| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No indication of fusion. |
Allin, 1976 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
Verbal synthesis, but all categories marked with separable morphemes. |
Galindo, 2002: 156-178 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
The person marking suffixes vary depending on the tense/aspect of the verb, although tense/aspect may be marked with additional morphemes as well. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: 800-801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
Tense and evidentiality are fused, (and interrogative fused with tense/evid). Aspect, mood, aktionsart, degree all distinct morphology |
Aikhenvald 2003, 254, 288 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
The only fused categories are person/number |
Facundes, 2000: 271 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:12 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-42 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
person and number are combined in verbal affixes |
Duff-Tripp 1997:71-9 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
"The degree of fusion is extremely low in Baure." |
Danielsen 2007: p83 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 249 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:161 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
tense, aspect, mood |
Seifart - 2005: 61 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
certain forms involve marking both agent and patient |
Hall 1988: 151 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
person-markers, aspect, tense and number |
Abbott 1991: 113 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
Tense, person, and grammatical function are fused into prefixes |
Gildea 1989:9 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 105 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:60-104 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99-145 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
person, number, tense, aspect, modality, function (agent/patient) |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:42-43 |
|
only 1S, 2S, 3S, 3Inclusive for person |
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
Some third person markers are fused with tense markers. |
Overall 2007:329-30 |
|
However, this is a very peripheral feature of the grammar since fusion only occurs in suffixes marking 3rd person and TAM under certain circunstances |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:8-14 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
However, situation in which first person acts upon second person in which a single verbal suffix /-iki/ marks both subject and object. This is the only case of verbal fusion I have found. So, fusion is limited to this suffix only. |
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
Verb can combine tense and person in a single portmanteau morpheme |
Fleck:395 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
They seem to mark mood, person and number by a single portmanteau morpheme which varies according to those dimensions. |
Salas 1992, p.107 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
person, number and mood are marked by a single portmanteau verbal morpheme |
Rojas:168 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
But this is highly restricted in the language. There are only three suffixes which do this. |
Parker 1965:24, 47-57 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
More likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-492 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
At least person and tense/aspect are fused in verbal markers |
Loewen 1954:62 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
only found with reality marking modals and directionals. Irrealis fuses with directionals to make 3 distinct forms |
Landaburu 1979: 194-195 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p276-292 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 125 |
|
Aymara shows things like tense and person/number by adding a suffix for each category to the stem. My sources do not indicate that any of those suffixes combine categories. |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.19-27 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
except for a few tonal morphemes |
Martins 2004:125 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
ex. Tense evidental markers carry information about tense, subject, and how speaker obtained this info |
Miller 1999, p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
e.g. nominalizer + gender |
Chacón 2012:234 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.38 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Verbal suffixes express emphasis, direction of movement, causation, benefaction, negation, contraexpection, aspect, tense-mood, and person-number. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.5 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.67-70 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:138-174 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 151 |
|
West and Welch analyze these as portmanteau, but Ramirez segments them. Tense/aspect and person/gender/animacy/number seem to be only two cases where categories are combined |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: p.240 |
|
The table on this page provides many examples of the most common verbal suffixes. While Ramirez doesn't state that there is no fusion, there is none indicated by this comprehensive table. |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-99 |
|
no fusional morphemes appear |
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
with certain evidentials |
Borgman 1990: 170 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
Aspect markers can also enconded number (of the subject) |
Everett 2006:278 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002:86-120 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
125 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 41 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
33-34 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
364 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
201 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
166-167 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
90-91 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no? |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
314 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
365 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
123, 127 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
407 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
300 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55, 246 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
69 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
no |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
82-88 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
118-158 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
21 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
326 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
no |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
no |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
202 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
218 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
915 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
no |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
no |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
but morphological fusion occurs on phonetic level |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
