Arabana

Family
Pama-Nyungan
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
ard
Location
-31.31°, 138.43°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (186)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar arniri inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar arniri inheritance
1sg yo eu grammar antha semantic shift
2pl ustedes vocês grammar [missing] missing
2sg xx xx grammar unpa inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar [missing] missing
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar uka loan
above encima, arriba acima location arata doubtful loan
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar yata inheritance
all todo todos other pratjanta loan
and y e grammar njurdu unique
ankle tobillo tornozelo body muku-thiri inheritance
armpit axila, sobaco axila body kilji-kilji inheritance
ashamed xx xx mental mangarnda unknown
ashes xx xx environment pudnhu loan direction unknown
at en, a em, a location [missing] missing
back espalda costas body kuku inheritance
bad mal mal quality kurlu-kurlu unique
be alive xx xx body angka doubtful loan Arandic
belly barriga barriga body kudnardi semantic shift
below abajo, debajo abaixo location thuRu unique
big grande grande quality katjiwiRi unique
bite morder morder body purrtha- unique
black negro preto colour pirla unique
blood sangre sangue body kubmarri inheritance
blow soplar soprar body witjikura unique
blunt xx xx quality pudlu unique
bone hueso osso body walpu loan Thura-Yura
boomerang xx xx manufacture kira loan direction unknown
breast pecho, seno peito body ngama inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body ngaruwaluwalunkata inheritance
burn quemar queimar environment marra- inheritance
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body [missing] missing
child niño, niña criança human arluwa doubtful loan Arandic?
climb subir subir motion ta-wonkata inheritance?
cloud nube nuvem environment kurarapalku unique
cold frío frio quality madli inheritance
come venir vir motion wonkakata unique
cook cocinar cozinhar impact tilitilinkata unique
count contar contar mental dimpata unique
cry llorar chorar mental dudninta unique
cut xx xx impact mardura- unique
die/be dead morir morrer state kumpira unique
dig cavar cavar impact paka- inheritance
dingo/wolf fauna madla unique
dirty sucio sujo quality jankatara unique
dream soñar sonhar mental apalka loan direction unknown
drink beber, tomar beber body puntha- inheritance
dry seco seco quality murrilha unique
dust polvo poeira environment puthurru inheritance
ear oreja orelha body yarri doubtful loan
earth/soil tierra terra environment wadlu inheritance
eat comer comer body tharni- semantic shift
egg huevo ovo fauna papu inheritance
eye ojo olho body milki inheritance
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body kudna inheritance
fall caer cair motion ngopanangaritjinta semantic shift
far lejos longe quality paRantja-lhi inheritance
fat/grease grasa gordura body marni inheritance
father padre, papá pai kinship apitji inheritance
fear miedo medo mental thadlara waya- inheritance
feather pluma pena fauna yathi- unique
fire fuego fogo environment maka inheritance
fish xx xx fauna markara unique
flow fluir fluir motion kiRa- inheritance
flower flor flor environment punpu inheritance
fly volar voar motion nguRi-nguRi inheritance?
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment tataru unique
foot pie body thidna inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora kati unique
good bueno bom quality alju doubtful loan
grow crecer crescer state woninta inheritance?
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body wulpuru unique
hand mano mão body maRa inheritance
head cabeza cabeça body kardapu inheritance
hear oír ouvir mental ngawi- unique
heavy pesado pesado quality tjurkukarla unique
hide esconder esconder motion winta-witji- unique
hit golpear, pegar bater impact palka-palka- inheritance
hit (with hand) xx xx impact panti- inheritance
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other parda- inheritance
how? como como grammar thiyara unique
if si se grammar [missing] missing
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location pungaworla loan direction unknown
intestines intestinos intestinos body alingkiringkiri unique
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body mankatjinta unique
kill matar matar impact kumpira-ma- unique
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental ngurka- loan
lake lago lago environment panto loan direction unknown
laugh reír rir mental wijanta inheritance
leaf hoja folha environment kadlha unique
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body warrangka unique
leg/foot pierna perna body parda unique
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion kurda- unique
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment piljpa inheritance
liver hígado figado body kadlhu inheritance
long largo comprido, longo quality paRantja-lhi inheritance?
