Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Yanomami

Family: Yanomaman
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: wca
Location: 2.49°, -62.85°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Finkers, Juan. 1986. Los Yanomami y su sistema alimenticio. Vicariato Apostolico de Puerto Ayacucho. Mattéi-Müller, Marie-Claude 2007. Lengua y cultura Yanomamï. Diccionario ilustrado Yanomamï-Español, Español-Yanomamï. Caracas: Epsilon Libros. Lizot, Jacques. 1996. Introducción a la lengua yanomami: Morfología. Caracas: Vicariato Apostólico de Puerto Ayacucho/UNICEF. Migliazza, Ernest C. 1972. Yanomama grammar and intelligibility. PhD diss, Indiana University. Ramirez, Henri. 1994. Le Parler Yanomamɨ des Xamatauteri. PhD diss, University of Aix-en-Provence.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	pə-makɨ, ya-makɨ, kamiyəyahəkɨ (dual excl. Em72), kamiyə yamakɨ (pl. excl. EM72)	pə-makɨ, ja-makɨ, kamijəjahəkɨ, kamijə jamakɨ	unique			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	kamiyə pəhəkɨ (dual incl. EM72), kamiyə pəmakɨ (pl. incl. EM72)	kamijə pəhəkɨ, kamijə pəmakɨ	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ya, kamiyə (EM72)	ja, kamije	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	wa-makɨ, kahə wahəkɨ (dual EM72), kahə wamakɨ (pl. EM72)	wa-makɨ, kahə wahəkɨ (dual EM72), kahə wamakɨ (pl. EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	wa, kahə (EM72)	wa, kahə (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	pə; tʰə pə, kama kə kɨbɨ (kama pə kɨbɨ, kama thə kɨbɨ) (dual EM72), kama thəpə (kama pə) (pl. non-dist. EM72)	pə; tʰə pə, kama kə kɨbɨ (kama pə kɨbɨ, kama tʰə kɨbɨ), kama tʰəpə (kama pə)	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	a, kama (he/she, EM72), thə (it, inanimate EM72)	a, kama, tʰə	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	ɨsɨ ha(mɨ)	ɨsɨ ha(mɨ)	unique			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			missing			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	kõmi, haikiwë, hɨtɨtɨwë	kõmi, haikiwə, hɨtɨtɨwə	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body			missing			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	hãkãmi	hãkãmi	missing			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	ushipë, yupu shi(pë), yupu una(pë)	uʃipə, jupu ʃi(pə), jupu una(pə)	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	iha, ihamɨ	iha, ihamɨ	unique			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	humapɨ, yaipë	humapɨ, jaipə	doutbful loan	Guahiban húma		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	wãriti-wə, wãritiwə (EM72)	wãɾiti-wə, wãɾitiwə	inheritance			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	pei sisi, hisi (EM72)	pei sisi, hisi (EM72)	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	pei yɨmotʰakɨ (navel), pei maka (stomach), pei hərãsi (waist), pei na-ka (womb), pusi (EM72)	pei jɨmotʰakɨ (navel), pei maka (stomach), pei həɾãsi (waist), pei na-ka (womb), pusi	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	yahatoto ha(mɨ)	jahatoto ha(mɨ)	unknown			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	pata (animate), prewə	pata, pɾewə	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	wëtɨ-aɨ	wətɨ-aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	iši	iʃi	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	ɨ̃yə̃-ɨ̃yə̃-pə, ĩyə (EM72)	ɨ̃jə̃-ɨ̃jə̃-pə, ĩjə	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	horashiaɨ, horashimaɨ	hoɾaʃiaɨ, hoɾaʃimaɨ	inheritance			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	pare, shãã, yuu	paɾe, ʃãã, juu	unknown			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	pei ũ, ũ (EM72)	pei ũ, ũ	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	pei hãkãmi (breast), pei suhe-kɨ (udder), pei suhe pə u-ka (nipple), suhe upə (EM72)	pei hãkãmi (breast), pei suhe-kɨ (udder), pei suhe pə u-ka (nipple), suhe upə (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	ũkũkaɨ	ũkũkaɨ	unique			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	fraamaɨ	fɾaamaɨ	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	oaɨ	oaɨ	unique			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	mãrãnãpɨ (boy), suwə hərɨ (girl), ihiru (child), ihiru oše (infant), , suwə hərɨ (EM72 "girl"), moko (EM72 "girl")	mãɾãnãpɨ, suwə həɾɨ, ihiɾu, ihiɾu osʃe, suwə həɾɨ, moko	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	tuo, torekaɨ, torekeaɨ, torekou	tuo, toɾekaɨ, toɾekeaɨ, toɾekou	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	ɨhrashi	ɨhraʃi	inheritance			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	si ahi, siãhi (EM72)	si ahi, siãhi (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	kõõ	kõõ	unique			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	rɨpɨ-aɨ, rɨpɨpraɨ	ɾɨpɨ-aɨ, ɾɨpɨpɾaɨ	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	peheti	peheti	unique			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	imɨkɨ kutou, imɨkɨ kuprou, imɨkɨ owëo, imɨkɨ wapëo	imɨkɨ kutou, imɨkɨ kupɾou, imɨkɨ owəo, imɨkɨ wapəo	unknown			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ɨkɨɨ	ɨkɨɨ	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	hanɨ-aɨ, hanɨpraɨ	hanɨ-aɨ, hanɨpɾaɨ	unique			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	haru ha, mɨharu (EM72 "light time")	haɾu ha, mɨhaɾu	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	noma-ɨ	noma-ɨ	inheritance			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	hurëshaɨ, hurëshëaɨ	huɾəʃaɨ, huɾəʃəaɨ	unique			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	shami, toteshi	ʃami, toteʃi	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	maharimou	mahaɾimou	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	ko-aɨ	ko-aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	weheti-wə, wehi (EM72)	weheti-wə, wehi (EM7)	inheritance			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	he hihothowë, he hohotowë, he kõhõwë, he pohotowë, he wahotowë, pruekewë	he hihotʰowə, he hohotowə, he kõhõwə, he pohotowə, he wahotowə, pɾuekewə	unique			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	hekãhekã	hekãhekã	unique			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	pei yɨmɨ-ka-kɨ, yɨ̃məkə (EM72)	pei jɨmɨ-ka-kɨ, jɨ̃məkə	