	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	mǎw	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	hɨ̂dn [surround]	unknown		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	ʧenê-wa [two-pl]	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	ʔigŋ	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	ják-ʧɨ̂j [chop-step.on]	unique			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	maʔ	unique			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	hũ̌k-beh- [be.wet-go-]	unknown			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	dedê	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	dédn=bǔ	inheritance	same as 'where'		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	dédn=bǔ	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	bǎb-[be.white-]	unique			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	déʔè	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	hěʔbu [spouse]; hěʔbu-wili [spouse-cl.fem] ʔâ	unknown			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	hùʔat	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	mɨh-fwapa	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	jadn	unique			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	tèw	unknown			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body		missing			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	bɨ̂d-hɨm-ni [be.yellow-exist-adjvz]; měh-ni [be.yellowish-adjvz]	unique			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Classifier	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	How Collected	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	~běʔ	~běʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	1	0	0			0	1		secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.		mɨ̌ʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	wʉ̃w4	~wɨ̀w		inheritance		compare Puinave wou				underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing						missing		See Language page	1	0	0			0	0		Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	~bêw	ɁigǐɁ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	~bǎj'	~bǎjʔ		unique		derived from 'snake'?				derived		See Language page	2	0	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	tǎngap	~tûj		unique						no info		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae		no generic		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	~ûb	~Ɂûb		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	jǔ	jǔ		doubtful loan	Hup; see also Puinave	yěw				underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	dīī	dìi		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	jahǎʔ	jahǎʔ		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.		~jɨdɨ̌p		unique						missing		See Language page	2	1	0			0	0		floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	horaʔ	horaʔ		loan	East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo or Tuyuka)	ɔ̃lɛ				underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	~dʉwˀ	nɨwʔ		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Ocaina nõõɯ̃	nõõï̃, nõã́ã́ʔɸiʔtʸa				underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.		~jèje-páh-tib-~da (seed-cl:round)		unique						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		febeʔ	febeʔ		unique	compare Puinave wip					underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala		ʔûj-daʔ fruit/ ʔûj-naʔ tree (Duguetia spixiana)		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba		~wɨ̌p		missing						missing		See Language page	2	1	0			0	0		Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	~dâlapdârap	~dâlap		unique						reduplicated		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae		jolě (Boinae)		loan	Arawak					missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)		pejěp-piɁ		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']		bɨ̀kɨ̀-daɁ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	weʔěp	wèʔép		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	kʉ̌j'	~hùab		inheritance						underived		See Language page	2	0	0			0	0			yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	dǎdaʔ	dâdaʔ		doubtful loan	Cubeo tata(-roco)					underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	~bʉh-hiwi	mɨ-hiwi [river-tapir],		calque; loan (into protolg?)	East Tukanoan; Arawak	East Tukanoan and/or Hup; river-tapir; alternative word ketʃo is inheritance				compound		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.		jáj		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	kǎd	kǎdɁ		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	kiʔ	~kǐk		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.		