Nyulnyul

Family
Nyulnyulan
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
nyv
Location
-16.88°, 122.82°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (186)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar yarrad yarrad inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar yadiV yadiV inheritance
1sg yo eu grammar ngay ngay inheritance
2pl ustedes vocês grammar kore korre inheritance
2sg xx xx grammar djoe joe inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar iere yirra inheritance
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar ginjin_g kinyingk inheritance
above encima, arriba acima location galb kalb inheritance
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar belai belayi inheritance
alive gardi kardi inheritance
all todo todos other djaman jaman inheritance
and y e grammar a a inheritance
ankle tobillo tornozelo body melg melk inheritance
armpit axila, sobaco axila body -mbarrm -mbarrm inheritance
ashamed xx xx mental kar'djen ma'djan karr'jen ma'jan semantic shift
ashes xx xx environment gadjod kajod inheritance
at en, a em, a location -an_ -ang inheritance
back espalda costas body -i(g) -i(k) inheritance
bad mal mal quality reb rreb inheritance
belly barriga barriga body -(i)ng -(i)ng inheritance
below abajo, debajo abaixo location jumbin jumbin inheritance
big grande grande quality birndany, wurrunbardangk birndany, wurrunbardangk inheritance
bite morder morder body magetan makedan inheritance
black negro preto colour maarng maarng inheritance
blood sangre sangue body konbol konbol inheritance
blow soplar soprar body bo"" buu inheritance
blunt xx xx quality boṇ boṇ inheritance
bone hueso osso body kinyji XXngl vowel harmony fine, but why not kinyj? kinyji XXngl vowel harmony fine, bud why nod kinyj? inheritance
boomerang xx xx manufacture jib [t@ieban] jib [jeban] inheritance
breast pecho, seno peito body inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body ner magolan nerr makolan inheritance
burn quemar queimar environment maloran malurran inheritance
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body djaŋ jaŋ inheritance
child niño, niña criança human ba""be-nin_ baabe-ning inheritance
climb subir subir motion ma-wanjen ma-wanyen inheritance
cloud nube nuvem environment waden waden inheritance
cold frío frio quality bindj binj inheritance
come venir vir motion mad@ietan majedan inheritance
cook cocinar cozinhar impact mamaran mamarran inheritance
count contar contar mental mad@iombaran majombarran inheritance
cry llorar chorar mental -ngalg- [mangalgan] -ngalk- [mangalkan] inheritance
cut xx xx impact katz katz maman kadz kadz maman loan English
die/be dead morir morrer state mad@iemban majimban inheritance
dig cavar cavar impact mabugaran mabukarran inheritance
dingo/wolf fauna kurrird kurrird inheritance
dirty sucio sujo quality ŋōnbe ŋōnbe inheritance
dream soñar sonhar mental ma-bu""garen ma-buukarren doubtful loan into protolanguage
drink beber, tomar beber body magetan makedan inheritance
dry seco seco quality lalk lalk inheritance
dust polvo poeira environment barnd barnd inheritance
ear oreja orelha body nalebab nalebab inheritance
earth/soil tierra terra environment bo""r% buur inheritance
eat comer comer body yareweden [-wid-] XXgl we eat yarreweden [-wid-] inheritance
egg huevo ovo fauna lagor lakor inheritance
eye ojo olho body n@iem ^ nyem inheritance
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body poto bodo inheritance
fall caer cair motion mad@ialkan majalkan inheritance
far lejos longe quality ma.r ma.r inheritance
fat/grease grasa gordura body led; led; inheritance
father padre, papá pai kinship gobol kobol inheritance
fear miedo medo mental -jarg- [midierek] -jark- [midyerek] inheritance
feather pluma pena fauna bandel bandel inheritance
fire fuego fogo environment djun_g jungk inheritance
fish xx xx fauna wil wil inheritance
flow fluir fluir motion djoror jorrorr inheritance
flower flor flor environment bo""b buub inheritance
fly volar voar motion -birril- [ma-berelan] -birril- [ma-berelan] inheritance
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment lanen lanen inheritance
foot pie body nabala nabala inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora inheritance
good bueno bom quality laip layib inheritance
grow crecer crescer state mihiteo XXngl typo? XXgl get bigger mihideo inheritance
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body mogon mokon inheritance
hand mano mão body na'mala [-mala] na'mala [-mala] inheritance
head cabeza cabeça body -alm -alm inheritance
hear oír ouvir mental -likarr- [malegaran] -likarr- [malekaran] inheritance
heavy pesado pesado quality ramben ramben inheritance
hide esconder esconder motion -gad- [magetan] XXgl hide oneself XXngl should probably go under 'bury' -kad- [makedan] inheritance
hit golpear, pegar bater impact -dam- [ma-daman; ma'daman] XXgl to take aim, to hit, to aim at, beat -dam- [ma-daman; ma'daman] XXkl do dake ayim, do hid, do ayim ad, bead inheritance
hit (with hand) xx xx impact missing
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other ba:d baad inheritance
how? como como grammar missing
if si se grammar angad angad unknown
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location gadin kadin inheritance
intestines intestinos intestinos body bulg bulk inheritance
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body jabijab -ju- jabijab -ju- inheritance
kill matar matar impact -dam- -dam- inheritance
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental ma-leŋgen ma-leŋken inheritance
lake lago lago environment missing
laugh reír rir mental -gam- [makaman] XXgl to laugh, joke. -kam- [makaman] XXkl do laukh, joke. inheritance