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	mašitha (EM72 "earth")	maʃitʰa	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	iya-ɨ; wa-ɨ, watɨ (bite, EM72), wa (EM72, transitive), ia (EM72, intransitive)	ija-ɨ; wa-ɨ, watɨ, wa, ia	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	natʰe (egg), šãhe natʰe (yolk)	natʰe (egg), ʃãhe natʰe (yolk)	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	pei mamo	pei mamo	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	shii	ʃii	unknown			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	ke-aɨ	ke-aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	prahawë, payëkëwë	pɾahawə, pajəkəwə	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	tapɨ-tapɨ	tapɨ-tapɨ	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	hayë, ha- (EM72)	hajə, ha-	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	kiri-aɨ	kiɾi-aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	pei hekɨ	pei hekɨ	unique			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	pei imisikɨ, imisi (EM72, "nail, claw")	pei imisikɨ, imisi (EM72, "nail, claw")	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	koa wakə	koa wakə	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	yuri	juri	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	karë-aɨ	kaɾə-aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	horehore	hoɾehoɾe	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	yə-ɨ	jə-ɨ	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment			missing			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	pei mamikɨ	pei mamikɨ	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	himo, himohimo	himo, himohimo	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	totihita-wə, šariri-wə (right, correct), totihi (EM72), topra (EM72)	totihita-wə, ʃaɾiɾi-wə (right, correct), totihi, topɾa	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	riyə	ɾijə	unknown			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	pataɨ	pataɨ	unique			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	pei hetʰãnãu, hethanaɨ (EM72)	pei hetʰãnãu, hetʰanaɨ	unique			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	pei imɨkɨ, ikɨkɨ (EM72)	pei imɨkɨ, ikɨkɨ (EM72)	doubtful loan (into protolg?)	Panoan		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	pei he, pei nakɨ-tʰə-kɨ (temple), pei hesi (skull), pei heyõšI (brain), pei mohekɨ (face) , he (EM72 "head")	pei he, pei nakɨ-tʰə-kɨ (temple), pei hesi (skull), pei hejõʃi (brain), pei mohekɨ (face) , he	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	wã hiri-aɨ (hear), yɨmɨka ta-aɨ (listen)	wã hiɾi-aɨ (hear), jɨmɨka ta-aɨ (listen)	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	pei koko pata, koko (EM72)	pei koko pata, koko (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	hute, hutǝa	hute, hutǝa	missing			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	he shãhõaɨ, shãhõmaɨ	he ʃãhõaɨ, ʃãhõmaɨ	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	shë-aɨ	ʃə-aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	tëaɨ	təaɨ	unique			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	heyõšI, yopri (EM72)	hejõʃi, jopɾi	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	wet naha	wet naha	inheritance			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			missing			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	ha hamɨ	ha hamɨ	inheritance	metathesis?		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	shikɨ	ʃikɨ	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	shihiti, shiki	ʃihiti, ʃiki	inheritance			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	šə-ɨ	ʃə-ɨ	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	ta-ɨ (know), puhi ku-u (believe), ta-ra-rei (understand), ta (EM72)	ta-ɨ (know), puhi ku-u (believe), ta-ɾa-ɾei (understand), ta (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	wawëwawë, mono u	wawəwawə, mono u	unique			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ĩkãɨ	ĩkãɨ	inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	yãã hena	jã: hena	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	hai	hai	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	matha	matʰa	inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	përɨamaɨ	pəɾɨamaɨ	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	yamira, tãhimɨ	jamiɾa, tãhimɨ	unknown			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	kuo	kuo	unknown			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	pei ãmoku, amokɨ (EM72)	pei ãmoku, amokɨ (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	rape	ɾape	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	noma	noma	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	herekɨ	heɾekɨ	unknown			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	wãrõ	wãɾõ	doubtful loan (into proto-language?)	MAYBE Carib source; cf. warawok in Akawaio, warayoʔ in Macushi, warato in Pemon		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	pei yãhi, yãhi (EM72)	pei jãhi, jãhi	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	peripo	peɾipo	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	nayë, na- (EM72)	najə, na-	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	hehu, makɨ (EM72)	hehu, makɨ (EM72)	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	pei kahikɨ	pei kahikɨ	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	pei a wãhã	pei a wãhã	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	he maka, he makasi orahi	he maka, he makasi oɾahi	unique			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	aheti ha(mɨ)	aheti ha(mɨ)	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	orahitho	oɾahitʰo	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	tute (new), oše (young)	tute (new), oʃe (young)	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	titi ha, titi (EM72 "dark time"), rua (EM72 "dark time")	titi ha, titi, ɾua	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	ma	ma	doubtful loan	Arawak		See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	pei hu, hũšipə (EM72)	pei hu	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	pata; wãrõ pata; suwə pata; hote	pata; wãrõ pata; suwə pata; hote	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	