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna kata inheritance
lung pulmón pulmão body bunnga inheritance
man/male hombre homem human karna inheritance
meat/flesh carne carne fauna kathi inheritance
moon luna lua environment ngarkani unique
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship lhuka unique
mouth boca boca body murna inheritance
name nombre nome human pidla unique
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body wokara inheritance
near/close cerca de perto quality itjarda unique
neck cuello pescoço body [missing] missing
new nuevo novo quality marra inheritance
night noche noite time miljaru loan
no/not no não grammar padni inheritance
nose nariz nariz body midla inheritance
old viejo velho quality parnda unique
one uno um number nguju inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other parlu unique
other otro outro grammar nguru inheritance
person/human being persona pessoa human nharla unique
pimple xx xx body widi inheritance
rain lluvia chuva environment tjilti unique
red rojo vermelho colour arkapa unique
right/right hand derecha direita location/body aratja loan
road/path camino caminho manufacture wati- unique
roof xx xx manufacture pungangalpa loan direction unknown
root raíz raiz flora winjiwinjiri unique
rotten podrido podre quality murlu unique
sand arena areia environment wadlijuralja unique
say decir dizer mental jeninta inheritance
scratch rascar rasgar impact mirra- inheritance
see ver ver mental kanpa- unique
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality yati-yati unique
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact [missing] missing
short corto curto quality parla-parla inheritance
shoulder hombro ombro body pilpiri doubtful loan Diyari
sick xx xx body ngulpa unique
sit sentar(se) sentar state thangka- semantic shift
skin piel pele body patha inheritance
sky cielo céu environment kadlara unique
sleep dormir dormir body kudna-la- unique
small pequeño pequeno quality kupa inheritance
smell (tr/intr) xx xx body waRu-waRa- inheritance
smoke humo fumaça environment thupu inheritance
spit escupir cuspir body ngaltja inheritance
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact palka-palka- inheritance
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact tarpanta unique
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact [missing] missing
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state tharka- inheritance
star estrella estrela environment kardipila inheritance
steal robar roubar other jeljatirimaninta unique
stone piedra pedra environment kadnha loan
suck chupar chupar body puntha- inheritance
sun sol sol time muju unique
sweat sudar suor, suar body pulju unique
swell hincharse inchar body waruterkanta unique
swim nadar nadar motion tarakanta inheritance
tail cola, rabo rabo body ingka doubtful loan
that ese/esa esse grammar awarda unique
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality tjurkukarla unique
thin delgado fino quality iranja loan direction unknown
think pensar pensar mental manungkarda unique
this este/esta este grammar kayi unique
three tres tres number kulpari inheritance
throat garganta garganta body piltji unique
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact thawi- inheritance
thunder truenos trovão environment kuraradunjinta unique
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact karra- inheritance
tongue lengua lingua body thanganha unique
tooth diente dente body yakarra unique
true xx xx quality arla unique
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other kalja unique
two dos dois number parkulu inheritance
vomit vomitar vomitar body kawa- inheritance
walk caminar, andar andar motion karndi-karndi- unknown
water agua agua environment kutha inheritance
wet mojado molhado quality kuthaljuru unique
what? que, qué que grammar minha inheritance
when? cuando quando grammar unkulu unique
where? donde onde grammar intja-li inheritance
white blanco branco colour waru inheritance
who? quien, quién quem grammar waRa inheritance
wife esposa esposa kinship nupa inheritance
wind viento vento environment warpa doubtful loan
wing ala asa body palja unique
woman/female mujer mulher human uljurla unique
work trabajar trabalhar other irtji- unique
yawn bostezar bocejar body manaterkanta loan
yellow amarillo amarelo colour miRaka unique


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (9)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna mupu unique
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna piyarri loan direction unknown
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna paya inheritance
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna maRa-malka unique
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna madla inheritance
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna kantjarra inheritance
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna kungarra loan
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna alakura unique
spider araña aranha flora-fauna maRangkara doubtful loan


Cultural Vocabulary (8)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture mati inheritance
bottom grinding stone manufacture [missing] missing
digging stick subsistence tool wana inheritance
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture [missing] missing
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture [missing] missing
spearthrower subsistence tool amira inheritance
spear lanza lança subsistence tool katji loan direction unknown
house other ngura inheritance?