leaf hoja folha environment bilibil; birlabirl bilibil; birlabirl inheritance
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body ŋalgarman ŋalkarman unknown
leg/foot pierna perna body midi midi inheritance
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ma-djalgen ma-jalken inheritance
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment binmag binmak inheritance
liver hígado figado body gaabir kaabir inheritance
long largo comprido, longo quality iwal iwal inheritance
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna mol [mul] mol [mul] inheritance
lung pulmón pulmão body barrij barrij inheritance
man/male hombre homem human wamb wamb inheritance
meat/flesh carne carne fauna marbar; pad@iad(a) marbar unique
moon luna lua environment gunyu(v)l kunyu(v)l inheritance
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship berai berrayi inheritance
mouth boca boca body naler -ler ^ nalerr -lerr inheritance
name nombre nome human nalaol nalaol inheritance
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body munggurn XXngl maybe a mistake mungkurn inheritance
near/close cerca de perto quality yangarn yangarn inheritance
neck cuello pescoço body nimanj nimany inheritance
new nuevo novo quality missing
night noche noite time ngimbir ngimbir inheritance
no/not no não grammar are arre inheritance
nose nariz nariz body -mi(r)l -mi(r)l inheritance
old viejo velho quality nyungurl nyungurl inheritance
one uno um number warinjerr warinjerr inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other bab -nyu- bab -nyu- inheritance
other otro outro grammar warl, war warl, war inheritance
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body binbal binbal inheritance
person/human being persona pessoa human missing
pimple xx xx body pandeet XXgl tumor bandid inheritance
rain lluvia chuva environment barrbEgun, gurlay, janjarl, rIrrar barrbEkun, kurlay, janjarl, rIrrar inheritance
red rojo vermelho colour werer werer inheritance
right/right hand derecha direita location/body djoron_g jorrongk inheritance
road/path camino caminho manufacture magarr [magar] makarr [makar] inheritance
roof xx xx manufacture [absent] missing
root raíz raiz flora garrinygam; nimal, nirlbun XXngl last one of these is 'bush onion' in Bardi karrinykam; nimal, nirlbun XXngl lasd one of dhese is 'bush onion' in Bardi inheritance
rotten podrido podre quality bi""n biin inheritance
sand arena areia environment barnd; baarnd barnd; baarnd inheritance
say decir dizer mental mad@ian majan inheritance
scratch rascar rasgar impact kede kede nanareo kede kede nanarreo unique
see ver ver mental -jal- [mad@ialan] XXgl see, be faithful -jal- [majalan] XXkl si, be fayidhful inheritance
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality gardj karrj inheritance
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact bany -m- bany -m- semantic shift
short corto curto quality roborr; ruburr roborr; ruburr inheritance
shoulder hombro ombro body gundijin; langarn; gulujunu kundijin; langarn; kulujunu inheritance
sit sentar(se) sentar state mijarl inin mijarl inin inheritance
skin piel pele body baden baden inheritance
sky cielo céu environment gurrwal kurrwal inheritance
sleep dormir dormir body mamulkan mamulkan inheritance
small pequeño pequeno quality mururl mururl inheritance
smell (tr/intr) xx xx body ma-bandjen ma-banjen inheritance
smoke humo fumaça environment bulgurn bulkurn inheritance
spit escupir cuspir body djibel jibel inheritance
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact baṛ m-aṛan baṛ m-aṛan inheritance
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact duly -w- duly -w- inheritance
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact m-aran m-arran inheritance
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state yalk -n- yalk -n- inheritance
star estrella estrela environment warrabalag warrabalak inheritance
steal robar roubar other lanyb -kal- lanyb -kal- inheritance
stone piedra pedra environment missing
suck chupar chupar body djonj jony inheritance
sun sol sol time waalg waalk inheritance
sweat sudar suor, suar body djudugur judukurr inheritance
swell hincharse inchar body -bukum- [mabugoman] -bukum- [mabukoman] inheritance
swim nadar nadar motion duburl XXngl probably goes with the 'fly' words duburl inheritance
tail cola, rabo rabo body niwarl niwarl inheritance
that ese/esa esse grammar ginyingk, bin kinyingk, bin inheritance
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality missing
thin delgado fino quality -ma- bardangak [maman badangak] XXgl lean on a stick -ma- bardangak [maman badangak] unknown
think pensar pensar mental -barribarri- [ma-barebaren] -barribarri- [ma-barrebarren] inheritance
this este/esta este grammar kinyingk kinyingk inheritance
three tres tres number irrjawar irrjawar inheritance
throat garganta garganta body nawang ^ nawang unique
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact -ngurl- -ngurl- inheritance
thunder truenos trovão environment jidam jidam inheritance
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact kirdkird -nyu- XXgl strangle kirdkird -nyu- inheritance
tongue lengua lingua body -(a)ngarl -(a)ngarl inheritance
tooth diente dente body jarringg jarringk inheritance
true xx xx quality niŋar niŋar unique
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other nolo man@ian nolo manyan unique
two dos dois number gujarr kujarr inheritance
vomit vomitar vomitar body -kanyb- [makenban] -kanyb- [makenban] inheritance
walk caminar, andar andar motion marriny -jid- marriny -jid- unique
water agua agua environment wu(r)l wu(r)l inheritance
wet mojado molhado quality gōbad kōbad inheritance
what? que, qué que grammar missing
when? cuando quando grammar -gar -karr inheritance