tahiapɨ (unique, some, afew); mori (only), mahu (one) (all MM07)	tahiapɨ; moɾi, mahu	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	(mɨ) hape-aɨ	(mɨ) hape-aɨ	unique			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	ai	ai	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	nini (painful), hariri (sick)	nini (painful), haɾiɾi (sick)	unique; inheritance			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	yãnõmãmɨ	jãnõmãmɨ	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	shë-aɨ	ʃʃ-aɨ	unique			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	maa	ma:	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	wakə	wakə	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	timi	timi	inheritance			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	pei yo; pei yoka, [karo] a no mãyõ (road), ihirãkɨ (bridge)	pei jo; pei joka, [kaɾo] a no mãjõ (road), ihiɾãkɨ (bridge)	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	pei nasikɨ, nasiki (EM72)	pei nasikɨ, nasiki	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	horepɨ, horepɨano	hoɾepɨ, hoɾepɨano	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	mrakatahu	mɾakatahu	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental		kuu	inheritance			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	(si) hukëkaɨ, hukëkëaɨ, (si) tikokaɨ, tikokoaɨ	(si) hukəkaɨ, hukəkəaɨ, (si) tikokaɨ, tikokoaɨ	inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	mɨ-ɨ, ta (EM72)	mɨ-ɨ, ta (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	hiroroa, hirorano, hirorowë	hiɾoɾoa, hiɾoɾano, hiɾoɾowə	unique			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	tishikaɨ, tishikiaɨ	tiʃikaɨ, tiʃikiaɨ	unique			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	yahatotoa, yahatotowë, hatakawë,	jahatotoa, jahatotowə, hatakawə,	inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	hako	hako	inheritance			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	kiri	kiɾi	unknown			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ro-aɨ	ɾo-aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	pei si, si (EM72)	pei si, si	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	hetu	hetu	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	mi-õ, mi (EM72)	mi-õ, mi (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	ihiru-pɨ, wãisipɨ (EM72)	ihiɾu-pɨ, wãisipɨ (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	koa wakə ši, wakeši (EM72)	koa wakə ʃi, wakeʃi	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	ũkũkaɨ, ũkũkũaɨ, ũkũkũmaɨ	ũkũkaɨ, ũkũkũaɨ, ũkũkũmaɨ	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	hoaɨ, hopraɨ	hoaɨ, hopɾaɨ	unique			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	hahathoaɨ, hahathomaɨ, hahathopraɨ	hahatʰoaɨ, hahatʰomaɨ, hahatʰopɾaɨ	unique			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	ãkɨkaɨ, ãkɨkɨaɨ	ãkɨkaɨ, ãkɨkɨaɨ	doubtful loan	Maybe: Makiritare eʔkukã		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	tiwëhaɨ, tiwëhëaɨ	tiwəhaɨ, tiwəhəaɨ	unknown			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	upra-aɨ	upɾa-aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	šitikari, širikari (EM72), purima ãhu (EM72)	ʃitikaɾi, ʃiɾikaɾi, puɾima ãhu	loan (into protolanguage?)	Carib, e.g. Pemon sírikɨ́		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	thomɨaɨ	tʰomɨaɨ	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	kõã ãsho	kõã ãʃo	unique			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	maa ma, maakəma (EM72)	ma: ma, ma:kəma (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	wapumɨaɨ, ikikimou	wapumɨaɨ, ikikimou	inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	motʰoka, motoka (EM72)	motʰoka, motoka (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	heõshi-aɨ, heõshi haɨ	heõʃi-aɨ, heõʃi haɨ	unknown			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	eueuamaɨ	eueuamaɨ	unique			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	karə-ɨ (swim), niya-prao (dive), pokə-ɨ (float)	kaɾə-ɨ (swim), nija-pɾao (dive), pokə-ɨ (float)	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	pei šina	pei ʃina	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	ei, hei (MM07), mihi, kihi (both EM72)	ei, hei (MM07), mihi, kihi (both EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	pata prewë	pata pɾewə	unique			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	prowëhëwë	pɾowəhəwə	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	puhii, puhi aayëaɨ, puhi huu, puhi kuu	puhi:, puhi a:jəaɨ, puhi hu:, puhi ku:	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	ei, hei (MM07)	ei, hei (MM07)	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	yãmi (EM72 "few"), (according to MM07 no term exists, instead porakapi or pruka (many) is used)	jãmi	inheritance			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	õramɨ	õɾamɨ	unknown			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	shëyë-aɨ	ʃəjə-aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	yãru	jãɾu	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	hãõaɨ, hãõmaɨ, hãõpraɨ	hãõaɨ, hãõmaɨ, hãõpɾaɨ	unique			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	pei aka	pei aka	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	pei nakɨ, na (EM72)	pei nakɨ, na (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	shimore-aɨ, shimoremou	ʃimoɾe-aɨ, ʃimoɾemou	inheritance		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	horohopɨ (two, in a pair,in a small amount MM07), porakapɨ (two, a few, poraka=in pair MM07 ) (EM72)	hoɾohopɨ, poɾakapɨ	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	ho-aɨ, hopraɨ	ho-aɨ, hopɾaɨ	unique			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	hu-u	hu-u	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	maũ ũ, maaupə (EM72)	maũ ũ, ma:upə (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	here	heɾe	inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	weti (MM07)	weti	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	weti tëhë	weti təhə	inheritance			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	weti hamɨ	weti hamɨ	inheritance			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	au, auši (EM72)	au, auʃi	