dét-wawǎ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	fít-tâ	fít-tâ, tudãʔci		unknown; inheritance						no info		See Language page	1	0	0			1	1		secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	talap	tàlap		loan	Hup? Jivaroan? cf. Arawak *taparutu	darap; see also Jivaroan				underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	tiʔ	tiʔ		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	hǐʔ	hǐʔ		unknown						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	pâb	jɨ̂j		unknown						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	1		secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	~jákoʔ	~jákoɁ		unknown		seems like a semantic shift. Nukak has the same word meaning tortoise				underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	dîgip	dîgip		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	wʉbʉt	mɨh ʔɨ̃̂j (crax blumenbachii), wɨbɨɁ bákaɁ (Nothocrax urumutum); ʔɨ̃̂j dɨjʧã babni (crax fasciolata)		doubtful loan; unknown	Yucuna wepana	see 'guan'				underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	~wǎ	~wǎ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna			wã̌:		inheritance								See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	~bʉ-~hiw [house-jaguar]	~bɨ-hiw [house-jaguar]		semantic shift/calque	from jaguar + ?	house-jaguar				compound		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna			mʉ̃:-hĩw [house-jaguar]		unique								See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	hja-~bʉ:-~hiw	hja-~bɨ-hiw [forest-house-jaguar]		unique		forest-house-jaguar				compound		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	hǔp	hùp		unknown						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family		~baɁ-búbɁ		loan	Hup					missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.		~bǔd-daɁ		unknown						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	wʉ̂d'	~jêw-~dí (electric eal); wɨ̂dʔ (eal, not electric)		unknown		also ɲêwní (~jêw-~dí)				underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	dʉ-wa	dɨ̀p-~wa		unknown						no info		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		keh	keh		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	~dud'	~dûdɁ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	kǔluʔkǔruʔ	kǔluʔ/kǔruʔ		unique						reduplicated		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana		~bɨh-wáʔ		unknown						missing		See Language page	1	0	0			0	0		widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	hiw-pâ	hiw-pâ		unknown		jaguar-?				compound		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	jilip	jìlip		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans		míp		unknown						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	~bâliʔ	~bâliʔ		loan	North Arawak	e.g. Baniwa máaɺi				underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti		~dêjɁ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.		wɨbɨʔ (penelope obscura bridgesi)		unknown		see 'currassow'				underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola												See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi		kâpi		loan - WW	%kaapi	Wanderwort, Tukanoan, Arawak, Hup, etc.				underived		See Language page	1	0	0			1	0		semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	haw	haw		unknown	cf. Puinave hu					underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	belǔ	bèlu		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus		~kâk-dɨ̌w=ni (person-carry-nmlz)		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	kãw	~kâw; tub-~di (hurt-adjvz)		doubtful loan; inheritance	Hup	kɔw; also tubm-ni to.feel.pain-ADJV? 'to be spicy'				underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	jugǔ	jugǔ		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	bûʔ-jup	bûʔjup		inheritance		arara-?				phrase		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	~bâjaʔ	~bâja		loan - WW	%maɲaʔo	Witoto or Bora (Murui mááɲaʔo, Ocaina máánjaʔo)	WW	%mañaʔo		underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	pâh	pâh		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic		tɨ́p-~dit		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	~hiw	hǐw		inheritance						underived		See Language page	1	2	0			0	0			yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura		bɨ̌d		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra		jɨ̂j-piɁ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae		jâli		loan	Arawak, e.g. Tariana?					missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	~hâw	~hâw		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	jaw	jâwʔ		inheritance						underived		See Language page	1	1	0			0	1		Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	ho	hû		loan	East Tukanoan	East Tukanoan, e.g. Macuna, Siriano, Barasano oho-rika				underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	keh-beʔ	keh-beʔ [fish-grow/augm]		unique		fish-other				compound		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	~tûj-daʔ	~tûj-daʔ [manioc-cl.round]		unique		manioc-cl.round			Broader (manioc generic)	underived	daʔ = round	See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	~tûj-daʔ	~tûj-daʔ [manioc-cl.round]		unique	generic term	manioc-cl.round			Broader (manioc generic)	underived	daʔ = round	See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa		~Ɂɨ́h		unknown						missing		See Language page	2	1	0			0	0		Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	~jejěh	jɨbɨ		inheritance						reduplicated		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera		ʧèj-dâdaʔ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	~dʉ̌j'	ʧâwʔ		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	~bubu	múmuɁ		unknown						reduplicated		See Language page	0	2	0			0	0			no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis		~wed		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	~jâ-~dep	~jâ-~dep		unknown		opossum-?				