where? donde onde grammar anog anok inheritance
white blanco branco colour bulgar bulkar inheritance
who? quien, quién quem grammar angg angk inheritance
wife esposa esposa kinship malirr malirr inheritance
wind viento vento environment wanga(v)l wanga(v)l inheritance
wing ala asa body minbal minbal inheritance
woman/female mujer mulher human woriny woriny inheritance
work trabajar trabalhar other murrgu(v)l murrku(v)l inheritance
yawn bostezar bocejar body missing
yellow amarillo amarelo colour ber%al berral inheritance


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (139)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
agile wallaby, river wallaby flora-fauna Macropus agilis garabol [garrabul] garabol [garrabul] inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae mibalad, mibelad mibalad, mibelad unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian pelican flora-fauna Pelecanus conspicillatus jarlinymarr jarlinymarr inheritance underived? 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian snubfin dolphin flora-fauna Orcaella heinsohnii badjalbar badjalbar inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
baler shell flora-fauna Melo amphora yōd yōd unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
bandicoot flora-fauna Peramelemorphia missing 0 0 0 0 0
barn owl flora-fauna Tyto alba missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
barramundi flora-fauna Lates calcarifer karajarr karajarr unique underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp minyaminy minyaminy loan Karajarri WW %minyaminya reduplicated 0 1 0 0 0 no
bindii, caltrop flora-fauna Tribulus terrestris missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna karrambal karambel inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-breasted buzzard flora-fauna Hamirostra melanosternon missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-faced cuckoo-shrike flora-fauna Coracina novaehollandiae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-headed python flora-fauna Aspidites melanocephalus wolgodanj wolgodanj inheritance underived 0 2 0 0 0 no
black-soil yam flora-fauna Ipomoea diamantinensis missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bloodwood flora-fauna Eucalyptus (Corymbia) bleeseri gādj gādj inheritance underived 0 1 1 0 0 no
blowfly maggots flora-fauna Diptera, Sarcophagidae bi""n bi""n inheritance WW %pirniny underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
blue-tongue lizard flora-fauna Tiliqua species lungkurt lungkurt inheritance so lungkurta/lungkura in NGY os borrowed - inot proto NGY - WW %lungkurt underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
blue-winged kookaburra flora-fauna Dacelo leachii jarrjurr jarrjurr inheritance reduplicated partial 0 0 0 0 0 no
bluebone flora-fauna Choerodon cyanodus garedj garedj unknown underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
brolga flora-fauna Grus rubicunda kUdUlwa:ny [kudulwany] kUdUlwa:ny [kudulwany] inheritance underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
brown goshawk flora-fauna Accipiter fasciatus ganbalinj ganbalinj semantic shift cf oystercatcher in Bardi underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
brush-tailed possum flora-fauna Trichosurus vulpecula langgurr langgurr inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush cockroach flora-fauna (many species) garbin garbin semantic shift ‘shield’ WW %karrpin underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
bush stone-curlew flora-fauna Burhinus grallarius windog windok loan into protolanguage WW %wintuku underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
bush tobacco flora-fauna Lobelia quadrangularis missing missing 0 0 0 1 0 no
bush turkey, Australian bustard flora-fauna Ardeotis australis mun-gēra bakarr unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush yam flora-fauna Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata missing missing 0 1 2 0 1 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera bendebend bendebend inheritance reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
carpet snake flora-fauna Morelia spilota paninypor inheritance 0 1 0 0 0
caterpillar flora-fauna Lepidoptera missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
catfish flora-fauna (many species) barol barol inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna Chilopoda, Myriapoda raborrbil [rabarrbil] raborrbil [rabarrbil] inheritance derived 0 0 0 0 0 no
channel-billed cuckoo flora-fauna Scythops novaehollandiae mawaŋan unique missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
crested pigeon flora-fauna Ocyphaps lophotes waṛalal inheritance 0 0 0 0 0 no
darter/cormorant flora-fauna Anhinga melanogaster, Phalacrocorax species missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
death adder, five-minute snake flora-fauna Acanthophis praelongus missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 yes
dingo flora-fauna Canis familiaris dingo kurrird kurrird inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris iil, yi(r)l iil, yi(r)l inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae ŋagalaŋan, ŋagolaŋan ŋagalaŋan, ŋagolaŋan unique derived 0 1 0 0 0 no
dugong flora-fauna Dugon dugong wardabal XXngl irregular correspondence, final rr:l wardabal XXngl irregular correspondence, final rr:l inheritance underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
earthworm flora-fauna Annelida, Oligochaeta bininy bininy inheritance could be doublet with earlier occurrence of WW? WW %pirniny underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
