| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 100 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
The discussions of the verb at various levels do not describe a morpheme/verb form of this type. |
Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 320 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 66-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006: 164 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
There is both a verbal clitic and a complex predicate construciton that convey this meaning. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 384 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Not listed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). |
Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
The suffix ,-macumà is used to express this. |
Zamponi 2003:56 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no info |
|
Duff-Tripp |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 247-289 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
The verb "to watch" plus the imperfective suffix are used together to encode this meaning |
Brandão 2007:49 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965:70-81 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no discussion of mood |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 336 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 117-122 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 121 to 136 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
This is a prohibitive verbal suffix which is distinc from a negative imperative in which it is more than of an warning |
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99-146 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:357 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:11-23 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:87-92 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
The imperative negative prefix has this function too |
Giron 2008: p273 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
not sure yet |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.101-102 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
bare verb stem, tone appears to be lexically determined |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 73 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.32-38 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 390 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64-70 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.74-87 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The tense evidentials of avoidance is marked by -ro. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.88 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
The negative imperative can also be used with first- and third-person subjects, in which case it means 'lest'. |
Strom 1992, p.137 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
Suffix meaning (roughly) "doubt." |
Wheeler - 1970:93 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
used to express that one should prevent something from happening by taking care |
Ramirez 1997: 145-146 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
no evidence of this |
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:275 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
enclitic |
Vallejos 2010:485 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes? |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
138 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
25, 43 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
125-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
22 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
r14 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
202 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
179 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
136, 249-251 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
315 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
496 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
95 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
437 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
18 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
204 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
93 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
158, 103 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No info |
|
59 |
|
|
x |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
113 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
224-225 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
46-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
188 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
98 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
47-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
85-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
175 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
46 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
142 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
328 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
131 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 128 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
119 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
179 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
143 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 173 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
104 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
144 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
6.1.2.8 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No info |
|
72 |
|
|
x |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
122 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
614 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
not likely |
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no info |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