compound		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes		pɨbɨp		loan - WW	%pupu, via Hup?	Hup/Yuhup pǝpǝp or Tukanoan, e.g. Bara bɨ'pɨpa; but note probably also onomatopoeic	WW	%pupu		underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	keb	kěbm		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.		~dêliɁ		unknown						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	~dʉw	~ʧêj-~dɨ́w		unknown						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	~jah	~jǎh		unique						underived		See Language page	1	0	0			0	1		Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea		~bad-ji-~da-~daɁ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	mɨ	mɨ	chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes sp.)	unique		chontaduro-cl.treelike				underived	naʔ = tree.like	Bolaños 2016: 153	2	1	0			0	0			no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	j'ʉ̂	ʧɨ̂		doubtful loan (into protolanguage?) - WW	%tʃihõ	see Huambisa tʃiu				underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae		~dǎt		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	[coendou bicolor- bicolor-spined porcupine]	ʔî [coendou bicolor- bicolor-spined porcupine]		unknown						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum		kɨ̌d-daʔ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas		kɨ̌d-daʔ		doubtful loan into protolanguage	Bora	kʰɯni				underived	daʔ = round	See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae		ʧawɨ́Ɂ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	dawâ	dâwɁaɁ		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	dʉw	dɨ̂w		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua		~wɨ̌p		missing						missing		See Language page	2	1	0			0	0		mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	wud	wǔd		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	~bāp	~bàp		unknown						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	~j'ʉ̂j'	~ʧɨ̂j̃ʔ		doubtful loan	East Tukanoan	e.g. Siriano sɨ̃ɨ̃ĩ́ ['snail' is widely borrowed]				underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		~bâj	~bâj		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox		bûp-~pi (Bothrops atrox); Ɂít-~hɨ̂ (Bothrops jaraca ferdelance viperidae); jɨ̂jɁ (Bothrops asper)		missing						missing		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.		keh-beɁ-~wɨ́d-at ('fish-grow-die-nmlz' Pseudoplatystoona fasciatum)		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	hâgap	hâgap		unique						underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.		jujǔ-daɁ		unknown						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	bâlaʔ, bâraʔ	bàlaʔ		unknown						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	~pêjep	~pêjep-tɨb-~di (stingray-hurt-adjvz)		unknown		also means 'clay pan'?				underived		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	esp. 'wild yam'	~juwá-daʔ; ~bábu [esp. wild yam]		inheritance						underived	daʔ = round	See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	hiwi	hiwi		unique						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	idǐp-~hěb'	pûduɁ/ idǐp-hěmɁ (bone-eat)		unique		bone-eat				compound		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	dʉw-jí	dɨ̀wjí		unique		tick-blood				compound		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.		dɨ̌ʔ (Hoplias sp.)		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	~bʉh-baj	mɨw-hûni (tinamidae tinamous tinamiformes); mɨw-bòwrɨ (red winged tinamou); mɨw-wàw- ʧám-ni (tinmus major)		doubtful loan	Hup	mɔ̃h; may mean 'river-small'				compound		See Language page	0	1	0	not collected	N/A	0	0	traded for goods with westerners	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	kâká	kâká		unique						onomatopoeic		See Language page	0	2	0			0	0			no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	~hʉ̌p	~hɨ̌p		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Puinave	hǝp				underived		See Language page	1	0	0			0	1			no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	tʉh	tɨh		unique						underived		See Language page	2	1	0			0	0		Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	~dih	nih		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		~bâ-~daʔ	~bâ-~daʔ		unique						underived	naʔ = tree.like	See Language page	0	0	0			0	0			no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	wap	wǎp-Ɂêj-ni		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui		~bǐ		missing						missing		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0		native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	hiwǎʔ-wʉbʉʔ	hǔp		unique		forest-guan				compound		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	wiw	wǐw		doubtful loan	Hup/Nadahup 'bullet ant'					underived		See Language page	0	2	0			0	0			no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	wap-babǎʔ	wap-babǎ [machin-whitish]		unique		babaʔ 'whitish'				compound		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	koatá	koatá		loan - WW	%kowata	Wanderwort; see Cubeo kuata and Yagua kawota, Waimiri-Atroari kwata, Yucuna kuwata	WW	%kuata		underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	~bʉ̂	mɨ̀		inheritance						underived		See Language page	0	1	0			0	0			no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	pʉ:lʉt, pʉ:rʉt	pɨlɨt		unknown						