emu flora-fauna Dromaius novaehollandiae wini wini inheritance cf. Gur. Winini 'emu chick' WW %wini underived 2 1 2 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna kumb(u) kumb(u) semantic shift underived 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
flower flora-fauna (NA) buub(u) buub(u) loan direction unknown WW WW %pupu underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera mungun mungun inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
flying-fox (generic) flora-fauna (many species) wadjon nimanbur inheritance NN/Nim underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus johnstoni gwane gwane loan Marrngu WW %kuwaniya underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater mussel flora-fauna Velesunio wilsoni missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
freshwater prawn flora-fauna Macrobrachium rosenbergii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
frill-necked lizard flora-fauna Chlamydosaurus kingii kuluman kuluman inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna (many species) gai gai gai gai unique reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
galah flora-fauna Eolophus roseicapilla pIlItypIlIty inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
turtle (generic) flora-fauna (many species) gurlibil gurlibil inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
ghost gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus papuana (Corymbia bella) missing missing 2 0 1 0 0 no
goanna (generic) or sand goanna flora-fauna Varanus spp baarni baarni loan direction unknown WW WW %paarni underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) maarr maarr loan with meaning change Worrorran WW %maarra underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Orthoptera laladj lalaj unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
great bowerbird flora-fauna Chlamydera nuchalis gēlj gēlj inheritance underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
green ant flora-fauna Oecophylla smaragdina missing missing 0 2 2 0 0 no
green sea turtle flora-fauna Chelonia mydas gulebil gulebil inheritance underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
green tree snake flora-fauna Dendrelaphis punctulata missing missing 0 2 0 0 0 no
head/body lice flora-fauna Pediculus capitis, Pediculus humanus wīṇg wīṇg inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus yawad yawad loan areal WW WW %yawarta underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
humpback whale flora-fauna Megaptera novaeangliae minimp minimp doubtful loan into protolanguage Bardi WW %miinimbi missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic djur% djur% inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
jabiru flora-fauna Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus lililil unique 0 0 0 0 0
jungle-fowl (scrub-fowl) flora-fauna Megapodius freycinet missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna Macropodidae burrug burrug inheritance underived 2 1 0 0 0 no
land snail flora-fauna Gastropoda gorimbodo gorimbodo unique derived 0 0 0 0 0 no
magpie goose flora-fauna Anseranas semipalmata missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
military dragon flora-fauna Ctenophorus isolepis, Diporiphora spp., Lophognathus spp. missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera nilangol nilangol inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
mud wasp, hornet flora-fauna (many species) molgororoŋ molgororoŋ unique derived 0 0 0 0 0 no
native bee flora-fauna (many species) djur% djur% inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
native cat flora-fauna Dasyurus missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
northern brown bandicoot flora-fauna Isoodon macrourus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
northern kurrajong flora-fauna Brachychiton diversifolius kawoorrkawoorr kawoorrkawoorr inheritance reduplicated 0 1 no? 0 0 no
nut tree flora-fauna Terminalia grandifolia yamdalŋor yamdalŋor inheritance derived 0 1 0 0 0 no
octopus flora-fauna Octopus australis murranginy murranginy unique derived 0 0 0 0 0 no
pandanus palm flora-fauna Pandanus spiralis manbaŋ manbaŋ inheritance underived 1 1 0 0 1 no
paperbark flora-fauna Melaleuca sericea, Melaleuca stenostachya bagarl bagarl inheritance NGY and others pakarli < proto-NGY *r>rl WW %pakari underived 0 0 1 0 0 no
peaceful dove flora-fauna Geopelia placida gologog gologog inheritance onomatopoeic 0 0 0 0 0 no
pearlshell flora-fauna Pinctada spp goan goan inheritance underived 1 1 0 0 1 no
peewee flora-fauna Gryllina cyanoleuca dindi dindi unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
pied butcherbird flora-fauna Cracticus nigrogularis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
pike eel flora-fauna Muraenesox arabicus djōg djōg inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna Mantodea gologoloman gologoloman inheritance reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
prickle bush flora-fauna Sclerolaena bicornis missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
quail (generic) flora-fauna Coturnix species, Turnix species missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
red river gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus camaldulensis missing missing 2 0 1 0 1 no
red-tailed black-cockatoo flora-fauna Calyptorhynchus banksi dareal dareal inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
riflefish, archerfish flora-fauna Toxotes chatareus missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
river mangrove flora-fauna Aegicera corniculatum missing missing 0 0 2 0 1 no
rock fig flora-fauna Ficus brachypoda missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
sacred kingfisher flora-fauna Todiramphus sancta missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
saltwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus porosus lingor lingor inheritance Walm linykurra WW %linykurra underived 2 2 0 0 0 yes
saltwater mussel flora-fauna Mytilidae missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
sawfish flora-fauna Pristis pectinata djineb djineb semantic shift cf Bardi stingray sp underived 1 0 0 0 0 yes
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna Arachnida, Scorpiones bān bān loan into protolanguage WW %PAARN WW %paarn underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
shark (generic) flora-fauna Selachimorpha lolol lolol inheritance reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 variable
shell (generic) flora-fauna giinyj giinyj inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 1 no
short-beaked echidna flora-fauna Tachyglossus aculeatus gamaran_anj XXngl W gamaran_anj XXngl W loan WW %kamaranginy underived 0 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna bulgun, juurr bulgun, juurr inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
snappy gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus brevifolia missing missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae marbad marbad unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
spinifex flora-fauna Triodia species maar maar loan with meaning change underived 0 0 2 0 0 no
spoonbills (yellow-billed spoonbill, black-billed spoonbill) flora-fauna Platalea flavipes, Platalea regia missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Dasyatidae yamban yamban inheritance perhaps with meaning change underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
stripe-faced dunnart flora-fauna Sminthopsis macroura missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
sugarbag wax flora-fauna missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
sulphur-crested cockatoo flora-fauna Cacatua galerita nalok nalok inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
swamp eel flora-fauna Ophisternon gutturale nigalbadan nigalbadan inheritance derived 0 1 0 0 0 no
swamp leech flora-fauna Annelida, Hirudinea djiner djiner unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tawny frogmouth flora-fauna Podargus strigoides bo~r%o~l bo~r%o~l bo~r%o~l bo~r%o~l inheritance reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
termite mounds, ant hills flora-fauna Isoptera tje'didjon tje'didjon inheritance derived 0 0 0 0 0 no
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna (many species) djilger djilger unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
ti-tree flora-fauna Melaleuca bracteata missing missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna Arachnida, Acarina mUrdUrl mUrdUrl inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tiger shark flora-fauna Galeocerdo cuvier missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 yes
torresian crow flora-fauna Corvus orru wangki(r)d wangki(r)d inheritance WW %wangkurri underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) bardangg bardangg inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
waterlily flora-fauna Nymphaea macrosperma wirrmangarrin wirrmangarrin unique underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
wattle flora-fauna Acacia difficilis gedeged gedeged unique reduplicated 0 0 1 0 1 no
wedge-tailed eagle flora-fauna Aquila audax waragan waragan loan into protolanguage may not be same root WW %walakurru 1 0 0 0 0 no
willie wagtail flora-fauna Rhipidura leucophrys dyindibereber [jindibirrbirr] dyindibereber [jindibirrbirr] loan into protolanguage WW WW %tyintipirri reduplicated 1 0 0 0 0 no
witchetty grub flora-fauna (many species) galbedjon galbedjon inheritance derived 0 1 2 0 0 no
woma flora-fauna Aspidites ramsayii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna bardangk bardangk inheritance
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna mibalad, mibelad mibalad, mibelad unique
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna karrambal karrambal inheritance
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna mukiny mukiny inheritance
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna iil, yi(r)l iil, yi(r)l inheritance
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna maarr maarr semantic shift
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna balingg balingk inheritance
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna djur% jurr inheritance
spider araña aranha flora-fauna marbad marbad unique


Cultural Vocabulary (111)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing
armband dress missing
awl subsistence tool waraŋaj loan Bardi WW %warankatyi
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool damiyon inheritance
bag (string) culture-material madaŋanar inheritance
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool languar inheritance
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material binjen inheritance
body feather decorations culture-mythology missing
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool jib [jeban] inheritance
boomerang (number 7) subsistence tool missing
boomerang (small) subsistence tool missing
bowl (coolamon) culture-material warndarl inheritance
broom escoba vassoura culture-material missing
canoe canoa canoa transport yanjelbarra loan Bardi WW %yandilybara
cicatrice culture-mythology lanbirr inheritance other word for ‘scar’
clapsticks culture-mythology kanbak loan into protolanguage
club (nulla-nulla) subsistence tool nawurl inheritance
cook food food -marra- inheritance
cook in earth oven food missing
damper food missing
dance (generic) culture-mythology borrb majan inheritance
digging stick subsistence tool -bugarr- [mabugaran] CHECK - verb not noun and wrong gloss!