Grammatical Data (295)
Category Grammatical Feature Grammatical Feature: Notes Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Phonology - Segmental Pre-/post-nasalized stops Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. no 26 0
Phonology - Segmental Glottalized/ejective consonants Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] no 26 0
Phonology - Segmental Palatalized stops Phonemic contrast yes 26, 44 1
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic vowel length Does the language have long and short vowels? no? 48, 51 0
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels no 0
Phonology - Segmental Complex onsets Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme no 0
Phonology - Segmental No codas *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] no 0
Phonology - Segmental Word-final coda required Do all syllables end in a consonant? no 25 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive tones Note how many contrastive tones no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive stress Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? no 57-9 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Vowel harmony yes 48-52 1
Morphology - General Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] no 0
Morphology - General Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes Stem change, tone no 0
Morphology - General Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word yes 130 1
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing There are many more prefixes than suffixes no 61, 130 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing There are many more suffixes than prefixes yes 61, 130 1
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different no 61, 130 0
Morphology - General Reduplication: full The full morpheme is reduplicated yes 135 1
Morphology - General Reduplication: partial Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated yes 97 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive NN compounding Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced yes 100 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV serialization (without compounding) Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection no 210-12 0
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV compounding Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word yes 204-5 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' no info x
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Auxiliary verb(s) There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs yes 206 1
Morphology - Incorporation Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process Verb contains nominal segment no info x
Morphology - Incorporation Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns no info x
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classes/genders Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP no 61 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Number of noun classes/genders Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. no 102 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates Masculine, feminine, neuter no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system Animate/inanimate, human/non-human yes 60-61 1
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only n/a 110-119 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates n/a 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates n/a 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification "Repeater" classifiers Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" n/a 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals n/a 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' n/a 0
Nominal Categories - Number Singular number may be marked on the noun Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups no 64-5 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural affix on noun yes 63 1
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun no 63-5 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by reduplication of noun no 63-5, 98-9 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural word/clitic no 65 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked on human or animate nouns only yes 65 1
Nominal Categories - Number Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns no 110, 113 0
Nominal Categories - Number Unique associative plural marker e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Definite or specific articles Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only n/a 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Indefinite or non-specific article or marker no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you yes 112 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) no 130 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system yes 120, 122 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3sg pronouns no 110-113 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3pl pronouns no 110-113 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns no 110-113 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Formal/informal distinction in pronouns Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns no 117-8 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Reflexive pronouns e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix no 116 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Adpositions mark core NPs Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients no 61 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: number of cases Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun yes 61 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are no 60-88 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: symmetrical All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) no 60-61 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: asymmetrical Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates yes 60-61 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: suffix or postpositional clitic yes 61 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: prefix or prepositional clitic no 61 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: infix or inpositional clitic no 61 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: stem change no 61 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: tone no 61 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: comitative = instrumental Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' no 69 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-2 At least some part of the system involves base-2 yes 103-4 1
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-5 At least some part of the system involves base-5 no 103-4 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-10 At least some part of the system involves base-10 no 103-4 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Other base (specify) 4, 20, etc. no 103-4 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' no 103-5 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 5 'Many' or some other non-exact term used no 104 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 10 'Many' or some other non-exact term used yes 103-5 1
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no 292 0
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Person inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no 287-296 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N alienable/inalienable? n/a 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N alienable/inalienable? n/a 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' yes 72-4 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head e.g. 'the boy his-dog' no 72-4 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Possessive classifiers There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities no 102 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of inalienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) no 95 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of alienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) yes 72-4, 90-6 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form no 95-6 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of kin terms 'my-father' but *father no? 95-6 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) 'my-leg' but *leg no? 95-6 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) no 0
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Underived adjectives There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes yes 60 1
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco n/a 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb no info x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb no info x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb no info x