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	weti-nɨ (MM07)	weti-nɨ	inheritance			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	suwëbɨyë	suwəbɨjə	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	watori, yari	watoɾi, jaɾi	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	hãtãtãmãpɨ	hãtãtãmãpɨ	unique			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	suwə	suwə	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	ohotamou, ohoteaɨ	ohotamou, ohoteaɨ	inheritance			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	kahikɨ rere-aɨ	kahikɨ ɾeɾe-aɨ	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	frãre	fɾãɾe	inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	nara, nana, nara shi hi, yamaro si hi, jono mosi	naɾa, nana, naɾa ʃi hi, jã̃mãɾo si hi, jono mosi		inheritance		cf. Witoto	Witoto nonó-, hi= CLF "tree", ʃi = CLF associated with gnats and cypress-type tubers serving as magical plants				underived	N+CLF	hi= CLF "tree" (Ramirez 94), ʃi = CLF associated with gnats and cypress-type tubers serving as magical plants (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	thõmɨ, thõmɨmorewë, amotha (JF86)	tʰõmɨ, tʰõmɨmoɾewə (also means thief), amotʰa		inheritance			see also tʰõmɨmoɾewə (also means thief), amotʰa				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	iwa	iwa (general term)		unknown		cf. Carib 'iguana' iwana	generic				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	torina	toɾina		unique							underived				See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	kõmõra si	kõmõɾa si		loan		North Arawak	see Baniwa kamhéɻo; si=CLF associated with beings with feathers/fur, certain grasses, and basketry with a large surface				underived	N+CLF	si=CLF associated with beings with feathers/fur, certain grasses, and basketry with a large surface (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	wãkõya	wãkõja		unique							underived				See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	kashi, pore mo, suri na, šĩho (EM72), koye (EM72) (both species unknown)	kaʃi (fire ant), poɾe mo (warrior ant; pore = spirit, aparition; mo= penis; note: it's said the bite can cause swelling of the penis), suɾi na (worker ant)		inheritance			na = CLF "ant, stinging insect/plant"				missing	N+CLF	na = CLF "ant, stinging insect/plant" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	shoko, aroto, masihoto (JF86)	ʃoko, aɾoto, masihoto		inheritance			also ʃoko, masihoto				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	opo (EM72), morõ (Cabassous unicinctus), pruʃiima (Dasypus kappleri), opo (Dasypus novemcinctus), waka (priodontes maximus), marëa (JF86)	moɾõ (Cabassous unicinctus), pɾuʃiima (Dasypus kappleri), opo (Dasypus novemcinctus), waka (priodontes maximus), maɾəa		inheritance			Also moɾõ (Cabassous unicinctus), pɾuʃiima (Dasypus kappleri), waka (priodontes maximus), maɾəa			Narrower	underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	mokoro sikɨ	mokoɾo sikɨ		unique			sikɨ = CLF (only association listed in Ramirez is with a yellow snake species)				underived	N+CLF	sikɨ = CLF (only association listed in Ramirez is with a yellow snake species) (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	ahai hi, ẽhẽi kë hi (JF86)	ahai hi, ẽhẽi kə hi		inheritance			hi = CLF "generic tree"				underived	N+CLF	hi = CLF "tree" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	waima si, mai masi (both HR94)	ʋaima si, mai masi		inheritance		but cf. North Arawak manáka	also mai masi, si = nom. classifier				underived	N+CLF	si=CLF associated with beings with feathers/fur, certain grasses, and basketry with a large surface (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	kuratha [also: paushimɨ, ãsikiɨ, hatuhaturimɨ, tapɨta pɨrimɨ, raparimɨ, rõkõmɨ, shinapemɨ, pareamɨ, pakatarimɨ, monarimɨ, hohorimɨ]	kuɾatʰa [also: pauʃimɨ, ã̃sikɨ(JL72), hatuhatuɾimɨ, tapɨta pɨɾimɨ, ɾapaɾimɨ, ɾõkõmɨ, ʃinapemɨ (all M. acuminata); paɾeamɨ, pakataɾimɨ, monaɾimɨ, hohoɾimɨ (all M. Paradisiaca)]		loan (into protolanguage?)		Carib, prob. original meaning 'bastard plantain (sororoca?)'	Yukpa Carib kuratana; see also si (nominal classifier for bananas); pauʃimɨ, ã̃sikɨ(JL72), hatuhatuɾimɨ, tapɨta pɨɾimɨ, ɾapaɾimɨ, ɾõkõmɨ, ʃinapemɨ (all M. acuminata); kuɾatʰa, paɾeamɨ, pakataɾimɨ, monaɾimɨ, hohoɾimɨ (all M. Paradisiaca)			no info	underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	hewë, washo	hewə (small), waʃo (large; similar to waʃə "wound")		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown		Guahiban	hewə (small), waʃo (large; similar to waʃə "wound")				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		-seimɨ	seimɨ (noun class for birds)MM07		unique							underived		this is a classifier (?)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	hoko mahi (HR94)	hoko mahi (HR94)		inheritance							underived	second word is probably a classifier	mahi	unknown, may be ma+hi 'CLF fruit' + 'CLF tree'	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	mrõõ	mɾõõ		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	hetu këkɨ, hokoto këkɨ	hetu kəkɨ (hetu= sky, above; keki = nom. class.), hokoto kəkɨ ( ,kəkɨ is a nominal classifier specifying that things are of the same species)		inheritance			hetu= sky, above; keki = nom. class.); also hokoto kəkɨ				underived	N+CLF	kəkɨ is a nominal classifier specifying that things are of the same species		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	maukəhesi ('calabash' EM72), horokoto ('gourd' EM72), hishima (JF86)	maɾaka hi, hoɾokoto , hiʃima		inheritance			also hishima (JF86); words also found in 'squash' terms; hi = CLF "tree"				underived	N+CLF	hi = CLF "tree" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']	hawari kohi	hawaɾi kohi (B. excelsa)		inheritance							underived	N+CLF+CLF	ko = round, hi = tree		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	warrior ant (not clear whether this is the same thing)	poɾe mo		missing			pore = spirit, aparition; mo= penis; note: it's said the bite can cause swelling of the penis				compound	spirit+penis			See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	uwãuwãmɨ	uwãuwãmɨ		unique							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	kayori (EM72)	kajoɾi		loan (into protolg?)		