| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 318 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
but they can be used as suffixes when there is a So |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 41-42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-62 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Pronominal subjects can be indicated with either prefixes or suffixes on the verb (for both transitives and intransitives). Suffixes only distinguish gender, not person, but there is no other indication that these are adjectives (not verbs). |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 802 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 203 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 464 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
Prefix vs. suffix placement depends on transitivity status of the verb. |
Payne 1982:2324, 9096; Payne 1981:34 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:37 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
Only for third person plural |
Duff-Tripp 1997:72 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:174 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Person markers are pro-clitics. |
Michael, 2008. p. 345 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Rowan 1978:vii |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
free pronouns |
Launey 2003:65 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:52-54 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 281 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
free pronouns only occur in the 1+3 and 3:COLL person, otherwise are suffixed |
Abbott 1991: 101 |
|
See chart |
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Thomas Payne 1989:33; Thomas Payne 1995:295 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
Based on examples |
de Armellada 1999:19 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
in 0 anaphora constructions |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
Not sure why some subject pronouns appear as prefixes and others as suffixes. This may be related to the particular caracteristics of each subject suffix individually. |
Frank 1990.7-8 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
Always occur, even when free NPs are present. |
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:16, 59 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1974:9 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
There is subject person agreement as part of a portmanteau suffix which also encodes tense |
Fleck:445 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Salas 1992, p.116 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:136-8 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
These pronominal subjects marked in the verb always occur with all verbs except with the subclass of transitive impersonal verbs |
Parker 1965:23 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2005:133-135 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:487 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979; p.62; 212-215 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p206 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
no person inflection |
Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 123 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31-32 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.114 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:170 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
often as a part of a portmanteau suffix |
West and Welch 2004: 10, 22; Ramirez 1997 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
3rd person dual and plural are often marked as a suffix, but most person markings are clitics preceding the verb |
Ramirez 1994 |
|
evidenced by examples throughout |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Van der Meer (?):9 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:343-57 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:133-134 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Rossler 2008:73-74 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
s148-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 41 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
127 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
214 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
121 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
124 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
106 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
53-54 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
100-109 and 136-164 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
335 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
216 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
399 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
124 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
342 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
136 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
50-51 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
23-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
63-65 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
156-157 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
324 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K85c 82 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
106 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
227 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 22 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
5.2.5 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
O=So |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