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive verbalizing morphology There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective yes 137-40 1
Nominal Syntax - Other NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' yes 90-96, texts 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated past marker(s) Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere yes 163 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. distant vs. recent past yes 163-75 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. imminent vs. distant future no 183 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) yes 183 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: prefix no 130 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: suffix yes 130 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut no 130 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect suppletion no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood yes 180 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Polite imperative morpheme There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) yes 182-3 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses yes 236 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' yes 182 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: affix on verb Inflectional marking of capacity to do something no 238 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: verbal construction no 238 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: other marking yes 238 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: affix on verb Modal expressing hypothesis yes 258 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: verbal construction no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: other marking no info x
Verbal Categories - Mood Marking of expected/unexpected action or result There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected yes? 247-8 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal frustrative Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") yes 238 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal habitual Modal expressing habituality yes 191 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Apprehensive construction There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' yes 188 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Reality status marking on verbs There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' yes 187 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Affect markers (positive/negative) Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative no 0
Verbal Categories - Directionals Directional elements affixed to the verb There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. yes 204-9 1
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized visual Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized nonvisual Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized inferential Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized reportive Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized quotative Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Other evidential Any other evidential values not represented above yes 257, 258 1
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic yes 258 1
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: part of tense system Includes portmanteau morphs no 130 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: separate particle no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: modal morpheme no 0
Verbal Categories - Verbal number Verbal number suppletion n/a 0
Verbal Categories - Other Social interaction markers Note the type of interaction no info x
Word Order No fixed basic constituent order yes 261; personal communication 1
Word Order VS in intransitive clauses Verb precedes subject no 306: cf text 9.2.3, sentence 1 0
Word Order VS in transitive clauses no 311: cf text 9.2.5, sentence 16 0
Word Order VO in transitive clauses Verb precedes object yes 260: example 941, 264: example 957; personal communicatio 1
Word Order OS in transitive clauses Object precedes subject no 264: example 958 0
Word Order Preposition-Noun n/a 0
Word Order Noun-Postposition or case suffix yes 61 1
Word Order Gen-Noun Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) no info x
Word Order Noun-Gen Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') no info x
Word Order Adj-Noun Adjective precedes the noun no 60 0
Word Order Noun-Adj Adjective follows the noun yes 60 1
Word Order Dem-Noun yes 124: cf sentence 275 1
Word Order Noun-Dem yes 126: cf sentence 279 1
Word Order Num-Noun yes 103 1
Word Order Noun-Num no? 103 0
Word Order Noun-Rel Relative clause follows noun that it modifies no info x
Word Order Rel-Noun Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies no 266 0
Word Order Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') no 266 0
Word Order Relative clause is correlative or adjoined e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' yes 266 1
Word Order Question word is clause initial 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause yes 126-7 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects no 65-6 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked no 65-6 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker yes 65-6 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers no 65-6 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) no 65-6 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative yes 66 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative no 66 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other no 66 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite no 66 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive no 66 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: split More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects yes examples throughout 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects N/A 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking on intransitive verbs Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take object (P) markers no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Number can be marked separately from person on the verb Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Gender distinguished in verbal person markers For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: indirect object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: double object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: secondary object In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. yes 152-3 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reflexive: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. yes 152-3 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb no 152-3 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Passive Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Antipassive Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Other intransitivizing morphology There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: benefactive Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb yes 148-52 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: other Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: prefix Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb no 146-8 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: suffix Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb yes 147 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix yes 146 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: serial verb or analytical construction Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization no info x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' no 146-8 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated sociative Indicates that causer participates in event no 146-8 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency no 148-52 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a preposed element Clausal negator is a preposed element yes 236-41 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a postposed element Clausal negator is a postposed element no 236-41 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: affix Negatives: affix yes 94 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: particle Negatives: particle yes 236-41 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: auxiliary verb Negatives: auxiliary verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: double Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase yes 241 1