North Arawak	e.g. Wapishana kaʃu				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	ahë (D. trifida), karpiromɨ	ahə (D. trifida), karpiromɨ		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	wito hi	wito hi		unknown		cf. Wari'	hi = CLF "tree"				underived	N+CLF	hi = CLF "tree" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum	witowito hi	witowito hi		unique			hi = CLF "tree"				reduplicated	N-N+CLF	hi = CLF "tree" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	kumarawë	kumaɾawə		unique							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	seiseimɨ kona	seiseimɨ kona		doubtful loan - WW		%tʃijai	kona = CLF also associated with an anthill of a certain ant species				underived	N+CLF	kona = CLF also associated with an anthill of a certain ant species (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	masimasi tʰotʰo	masimasi tʰotʰo		unique			tʰotʰo = CLF "climbing plants/vines"				underived	N+CLF	tʰotʰo= CLF "climbing plant/vine" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing							missing				See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	hõrahesi	hõɾahesi		unknown							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	poshe, warë (JF86)	poʃe, warə		inheritance			also inherited: warə				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	yarushe	jaɾuʃe		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	shinari ũ hi, šinani (EM72)	ʃinaɾi ũ hi (G. barbadense)		doubtful loan		Arawak: Piapoco sáawali	also šinani, ũ = CLF associated with fuzzy things, hi = CLF associated with some plants (but I'm not sure why there would be two CLFs one after the next like this)				underived	N+CLF+CLF	also šinani, ũ = CLF associated with fuzzy things (Ramirez 94), hi = CLF associated with some plants (Ramirez 94) (but I'm not sure why there would be two CLFs one after the next like this)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	oko	oko		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	kirikirimɨ, sikisikimɨ (HR94)	kiɾikiɾimɨ, sikisikimɨ		doubtful loan		Carib; onomatopoeic	Pemon kɾitʃa; kiriʔtʃa or Panare kïrïsa; may also be onomatopoeic. (Chance resemblance?) kiri means fearful or is a verbal directional suffix that means from below. See also sikisikimɨ				reduplicated or onomatopoeic				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	paruri	paɾuɾi		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	haya, preri	haja, pɾeɾi		inheritance			also pɾeɾi				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		haya, preri	haja, preri		inheritance											See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	thãri, hiima (EM72)	tʰãɾi (affectionate term), hi:ma		unique	(shared Yan-Yanmi)		also tʰãɾi (affectionate term),			Broader (generic 'dog')	underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		thãri, hiima	tʰãri, hiima		inheritance											See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	hiima	hi:mã (general term "dog")		unique						Broader (generic 'dog')	underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	hoya	hoja (general term)		unknown			generic				underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	sapai	sapai		unique							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	ou, mati (ou)	ou (Rhynchoporus palmarum L.), mati (ou) (R. palmarum ?)		unknown			also mati (ou) (R. palmarum ?)				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	yahetipa	jahetipa		unique							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	prima ãhu	pɾima ãhu		unknown			ãhu = CLF also associated with a certain glowing worm				underived	N+CLF	ãhu = CLF also associated with a certain glowing worm (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		yuri	juɾi		inheritance	subgroup						underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	yaraka henakɨ	jaɾaka henakɨ		unique			hena = CLF "magic/useful plants", kɨ = CLF "serpentiform beings"				phrase	small sardines + leaves of various plants			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	kopatashima, rihuuna (EM72)	kopataʃima, ɾihu:na		inheritance			also kopataʃima				underived	N-CLF.'stinging insect'			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	tana hi	tana hi (Genipa americana)		loan		North Arawak	e.g. Baniwa dáːna; hi = CLF "tree"				underived	N+CLF	hi = CLF "tree" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	hetehia	hetehia		unique							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	moimoima	moimoima (MM07)		unique							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	yapi	japi		unique							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	kono, koriuna (JF86)	kono, koɾiuna		unique							underived	N, N+CLF	una	una = egret, certain long beaked birds	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	shihena	ʃihena		unique							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	mãrãshi, kuremɨ	mãɾãʃi, kuɾemɨ		loan - WW		%mare	Yavitero matʃi, Baniwa mare; or Carib, Waimiri Atroari mareʔe; see also Yan. kuɾemɨ	WW	%mare		underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola	epena hi, hisiomɨ hi	epena hi, hisiomɨ hi													See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	mokohiɾo	mokohiɾo		unknown							missing				See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	wiiwiimɨ	wi:wi:mɨ		doubtful loan		Carib, esp. Mapoyo wirihpaya	esp. WaiWai wi-koko; Mapoyo wirihpaya				underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	himoto, ahamɨ, akosho, amɨ kë hu, bahari, puu na (EM72)	himoto, ahamɨ, akosho, amɨ kë hu, bahari, puu na (EM72)		inheritance			see also ahamɨ (bittersweet honey)(JL75), akoʃo (sweet, abundant honey)(JL75), amɨ kə hu (sweet honey)(JL75), bahaɾi (JL75); na = CLF "ant, stinging insect/plant"				underived	N+CLF	na = CLF "ant, stinging insect/plant" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	praki	pɾaki		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	iro (alouatta seniculus)	iɾo (alouatta seniculus)		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	tesho	teʃo		inheritance			siemaɾi (large), siɾamɨ (large), siemato (small)				underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	iwawa sikɨ	iwawa sikɨ (iwa= alligator, si= nom. Class.)		