dipper (small coolamon) subsistence tool missing
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology -pukarr- [mapukaran] CHECK - verb not noun
dreaming culture-mythology banmen loan WW %barnman
drone pipe culture-mythology bambu loan English WW %pampu
fire drill subsistence tool jimar unknown
fire-saw other jabarr inheritance
fireplace hogar lareira other lalb inheritance
firewood leña lenha other jungku doubtful loan
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool yelŋam inheritance
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food ma-banyden semantic shift
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food wile wile mawandan unique
fish (with spear) food missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool welewel loan Kriol WW %wilwili
fishtrap (permanent) subsistence tool mayurr; majukurr inheritance
fishtrap (woven) subsistence tool not used not used
flour (European) food missing
flour (bush) food not used not used
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food wi:rl; wirl inheritance
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology banbalk doubtful inheritance
glue subsistence tool missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology missing
grog food ka:ri loan areal WW %kari
hair belt dress ba:l inheritance
headband dress missing
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology jalngkangurr loan areal WW %jalngga
honey miel mel food moŋ semantic shift
house (European) other mayar, ba:rl loan areal WW %mayaru
hunt cazar caçar food ma-jolben inheritance
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology loan English ‘chop’ ?
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology la:j unique
knife cuchillo faca culture-material missing
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress wi:je unique
love song culture-mythology kaltyint unique
mangrove raft transport biyal biyal semantic shift
message stick culture-mythology missing
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool not used not used
nosepeg other warrangaj inheritance
paddle/oar remo remo transport borrej inheritance
ochre culture-mythology babakon [babakun] inheritance
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology -purr- [ma-porran] inheritance
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool missing
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other baib loan English WW pipe
public song cycle culture-mythology missing
red paint culture-mythology bidimarr inheritance
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool kem loan English
salt sal sal food ka:ri, karr loan Walmajarri
shelter (native) other missing
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology jerrm; nurl inheritance
song (for entertainment) culture-mythology liljin unique
spear lanza lança subsistence tool jinal loan WW %jinal WW not certain
spear (fighting) subsistence tool tyinal loan areal WW %jinal
spear (fishing) subsistence tool missing
spearthrower subsistence tool ngabaliny inheritance
speartip subsistence tool jimbil inheritance
string (from hair) culture-material burrurr inheritance
string (from vine) culture-material missing
sugar acculturation missing
tea food belebel semantic shift ‘leaf’
tobacco (European) narcotics jubak loan English
tobacco (native) narcotics missing
spirit child culture-mythology rai loan areal WW %raya
wax cera cera other wark inheritance
white paint culture-mythology missing
windbreak other missing
yandy (n) culture-material missing
school escuela escola acculturation missing
net subsistence tool missing
bottle botella garrafa acculturation barel loan English
paper papel papel acculturation mirlimirl loan English WW %milimili ‘mail’ ‘mail’
corpse food karrikan loan Marrngu
chicken gallina galinha acculturation missing
tree coffin culture-mythology mamida unique
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology missing
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress missing
medicine narcotics merejen loan English WW medicine ‘medicine’ ‘medicine’
earth oven food missing
policeman polícia policía acculturation limba semantic shift
cat gato gato acculturation mijaw loan Kriol
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation jirlaman loan Kriol WW %jinal
hat sombero chapéu dress jongor inheritance
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture meredj merej inheritance
bottom grinding stone manufacture [absent] missing
digging stick subsistence tool milgin milkin inheritance
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture dujuldujul -nyu- dujuldujul -nyu- unique
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture [absent] missing
spearthrower subsistence tool yongar yonkar loan into protolanguage
spear lanza lança subsistence tool djinal jinal inheritance
house other mayar, baarl mayar, baarl loan


Grammatical Data (295)
Category Grammatical Feature Grammatical Feature: Notes Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Phonology - Segmental Pre-/post-nasalized stops Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. no 0
Phonology - Segmental Glottalized/ejective consonants Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] no 0
Phonology - Segmental Palatalized stops Phonemic contrast yes 1
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic vowel length Does the language have long and short vowels? yes 1
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels no 0
Phonology - Segmental Complex onsets Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme yes 1
Phonology - Segmental No codas *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] no 0
Phonology - Segmental Word-final coda required Do all syllables end in a consonant? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive tones Note how many contrastive tones no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive stress Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Vowel harmony yes 1
Morphology - General Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] yes 1
Morphology - General Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes Stem change, tone no 0
Morphology - General Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word yes 1
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing There are many more prefixes than suffixes no 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing There are many more suffixes than prefixes no 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different yes 1
Morphology - General Reduplication: full The full morpheme is reduplicated yes 1
Morphology - General Reduplication: partial Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated yes 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive NN compounding Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced no info x
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV serialization (without compounding) Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection no info x
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV compounding Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word no info x
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' yes 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Auxiliary verb(s) There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs no info x
Morphology - Incorporation Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process Verb contains nominal segment no info x
Morphology - Incorporation Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns no info x
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classes/genders Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Number of noun classes/genders Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates Masculine, feminine, neuter no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system Animate/inanimate, human/non-human no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification "Repeater" classifiers Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Singular number may be marked on the noun Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural affix on noun no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by reduplication of noun no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural word/clitic no info x
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked on human or animate nouns only no info x
Nominal Categories - Number Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns no info x
Nominal Categories - Number Unique associative plural marker e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' no info x