onomatopoeic		See Language page	0	0	0			0	0		Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	ɲɨ̌p-at-dobʔ	ɲɨ̌p-at-dobʔ		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	ʧak-daʔ	ʧak-daʔ [axe-cl.round]	axe-cl.round	inheritance					Simplex	axe-cl.round	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	tib-bɨbʔ	tib-bɨbʔ		unknown					Compound	seed-lice?	can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	pamap-daʔ	pamap-daʔ [plate/bowl-cl.round]	plate/bowl	unknown	cf. %parapi				Simplex	plate/bowl-cl.round		See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	wɨʔ			Doubtful loan	Unknown			Compare Makiritari wɨ̄wa; Tuyuka pii; Yanomami wɨɨ	Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material		wʉʔ		unique								See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	wɨʔ-baj-ni	wɨʔ-baj-ni	small basket	unique					Phrase	basket-be.small-adjvz		See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material				missing								See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	ɲa-hâ-ʧû	ɲa-hâ-ʧû [?-lay-cl.cover/skin]		unique					Other complex	?-lay-cl.cover/skin		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	ʧɨ̂d-at-pâʔa	ʧɨ̂d-at-pâʔa [sit-cl.round-cl.flat.on.top]		unique					Derived	sit-cl.round-cl.flat.on.top		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	ʔɨ̌ʔ-naʔ	ʔɨ̌ʔ-naʔ		inheritance					Simplex	blowgun-cl.stick/tree.like	currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				missing								See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing							if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	ɲɨ̌p-at-tɨh	ɲɨ̌p-at-tɨh		unique					Other complex	throw.arrow-nmlz-hunt	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	tûdʔ-at-wawǎʔ	tut-daʔ-wawǎʔ [?-cl.round-cl.broom.like]		unknown					Other complex	?-cl.round-cl.broom.like		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	hãʔ-ʧû	hãʔ-ʧû [lie.flat.on.water/to.cover-cl.cover/skin]		unique				Compare Puinave haʔ	Derived	lie.flat.on.water-cl.cover/skin		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	piʧina	piʧina		loan - WW	%pisana	WW	%pisana	probably originally from Port bicho 'small animal'; compare E. Tukano, (e.g. Desano pisana); Arawak (e.g. Tariana pisána); Carib (Makushi pisana; Pemon pitʃana). But note Quechua 'broom' pitʃana	Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	mɨh-baj	mɨh-baj		semantic shift	from 'tinamou'				Phrase	river/arm-small		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	mǎ	mǎ		unknown					Simplex			See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology		yegěʔ-ʧû [clothes-cl.cover/skin]; hãʔ-ʧû		unknown								See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool		baw-at dã (H&R)		missing								See Language page
coca			narcotics	fít-tâ			Doubtful loan	Tukanoan			Maybe Waimaja source	No info			See Language page
cook food			food				Missing								See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				missing							malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	ʔew		sing, dance (?)	Unknown					Simplex			See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	telǔ-dubʔ	telǔ-dubʔ		inheritance				thorn from the patabá palm from which these darts are built	Other complex	Patoa.spine-clːthin.pointed.long	hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	bè-ʔid	bè-ʔid		unknown				Also: hũyu	No info		In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing								See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	yǎk-at-daʔ	yǎk-at-daʔ		unknown				Also pẽd daʔ(H&R)	Derived	to.pound/smash-nmlz-clːround		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing							Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	pêb-pat	pêb-pat		doubtful loan	see Bora, Carib, Yagua pepet- forms				No info		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	waw-kâg-at-hɨ̂dɨ	waw-kagaʔ-hʉ̂dʉ [head-to.put.on.top-circle]		unique					Phrase	head-to.put.on.top-circle		See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	wâyat-hɨdɨʔ	wâyat-hʉdʉʔ [?-keep/hold]		unknown					Other complex	?-keep/hold	may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture		babʔ-ni		loan	Hup 'be companion'						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology	ʧā̃p	ʧā̃p		unknown					Simplex			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing								See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	tɨ̀-kɨt	tʉ̃̂; tɨ̀-kɨt		inheritance					Compound	fire-clːtree.log		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	hɨ̃h	hɨ̃h		unique					Simplex	barbasquear		See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	waj	waj		unknown				Literally 'pull'; same semantic overlap found widely among Vaupes languages	Simplex			See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	nunt			Inheritance				Also hɨ̃h-at	Derived	fish.w.timbo-nmlz		See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	tõp	tõp		unknown					Simplex			See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	měj	měj		unknown					Simplex			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	ʧɨ̌jʔ	ʧɨ̌jʔ		unknown					Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	bêgep	bêgep		doubtful loan	East Tukanoan; see also Resigaro			Also bektʃi (H&R). Compare Ocaina bióóhxa; Resigaro peégi	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	ʧîw	ʧîw		unique					Simplex		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	neɲěp	neɲěp 'animal'	animal	unknown					Simplex		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology	wẫʔ			Unknown				Also keni; Compare East Tukanoan, e.g. Tukano we'é	Simplex			See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology		henaʔ-huj-ka-ni [?