doubtful loan - WW		%jiwana? see 'caiman'	iwa= alligator, sikɨ= nom. class.				underived	possibly, not fully clear, N+CLF	sikɨ = CLF associated with yellow serpents (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	kepõ, krepo (HR94)	kepõ, kɾepo		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing			no generic? see kaʃi (fire ant), poɾe mo (warrior ant; pore = spirit, aparition; mo= penis; note: it's said the bite can cause swelling of the penis), suɾi na (worker ant); šĩho (EM72), koye (EM72) (both species unknown)				missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	ɨra, washaẽma	ɨɾa, waʃaẽma		inheritance							underived				See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	wari ma hi	waɾi ma hi		unique			hi = CLF "tree"				underived	N+?+CLF	hi = CLF "tree" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	siemari, siramɨ, siemato	siemaɾi (large), siɾamɨ (large), siemato (small)		unknown							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	koye	koje (leaf-cutter)		unknown		cf. Carib	Yukpa keyabu; Carijona kokoyo				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	ara, ara, ashiashirimɨ, kurikaya (EM72, blue), ara (EM72, red)	aɾa (general term "macaw"), aɾa aʃiaʃiɾimɨ(Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, ashiashiɾimi = yellow), kuɾikaja, aɾa		loan into protolanguage - WW		%arara	Panare ara; see also Arawak, e.g. Mandawaka adáːlu. Means generic macaw; see also aɾa aʃiaʃiɾimɨ(Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, ashiashiɾimi = yellow), kuɾikaja, aɾa	WW	%ara		underived				See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	yono mosi	jono mosi		unique			mosi = CLF				underived	N+CLF	mosi = CLF (class isn't well defined) (Ramirez 94)	may actually be mo "CLF edible grain" and si "CLF ~grass"	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	mashi kõamirimɨ sikɨ, našikoko (EM72)	naʃi kõamiɾimɨ sikɨ (M. esculenta), naʃikoko		inheritance							phrase	yuca+bitter-nominalizer+CLF	sikɨ		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	nashi mɨhɨtarimɨ sikɨ,	naʃi mɨhɨtaɾimɨ sikɨ (M. dulcis)		unique							phrase	yuca+not.bitter-nominalizer+CLF	sikɨ		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	eteweshi	eteweʃi		loan - WW		North Arawak	e.g. Yucuna itewí				underived				See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	pareto	paɾeto (MM07)		unique							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	huramahe	huɾamahe		unique							underived	possibly derived or phrase, but semantics of possible morphemes make this seem unlikely			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	thoropo	tʰoɾopo		inheritance							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	ara amou, atama, haya henakɨ, mahekomɨ, pokoramɨ, sikõmɨ asi, tohotoho (all edible)	aɾa amou, atama, haja henakɨ, mahekomɨ, pokoɾamɨ, sikõmɨ asi, tohotoho		unknown			amo=CLF associated with some mushrooms. See also atama, haja henakɨ, mahekomɨ, pokoɾamɨ, sikõmɨ asi, tohotoho (all edible)			Narrower?	underived	N+CLF	amo=CLF associated with some mushrooms (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	proro	pɾoɾo		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	aware, nẽro (JF86)	awaɾe, nẽɾo		loan - WW		%jawari, via Venezuelan Carib	Carijona, Akawaio, Pemon aware; alternative term nẽɾo	WW	%jaware		underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	krukukumɨ	kɾukukumɨ		loan - WW? onomatopoeic		%murukutu / kurukutu	curucucúuni; onomatopoeia?	WW	%kuruku	Broader (generic owl)	onomatopoeic				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	amota, amotha (both HR94)	amota, amotha (both HR94)		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	paromena	paɾomena (Mylossoma duriventre or aureum)		unique							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	kohere, ikiyare	koheɾe, ikijaɾe		unique							underived		si	CLF associated with beings with feathers/fur, certain grasses, and basketry with a large surface (Ramirez 94)	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	werehi (koko)	weɾehi (koko)		doubtful loan - WW		%awaro	maybe loan into protolg; Arawak variants waru; Macushi woroké				underived	N+CLF	koko	koko= rounded objects	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	konopo (I. deltoidea)	konopo (I. deltoidea)		unknown							underived		si	CLF associated with beings with feathers/fur, certain grasses, and basketry with a large surface (Ramirez 94)	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	rasha; raša	raʃa	peach palm	inheritance			rashapɨ 'extremidad inferior de la espina dorsal de algunos animales' (M-M 262) i.e. endpoint of backbone				underived				Mattei-Müller 2007: 262; Migliazza 1972: 313	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing							missing				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	yamaa shikɨ	jama: ʃikɨ (Ananas parhuasensis)		unique							underived	N+CLF	ʃikɨ	refers to magic plants (polysemous with the word for intestines)	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	siparariwë	sipaɾaɾiwə (sipara = machete, -riwe = nom. Suff. For masc. ancestral spirits)		unique		formed from loan 'machete'	(sipara = machete, -riwe = nom suffix for masc. ancestral spirits)				compound	sipara = machete, -riwe = nom suffix for masc. ancestral spirits			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	hiwara	hiwaɾa		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	hukomo (HR94)	hukomo		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	hukomo (thotho)	hukomo (tʰotʰo)		inheritance			tʰotʰo= CLF "climbing plant/vine"				underived	N+(CLF)	tʰotʰo= CLF "climbing plant/vine" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing							missing				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	kanimari ãhi	kanimaɾi ãhi		unique							phrase	N+'thick, muddy' (ostensibly making reference to the thick sap)			See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	suhi (IDS)	suhi (IDS)		unknown							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	hoko (JF86)	hoko (JF86)		inheritance			related to 'black palm'				underived		ma	CLF 'fruit'	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	šɨmɨ (EM72)	ʃɨmɨ		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	waraima akatʰo	waɾaima akatʰo (generic term; wara= skin disease, -ima= verbal suff. Denoting from below, akatho= nom. Class. Denoting reptiles living below the ground) (IDS)		doubtful loan		Carib, esp. Makushi wairore	wara= skin disease, -ima= verbal suffix denoting from below, akatho= nom. classifier denoting reptiles living below the ground				derived	questionable: N-Orientational.suffix+CLF, but orientational suffixes usually only affix to verbs. However, the meaning of the clitic is related to the meaning of the classifier, so it seemed worth noting.			