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Definite or specific articles Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Indefinite or non-specific article or marker no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3sg pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3pl pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Formal/informal distinction in pronouns Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Reflexive pronouns e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Adpositions mark core NPs Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: number of cases Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: symmetrical All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: asymmetrical Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: suffix or postpositional clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: prefix or prepositional clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: infix or inpositional clitic yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: stem change no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: tone no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: comitative = instrumental Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-2 At least some part of the system involves base-2 no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-5 At least some part of the system involves base-5 no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-10 At least some part of the system involves base-10 no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Other base (specify) 4, 20, etc. no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 5 'Many' or some other non-exact term used yes 1
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 10 'Many' or some other non-exact term used yes 1
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no 0
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Person inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N alienable/inalienable? yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N alienable/inalienable? no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head e.g. 'the boy his-dog' yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Possessive classifiers There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of inalienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of alienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form no info x
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of kin terms 'my-father' but *father no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) 'my-leg' but *leg yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) no 0
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Underived adjectives There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco no 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb no info x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb no info x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb no info x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive verbalizing morphology There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective no info x
Nominal Syntax - Other NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated past marker(s) Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. distant vs. recent past no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. imminent vs. distant future no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: prefix yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: suffix yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect suppletion no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Polite imperative morpheme There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: affix on verb Inflectional marking of capacity to do something no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: verbal construction no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: other marking no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: affix on verb Modal expressing hypothesis no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: verbal construction no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: other marking yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Marking of expected/unexpected action or result There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal frustrative Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal habitual Modal expressing habituality no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Apprehensive construction There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Reality status marking on verbs There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Affect markers (positive/negative) Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative no info x
Verbal Categories - Directionals Directional elements affixed to the verb There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized visual Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized nonvisual Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized inferential Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized reportive Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized quotative Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Other evidential Any other evidential values not represented above no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: part of tense system Includes portmanteau morphs no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: separate particle no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: modal morpheme no 0
Verbal Categories - Verbal number Verbal number suppletion no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Social interaction markers Note the type of interaction no 0
Word Order No fixed basic constituent order yes 1
Word Order VS in intransitive clauses Verb precedes subject yes 1
Word Order VS in transitive clauses yes 1
Word Order VO in transitive clauses Verb precedes object yes 1
Word Order OS in transitive clauses Object precedes subject yes 1
Word Order Preposition-Noun no 0
Word Order Noun-Postposition or case suffix yes 1
Word Order Gen-Noun Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) yes 1
Word Order Noun-Gen Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') yes 1
Word Order Adj-Noun Adjective precedes the noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Adj Adjective follows the noun no 0
Word Order Dem-Noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Dem no 0
Word Order Num-Noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Num no 0
Word Order Noun-Rel Relative clause follows noun that it modifies no info x
Word Order Rel-Noun Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies no info x
Word Order Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') no info x
Word Order Relative clause is correlative or adjoined e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' no info x
Word Order Question word is clause initial 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: split More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking on intransitive verbs Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take object (P) markers yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Number can be marked separately from person on the verb Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Gender distinguished in verbal person markers For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: indirect object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: double object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: secondary object In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reflexive: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Passive Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Antipassive Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Other intransitivizing morphology There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: benefactive Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: other Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: prefix Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: suffix Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: serial verb or analytical construction Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated sociative Indicates that causer participates in event no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency no info x