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: interrogative particle Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: verb morphology Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: word order Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: intonation only Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only no info x
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Content questions: word order differs from declaratives Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: verbal Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position no 287-90 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: nominal Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position yes 287-90 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) yes 288-90 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) yes 267 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. yes 267 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relativizer is a verbal affix yes 269 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) no info x
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions Grammaticalized verbal desiderative Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) no info x
Simple Clauses - Other Clause chaining Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. yes 266-82 1
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked switch-reference system There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined yes 266-82 1
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence yes 269 1
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have an iterative function? yes 136 1
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have a plural/pluractional function? no 98-9 0
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘real’ X? no 99 0
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a distributive function? yes 136 1
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a pluractional function? no 136 0
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have an iterative function? no 98-9 0
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘fake’ X? no 99 0
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘very’ X? yes 99 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have ergative and instrumental syncretism? yes 61, 69 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have a distinct genitive case? no 61 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is the locative related to the ergative with vowel change? no 61 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on just one word in an NP? yes 60-88, 282-4 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on all (non-pronominal) words in an NP? yes 60-88, 282-4 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Are any subordinate verbs (or whole clauses) marked with case to indicate their function? yes 267 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does ergative mark discourse functions of focus/unexpectedness? no 0
Nominal Categories - Derivation Is there a evidence for derivational morphology being distinct from inflectional on nouns? yes to any of HG 95-97 entails yes to this; yep; this is more general but not just about derivation (would also include proprietive, for example, not necessarily derivation that changes word class) yes 61, 90-96 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a minimal/augment system? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a unit augment system? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark dual on nouns? yes 63 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark plural on nouns? yes 63 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have group/collective nominal suffixes? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural verbs? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural adjectives? no info x
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language have bound pronouns? yes to any of HG 173-175 entails yes to this; not necessarily? - CB no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are the bound pronouns distinct from the free pronouns? n/a 117-8 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark moiety distinctions in pronouns? yes 117-8 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark generational distinctions in pronouns? yes 117-8 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are 'who' and 'what' distinct words? yes 126 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the dual? yes 111-2 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the plural? yes 113 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there a gender distinction in third person dual pronouns? no 113 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there clitic pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there object clitic pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there distinct possessive and IO pronouns? no 114 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories When there are both object and subject clitic pronouns, does the object pronoun follow the subject one? n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a focus position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes yes 263-4 1
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a topic position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes no info x
Simple Clauses - Negation Is verbal negation a separate word? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 206-207 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) yes 236-41 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Does the negative marker precede the verb? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 203 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) yes 236-41 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there second position clausal clitics? no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Is tense marked on pronouns? no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there predicative clitics (e.g. Darkinyung grammar p35) no 287 0
Simple Clauses - Tense Does the language have tense/mood/etc particles (free words)? no 156-88 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is reflexive/reciprocal marked on the verb? =yes to any of HG 188-190; not necessarily; e.g. YN has a reflexive marker but it doesn’t go on the verb. yes 152 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Does reflexive/reciprocal change the conjugation class? no info 152 x
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is there a reflexive/reciprocal particle? no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is the passive typically used only with adversative semantics? n/a 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there an inchoative suffix? yes 140 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a distinct present tense verbal suffix? yes 156-160 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a continuous aspect suffix? yes 176-9 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a punctual aspect suffix? yes 156-160 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Can tense and aspect cooccur? yes 195 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is tense marked on nouns? no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Do positive commands take the same morphology as negative commands? no 180, 236 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Is a negative command formed from a nominalised verb (eg. "no talking!")? no 180, 236 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is the verb ‘say’ the same as the verb ‘do’? no info x
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have body part compound verbs? yes 139 1
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verbal agreement clitics? no 130 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a verb 'be'? no 287-8 0
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verb conjugation classes? no 131 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a conjugation for uninflecting verbs? no 131 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a grammatical category of associated motion? yes 205-9 1
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have kinship verbs? That is, are the words which designate kinship relations such as ‘mother’ and ‘father’ verbs in the language? no info x
Verbal Categories - VerbalNumber Does the language have suppletive plural nouns? no 63 0
Word Order Are there discontinuous NP constituents? no 282, 124-126 0
Word Order Is word order fixed in noun phrases? yes 282-4 1
Word Order Is word order fixed in verb phrases? no? 261 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: second position clitics Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no 0
Phonology - Segmental Prestopped segments list which segments in the ‘form’ column yes 37 1


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
small HG low mobile yes