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	warora (IDS)	waɾoɾa (IDS)		loan		North Arawak, e.g. Yukuna waroro	See Yucuna waɾoɾo				underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		oru	oɾu		inheritance							underived		kəkɨ is a nominal classifier specifying that things are of the same species		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	aroamɨ këkɨ	aɾoamɨ kəkɨ (bothrops sp.)		inheritance							underived		kəkɨ is a nominal classifier specifying that things are of the same species		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	araremɨ	aɾaɾemɨ		unique							underived	possibly derived: ara- = to smoke/be smoked (as in fish), -remi (similar to ending on term) = suffix forming a noun from a verb denoting the female agent of the action.			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	wariomɨ kohesi (IDS)	waɾiomɨ kohesi (IDS)		unknown							underived		koheki/kohesi	probably a CLF = 'spider', etc.	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	hishima thotho, horokoto thotho, kõa hesi thotho, orakama thotho	hiʃima tʰotʰo, hoɾokoto tʰotʰo, kõa hesi tʰotʰo, oɾakama tʰotʰo		semantic shift		from Crescentia?	also kõa hesi tʰotʰo, oɾakama tʰotʰo; tʰotʰo= CLF "climbing plant/vine"				underived	N+CLF	tʰotʰo= CLF "climbing plant/vine" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	wayapashi, kario	wajapaʃi (amazonian), kaɾio (guianan)		inheritance		Carib	Mapoyo wayari; or? Quechua waywash, see also Ashuar (Q loan). Also kaɾio (guianan squirrel)			Narrower	underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	yãmãru	jãmãɾu (IDS)		loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown		North Arawak: Baniwa, Tariana	Tariana, Baniwa ɲámaɻo				underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	kapiriomɨ, haimarimi (JF86), ohina mo (HR94), aria mo (HR94)	kapiɾiomɨ, haimaɾimi, ohina mo, aɾia mo		unique			also kapiriomɨ, haimarimi (JF86), mo = edible grain/ things shaped like a grain				underived	N+CLF	mo = edible grain/ things shaped like a grain (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	shama, hayakoari	ʃama, hajakoaɾi		inheritance			also hajakoaɾi				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	ãrepo (kona shi), oshe mape	ã̃ɾepo (kona ʃi), oʃe mape (winged, also generic term)		unique			also ã̃ɾepo (kona ʃi)				phrase	oshe=small one, mahe = feather/wing			See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	tori	toɾi		unique							underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	jeikarari, mashapi	jeikaɾaɾi (H. macrophthalmus), maʃapi (H. malabaricus)		unique			see also maʃapi (H. malabaricus)			Narrower	underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	yoohoamɨ, hãshimo, horohoromɨ	joohoamɨ (tinamus guttatus), hãʃimo (tinamus major), hoɾohoɾomɨ ( tinamus tao)		unknown			joohoamɨ (tinamus guttatus), hãʃimo (tinamus major), hoɾohoɾomɨ ( tinamus tao)			Narrower (species)	underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	yoyo	jojo		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	pẽẽ nahe, pẽek nahe (EM72)	pẽ: nahe, pẽek nahe		inheritance			nahe = CLF "tobacco"				underived	N+CLF	nahe = CLF "tobacco" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	totori	totoɾi		unknown							underived				See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	mayepɨ, mayopɨ (EM72), kretori (JF86), Kreomari (JF86)	majepɨ, majopɨ, kɾetoɾi, kɾeomaɾi		inheritance			also kɾetoɾi, kɾeomaɾi				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		hii hi	hi: hi		inheritance			hi = CLF "generic tree"				underived	N+CLF	hi= CLF "tree" (Ramirez 94)		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	hõsõmɨ	hõsõmɨ (mono negro)		unknown			also hoaʃi?				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	makararowë (JF86), apia (HR94, pouteria sp.)	makaɾaɾowə, apia		unique			also makararowë (JF86)				underived		hi = 'tree'		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	watupa	watupa		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW		Arawak, e.g. Wapishana watʰu	(Wapishana, Mandawaka wathu, wadu)				underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	kõpina	kõpina (IDS)		inheritance							underived		na	stinging insect'	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	hoashi	hoaʃi		loan		North Arawak, prob. Yavitero huatsĩ	Yavitero huatsĩ 'tufted capuchin'				underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	pasho	paʃo		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	warë	waɾə		inheritance							underived				See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	eshãmɨ, toromɨ, shuririãmɨ, thëëthëëmɨ	eʃãmɨ (camepephilus sp., dryocopus lineatus), toɾom ɨ (camepephilus sp., d. lineatus), ʃuɾiɾiã̃mɨ (celeus elegans, c. grammicus), tʰəətʰəəmɨ (celeus flavus, c. torquatus)		unknown			See also toɾomɨ (camepephilus sp., d. lineatus), ʃuɾiɾiã̃mɨ (celeus elegans, c. grammicus), tʰəətʰəəmɨ (celeus flavus, c. torquatus)			Narrower	underived				See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	shereka	ʃeɾeka		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	poo, poo porepɨ	po:, po: poɾepɨ (made of stone)		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: po:	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	yuri yãhi	juɾi jãhi		unknown							Compound	juɾi, “fish”	can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	toutou, parankana	toutou, paɾankana		unknown			Unknown			Alternate: paɾankana (Spanish loan).May be a WW; compare Hodï tota; Wai Wai tutum (under bowl); Orejón toto deo ja; Cocama tutu (DRUM)	Reduplicated			