Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking
- Notes
- Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 | ||||
| Aché | no | Rossler 2008:73-74 | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 67 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979; p.62; 212-215 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 464 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 101 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Prefix vs. suffix placement depends on transitivity status of the verb. | Payne 1982:2324, 9096; Payne 1981:34 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 106 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | O=So | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | yes | Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | but they can be used as suffixes when there is a So | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:174 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 5.2.5 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 23-7 | 0 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:52-54 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 32 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 123 | ||||
| Dharawal | yes | 50-51 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 136 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 52 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Thomas Payne 1989:33; Thomas Payne 1995:295 | ||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Githabul | No | 42 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:99 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 342 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 324 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 45 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Not sure why some subject pronouns appear as prefixes and others as suffixes. This may be related to the particular caracteristics of each subject suffix individually. | Frank 1990.7-8 | |||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1974:9 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 124 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | no person inflection | Goncalves 2011 | |||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 36 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 227 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:343-57 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 63-65 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31-32 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 217 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 399 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 92 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 216 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | yes | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:37 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 281 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | free pronouns only occur in the 1+3 and 3:COLL person, otherwise are suffixed | Abbott 1991: 101 | See chart | ||
| Mapudungun | yes | Salas 1992, p.116 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 335 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 100-109 and 136-164 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 0 | ||||
| Matses | no | There is subject person agreement as part of a portmanteau suffix which also encodes tense | Fleck:445 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 53-54 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 106 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Person markers are pro-clitics. | Michael, 2008. p. 345 | |||
| Narungga | Yes | 74 | 1 | |||
| Naso | yes | in 0 anaphora constructions | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 124 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 121 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:133-134 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:16, 59 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 127 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | no | free pronouns | Launey 2003:65 | |||
| Panyjima | yes | 156-157 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Rowan 1978:vii | ||||
| Pemon | yes | Based on examples | de Armellada 1999:19 | |||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 157-159 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 22 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 214 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p206 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:136-8 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | These pronominal subjects marked in the verb always occur with all verbs except with the subclass of transitive impersonal verbs | Parker 1965:23 | |||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 318 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | |||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Always occur, even when free NPs are present. | Queixalós 2000 | |||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1987:170 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no | Van der Meer (?):9 | ||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.114 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 203 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 42-3 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2005:133-135 | ||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | yes | often as a part of a portmanteau suffix | West and Welch 2004: 10, 22; Ramirez 1997 | |||
| Uradhi | No | 352 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:487 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 77 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | s148-9 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 13 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no | 77 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Mejía 2000:90 | ||||
| Wayuu | yes | Pronominal subjects can be indicated with either prefixes or suffixes on the verb (for both transitives and intransitives). Suffixes only distinguish gender, not person, but there is no other indication that these are adjectives (not verbs). | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 802 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 41 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | K85c 82 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | yes | 77 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 0 | ||||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:361 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 1 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | Only for third person plural | Duff-Tripp 1997:72 | |||
| Yanomami | yes | 3rd person dual and plural are often marked as a suffix, but most person markings are clitics preceding the verb | Ramirez 1994 | evidenced by examples throughout | ||
| Yanyuwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-62 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 41-42 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 51 | 0 |
| Language |
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