Apprehensive construction
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Mood
- Notes
- There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 100 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No info | 72 | x | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:357 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Not listed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). | Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 188 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 179 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 | ||||
| Añun | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 96 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no info | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | The tense evidentials of avoidance is marked by -ro. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.88 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | yes | 6.1.2.8 | 1 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.32-38 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 46-7 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 73 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 224-225 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 144 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | No | 193 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 70 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 113 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:99-146 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 158, 103 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 328 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 93 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 78 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | bare verb stem, tone appears to be lexically determined | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | This is a prohibitive verbal suffix which is distinc from a negative imperative in which it is more than of an warning | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1978:11-23 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 204 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | not sure yet | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 68 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 143 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:275 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 85-6 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 18 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | enclitic | Vallejos 2010:485 | |||
| Kokatha | No | 38 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.74-87 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 390 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 437 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 95 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 131 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 142 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 496 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | The suffix ,-macumà is used to express this. | Zamponi 2003:56 | |||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 336 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64-70 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 117-122 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | |||||
| Marrgany | No | 315 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 136, 249-251 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 98 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | not indicated/expected | Minor and Minor 1982. p.101-102 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 179 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 247-289 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | 74 | x | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 119 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 46 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | yes | 15 | 1 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no info | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no info | Goodwin-Gomez | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 175 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | |||||
| Paresi | yes | The verb "to watch" plus the imperfective suffix are used together to encode this meaning | Brandão 2007:49 | |||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 121 to 136 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Galindo, 2002: 320 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 60 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 173 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 202 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | yes | The imperative negative prefix has this function too | Giron 2008: p273 | |||
| Páez | no | Jung:87-92 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
| Resígaro | no | The discussions of the verb at various levels do not describe a morpheme/verb form of this type. | Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 104 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | |||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Suffix meaning (roughly) "doubt." | Wheeler - 1970:93 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | The negative imperative can also be used with first- and third-person subjects, in which case it means 'lest'. | Strom 1992, p.137 | |||
| Tariana | yes | There is both a verbal clitic and a complex predicate construciton that convey this meaning. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 384 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 47-50 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 48 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | used to express that one should prevent something from happening by taking care | Ramirez 1997: 145-146 | |||
| Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 122 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | no info | x | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | r14 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006: 164 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | Yes | 49 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 22 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 614 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 128 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 125-6 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes? | 68 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | not likely | Payne and Payne 1990 | |||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 25, 43 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 138 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no info | Duff-Tripp | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | no evidence of this | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 66-69 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no info | x | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965:70-81 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No info | 59 | x |
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