Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)
- Category
- Morphology - General
- Notes
- Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Some third person markers are fused with tense markers. | Overall 2007:329-30 | However, this is a very peripheral feature of the grammar since fusion only occurs in suffixes marking 3rd person and TAM under certain circunstances | ||
| Alyawarr | yes | 49 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | yes | only found with reality marking modals and directionals. Irrealis fuses with directionals to make 3 distinct forms | Landaburu 1979: 194-195 | |||
| Apurinã | no | The only fused categories are person/number | Facundes, 2000: 271 | |||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | Yes | 202 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981:12 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 82 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | but morphological fusion occurs on phonetic level | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | yes | Verbal suffixes express emphasis, direction of movement, causation, benefaction, negation, contraexpection, aspect, tense-mood, and person-number. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.5 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | "The degree of fusion is extremely low in Baure." | Danielsen 2007: p83 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no | 0 | ||||
| Bora | yes | tense, aspect, mood | Seifart - 2005: 61 | |||
| Bularnu | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 125 | Aymara shows things like tense and person/number by adding a suffix for each category to the stem. My sources do not indicate that any of those suffixes combine categories. | |||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | e.g. nominalizer + gender | Chacón 2012:234 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | person, number, tense, aspect, modality, function (agent/patient) | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 38 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | ex. Tense evidental markers carry information about tense, subject, and how speaker obtained this info | Miller 1999, p. 64 | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 82-88 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | no | 169 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 69 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 55, 246 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | except for a few tonal morphemes | Martins 2004:125 | |||
| Eñepa | yes | Tense, person, and grammatical function are fused into prefixes | Gildea 1989:9 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 21 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:99-145 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 300 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 326 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 80 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 45 | 1 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:60-104 | ||||
| Ingá | no | However, situation in which first person acts upon second person in which a single verbal suffix /-iki/ marks both subject and object. This is the only case of verbal fusion I have found. So, fusion is limited to this suffix only. | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | |||
| Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 218 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Aspect markers can also enconded number (of the subject) | Everett 2006:278 | |||
| Katthang | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2007 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 407 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 123, 127 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | no | 108 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 118-158 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 365 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993:42-43 | only 1S, 2S, 3S, 3Inclusive for person | |||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:37-42 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | certain forms involve marking both agent and patient | Hall 1988: 151 | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.38 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | person-markers, aspect, tense and number | Abbott 1991: 113 | |||
| Mapudungun | yes | They seem to mark mood, person and number by a single portmanteau morpheme which varies according to those dimensions. | Salas 1992, p.107 | |||
| Marrgany | No | 314 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no? | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 97 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Verb can combine tense and person in a single portmanteau morpheme | Fleck:395 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.19-27 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 249 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 73 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | no | 32 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 42 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 0 | ||||
| Nhanta | yes | 90-91 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-99 | no fusional morphemes appear | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:8-14 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003:161 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Zarratea 2002:86-120 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 105 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Verbal synthesis, but all categories marked with separable morphemes. | Galindo, 2002: 156-178 | |||
| Pintupi | no | 166-167 | 0 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 8 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 201 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p276-292 | ||||
| Páez | yes | person, number and mood are marked by a single portmanteau verbal morpheme | Rojas:168 | |||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | But this is highly restricted in the language. There are only three suffixes which do this. | Parker 1965:24, 47-57 | |||
| Resígaro | no | No indication of fusion. | Allin, 1976 | |||
| Ritharrngu | no | 74 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | with certain evidentials | Borgman 1990: 170 | |||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:138-174 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.67-70 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Tense and evidentiality are fused, (and interrogative fused with tense/evid). Aspect, mood, aktionsart, degree all distinct morphology | Aikhenvald 2003, 254, 288 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 42-3 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | no | 42 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | More likely not | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997: 151 | West and Welch analyze these as portmanteau, but Ramirez segments them. Tense/aspect and person/gender/animacy/number seem to be only two cases where categories are combined | |||
| Uradhi | No | 364 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:459-492 | ||||
| Wajarri | no | 101 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 33 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 915 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 45 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 33-34 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 77 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | yes | At least person and tense/aspect are fused in verbal markers | Loewen 1954:62 | |||
| Wayuu | yes | The person marking suffixes vary depending on the tense/aspect of the verb, although tense/aspect may be marked with additional morphemes as well. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: 800-801 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 41 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 111 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | yes | 74 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 125 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | person and number are combined in verbal affixes | Duff-Tripp 1997:71-9 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: p.240 | The table on this page provides many examples of the most common verbal suffixes. While Ramirez doesn't state that there is no fusion, there is none indicated by this comprehensive table. | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-69 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 70 | 0 |
| Language |
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