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a preposed element Clausal negator is a preposed element no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a postposed element Clausal negator is a postposed element no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: affix Negatives: affix no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: particle Negatives: particle yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: auxiliary verb Negatives: auxiliary verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: double Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' no info x
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: interrogative particle Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle yes 1
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: verb morphology Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology no 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: word order Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) no 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: intonation only Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only no 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Content questions: word order differs from declaratives Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: verbal Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: nominal Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position yes 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Relativizer is a verbal affix no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) no info x
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions Grammaticalized verbal desiderative Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Clause chaining Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked switch-reference system There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence no info x
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have an iterative function? yes 1
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have a plural/pluractional function? yes 1
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘real’ X? no 0
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a distributive function? yes 1
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a pluractional function? yes 1
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have an iterative function? no 0
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘fake’ X? no info x
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘very’ X? no info x
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have ergative and instrumental syncretism? no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have a distinct genitive case? no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is the locative related to the ergative with vowel change? no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on just one word in an NP? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on all (non-pronominal) words in an NP? no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Are any subordinate verbs (or whole clauses) marked with case to indicate their function? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does ergative mark discourse functions of focus/unexpectedness? no 0
Nominal Categories - Derivation Is there a evidence for derivational morphology being distinct from inflectional on nouns? yes to any of HG 95-97 entails yes to this; yep; this is more general but not just about derivation (would also include proprietive, for example, not necessarily derivation that changes word class) yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a minimal/augment system? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a unit augment system? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark dual on nouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark plural on nouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have group/collective nominal suffixes? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural verbs? no info x
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural adjectives? no info x
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language have bound pronouns? yes to any of HG 173-175 entails yes to this; not necessarily? - CB yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are the bound pronouns distinct from the free pronouns? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark moiety distinctions in pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark generational distinctions in pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are 'who' and 'what' distinct words? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the dual? N/A 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the plural? N/A 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there a gender distinction in third person dual pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there clitic pronouns? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there object clitic pronouns? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there distinct possessive and IO pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories When there are both object and subject clitic pronouns, does the object pronoun follow the subject one? N/A 0
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a focus position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes yes 1
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a topic position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Is verbal negation a separate word? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 206-207 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Does the negative marker precede the verb? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 203 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there second position clausal clitics? yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Is tense marked on pronouns? no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there predicative clitics (e.g. Darkinyung grammar p35) no 0
Simple Clauses - Tense Does the language have tense/mood/etc particles (free words)? no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is reflexive/reciprocal marked on the verb? =yes to any of HG 188-190; not necessarily; e.g. YN has a reflexive marker but it doesn’t go on the verb. yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Does reflexive/reciprocal change the conjugation class? yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is there a reflexive/reciprocal particle? no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is the passive typically used only with adversative semantics? N/A 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there an inchoative suffix? no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a distinct present tense verbal suffix? no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a continuous aspect suffix? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a punctual aspect suffix? no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Can tense and aspect cooccur? no? 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is tense marked on nouns? no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Do positive commands take the same morphology as negative commands? no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Is a negative command formed from a nominalised verb (eg. "no talking!")? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is the verb ‘say’ the same as the verb ‘do’? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have body part compound verbs? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verbal agreement clitics? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a verb 'be'? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verb conjugation classes? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a conjugation for uninflecting verbs? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a grammatical category of associated motion? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have kinship verbs? That is, are the words which designate kinship relations such as ‘mother’ and ‘father’ verbs in the language? no 0
Verbal Categories - VerbalNumber Does the language have suppletive plural nouns? no 0
Word Order Are there discontinuous NP constituents? no 0
Word Order Is word order fixed in noun phrases? yes 1
Word Order Is word order fixed in verb phrases? no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: second position clitics Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no 0
Phonology - Segmental Prestopped segments list which segments in the ‘form’ column no 0


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
medium HG medium seasonal no