-listen-neg-advjz?]		unique								See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool		pẽje3 tʃo2, bõjʔ3 tʃo2 'gourd' (H&R)		unique								See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	dup-naʔ	dup-naʔ [cl.long.pointed-cl.treelike]		unknown							esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	kâjaʔ	kâjaʔ		loan	East Tukanoan, prob. Cubeo				Derived	probably lexicalized from 'kâg-at' put.on.top.of-nmlz		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	pêɲep	pêɲep		unknown					Simplex		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	tɨa-naʔ	tɨa-naʔ		calque	from 'fire'			tɨa comes from tɨ 'fire.wood'	Simplex	gun-cl.stick/tree.like		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	maʔ	maʔ		doubtful loan	North Arawak	WW	%amaka	Occurs in Arawak, Macaguan, Kakua (?), Urarina (?), Aguaruna. Taylor 9157 argues that origin is in Arawak 'sleep-NMLZ'	Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	ʃombero			missing	Spanish				Simplex			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology		pʉ̂wt		unknown							Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing								See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	belú-mak	belú-mak		unknown				Compare Ticuna beɾuɾe	Compound	bee-liquid	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other		mɨ		inheritance								See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	tɨh	tɨh		unknown					Simplex			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	ʔĩbat-dubʔ	ʔĩbat-dup [metal-cl.long.thin.pointed]		unknown	calque Nukak?				Derived	metal-cl.long.thin.pointed		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				missing								See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	ʔĩbat-naʔ	ʔĩbat-naʔ [metal-cl.tree.like]		unique					Derived	metal-cl.tree.like		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	kâh-at-daʔ	kâh-at-daʔ		unique					Derived	smash-nmlz-clːround		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport		menat-naʔ[paddle-cl.tree.like]		unique								See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology		keniʔ										See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	pelât-maʔ-ã	pelât-maʔ-ã [flute-cl.tree.like-dim]		doubtful loan	Cubeo			See also Baniwa pʰeeɺóma	Other complex	flute-cl.tree.like-dim		See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	papelaʔ			missing	Nheengatu?	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	kâh-at-naʔ	kâh-at-naʔ		unique					Derived	smash-nmlz-clːstick/tree.like		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	puh-at-dubʔ			Unknown								See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other		puh-at-dubʔ		unknown								See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	pamap-daʔ	pamap-daʔ [plate/bowl-cl.round]	plate/bowl	unknown	cf. %parapi				Simplex	plate/bowl-cl.round		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing								See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	ʔitaʔ-wâm	ʔĩtãʔ-wam [metal-pot]		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Puinave wãm				Compound	metal-clay		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	yú-tat-daʔ	yú-tat-daʔ		unknown				Also dotdaʔ(H&R)				See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	wɨ̌̃h	wã̂; wɨ̃h		doubtful loan, direction unknown	Hup			Also wã̂ 'brea' (black resin made from tree bark); Compare Hup wɔ̃h	Simplex			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture		tɨt2 [H&R]; tõp [vine]		loan	Nadahup: Hup tɨt							See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	nɨm-ni	nɨm-ni		unique				Also ʧûj-ʧǎʔ 'salt.plant-clːlong.leaves'	Derived	be.salty-adjvz		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	escuela			loan	Spanish				Simplex			See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	pɨ̂wt	pʉ̂wt, ʧā̃p		unknown					Derived	From pɨ̂w-at 'have coca in mouth; ball in cheek '+ nominalizer	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress				missing								See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material				missing								See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	hja-diʔ-bǔ	hja-diʔ-bǔ		unique				same term used to mean "guerrillero"	Phrase	forest-non.subj-loc; 'those from the forest'		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology				missing								See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	hũag-at-naʔ	hũag-at-naʔ		unique					Derived	hurl-nmlz-clːtree.like/stick		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing								See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	numu-kuʔ	numu-kuʔ		unknown	Hup?			Compare Andoke, ñeemi; Hup, nǔh ; Dâw, nǔh;Nadeb RN, nuːh	No info			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing								See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	dì	dì		unknown					Simplex			See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	maʔ-patǎ	maʔ-patǎ		unknown					Other complex	water-?	agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				unique								See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	mɨ̌-nɨ̂w	nɨw [leaf]		unknown				Compare Hup, Tukanoan	Compound	house-palm.leaf(type?)		See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	maj-piʔ	mãj-piʔ [anaconda-vine]		unique					Compound	anaconda-liana	word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	hɨ̌p			Inheritance					Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing							use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool	kâjaʔ	kâjaʔ		unknown					Derived	probably lexicalized from 'kâg-at' put.on.top.of-nmlz	agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	manji	manji		unique					Simplex		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other				missing								See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	dut	dut		unknown				Doubtful inheritance	Simplex		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology	hũʔ-wãʔ	hũʔ-wãʔ		unknown					No info		a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info	I was thinking that maybe in serialization the verb 'go' is encoding more like a diectic emphasis. Also, when verbs become markers of an action like 'to do repeatedly' should we consider this here?	Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no		Bolaños fieldnotes	don't know this yet
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	1	non subject	Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	no	innanimates optionally marked when occuring with animate. Obligatorily marked when with innanimate	Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	2	animate/inanimate	Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	one=one, two=two+be.accompanied, three= two+three	Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no info	they do go up to 20 but are just additions to the basic system. And I also wonder if this strategy is induced through contact (from ET for example?)	Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no	proclitics?	Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	yes	the boy's his dog'	Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	yes	consider proclitic as the indefined?	Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes	either with possesive marker, or with proclitic when indefined possesor	Bolaños fieldnotes
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes	/g/ doesn't occur onset.
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes	tone is a prosodic feature
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no		Bolaños fieldnotes	don't know the answer for this yet
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes	subject marked on verb by proclitics	Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes	proclitics	Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no	subjects must be marked on verb construction, even if 3rd person	Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no info	I'm not sure about this yet, but this far I think that the 'verbalizer' marker on the noun, when appearing in the verbal construction it indecates causative.	Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes	attached to the verb construction	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	yes	not sure yet	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes	attached to the verb construction	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	no	in serial verb contructions, though, when movement there is always 'go' or 'come' to indicate the direction of the movement	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no	visually acquired info is not marked. Plain form of sentence	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	yes	same as reported	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no	there is one morpheme specifically for negative imperative, but not for imperatives. Imperatives are formed by marking 2sg. Proclitic on the verb and reduplication of the last vowel of the stem of the verb.	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes	negation in imperative must also have the regular negation marker	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no	not sure yet	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no	not sure yet	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no	not sure yet	Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no	preference for OV: (S)O(S)V(S)	Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no info		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Noun-Num		no		Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	no info	not sure yet	Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no info	not sure yet	Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no info	not sure yet	Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no info	not sure yet	Bolaños fieldnotes
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Bolaños fieldnotes

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
200	small	HG	low	mobile	Interfluvial

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