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	pako		basket, for transportation	Doubtful loan			Nheengatu				Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	wɨɨ, yorehi, pako (for transportation)	wɨ:, joɾehi, pako (for transportation)		inheritance; unique; doubtful loan - WW			%panaku							See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	mora, wɨɨ (EM72)	moɾa, wɨ:		unknown						Alternate: wɨ:	Simplex			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	topë	topə		inheritance		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material				missing										See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	roomamotima (neol. : ro-aɨ = "to sit")	ɾo:mamotima		unique						neologism	Phrase	ɾoo-mamotima, sit-thing		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	arõkõhiriwë	aɾõkõhiɾiwə		unknown							Simplex		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	mathono (MM07)	motʰono (MM07)		unique						neologism	Simplex			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	hii hi ka (bottom)	hi: hi ka		unique									if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	hatõ nahi, tisho hi, nahi (EM72)	hatõ nahi, tiʃo hi (ceremonial)		unique						Alternate: tiʃo hi (ceremonial)	Other complex	No info	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	shikishiki, hõamotima	ʃikiʃiki, hõamotima		unique						Alternate: hõamotima	Reduplicated			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kanawa	kanawa		loan - WW		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam?	%kanawa	WW	%kanawa	Could be loan into protolanguage. WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate	Simplex			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	mishi, yaomɨ, henapë (domestic cats), thoropowarewë (rat eater), ira tikëkërimɨ (mountain cat), irimɨ (si), tururumɨ (mosi) (black tiger)	miʃi, yaomɨ =, henapə (domestic cats), tʰoropowarewə (rat eater), ɨra tikəkərimɨ (mountain cat), irimɨ (si), tururumɨ (si) (black tiger)		loan - WW; unique			%miʃi	WW	%miʃi	Quechua source? mishi; Bora míichi; Yucuna, michi; Resígaro, miishí; Eсepa,miǩi; Makiritari, mēši; Orejon, michi agu; Yanomami mishi, Sikuani mitsi	Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kakara (MM07)	kakara (MM07)		loan - WW			%karaka	WW	%karaka	Loan + metathesis; Probably Arawak origin (see Nordenskiold 1922). Tukanoan, e.g. Wanano karaka; Arawak, e.g. Baniwa kaláka; Yanomamo, Nadeb; Macaguan takra, Sikuani wakara	Simplex			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	kapitani (MM07)	kapitani (MM07)		loan			Spanish			also Nheengatu kapitão	Simplex			See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	iro sikɨ	iɾo sikɨ		inheritance										See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	himo, naprushi, parimi, hipë (MM07)	himo, napruʃi, parimi, hipə (MM07)		inheritance		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam				Alternate: napruʃi, parimi, hipə	Simplex			See Language page
coca			narcotics				Missing										See Language page
cook food			food	ɾɨpɨ-aɨ			Inheritance		Proto-Yanomami				Alternate: ɾɨpɨpɾaɨ	Simplex	aɨ looks like some sort of verbal marker		See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				missing									malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	praia		ritual dance form in center of plaza	Inheritance		Proto-Yanomami				Alternate: shiwahio (terms for ritual dance for presentation in the central plaza); hẽri (ritual dance), imɨkɨ yokoaɨ and imɨkɨ yokoyokomou (dance involving raising and lowering of the arms)	Simplex	-i marker of verbs?		See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	rahaka	ɾahaka		unknown							Simplex		hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology				missing									In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing										See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	maharishi (MM07)	mahariʃi (MM07)		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Derived	mahari, “to dream” + some kind of nominalizer?		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	shuu huku hi (regular drum)	shuu huku hi (regular drum)	regular drum, (palo de monte)	unknown							Other complex			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing									Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	shuhema, yahuha (EM72)	ʃuhema, jahuha		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: jahuha	Simplex		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	sikɨ	sikɨ		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	arana	aɾana		doubtful loan			Spanish corral, via Arawak kurara				Simplex		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	yarakuri	jaɾakuɾi		loan - WW			%jalaki, MM attributes to Yekuana						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology	hërɨ̃ (HR94)	həɾɨ̃		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing										See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	kõã ãsho	kõã ãʃo		inheritance		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam					Compound	kõã, “fire”		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	yuri shëaɨ	juɾi ʃəaɨ		unknown							Compound			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	yuri rëkaɨ, rəka (EM72)	juɾi ɾəkaɨ, ɾəka		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: ɾəka (juɾi ɾəka? not clear from original spreadsheet)	Compound			See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	jaɾaka henakɨ			Unknown							Other complex	No info		See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	ɑ̃sithɑ, uhea ɑ̃sithɑ [fishhook line], yuri yokɑmotimɑ, materiɑwë [Pt/Sp loan] (MM07)	ã̃sitʰa, uhea ã̃sitʰa, juri jokamotimɑ, materiawə (MM07)		inheritance		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam				Alternate: uhea ã̃sitʰa, juri jokamotima, materiawə	Simplex			See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	sharapi, nomohõri	ʃaɾapi, nomohõɾi		unknown						Alternate: nomohõɾi. Compare Yucuna tʃaʔawí	Simplex			See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	nashi hikɨ	naʃi hikɨ		unique/semantic shift?		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam	from 'manioc'						usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	mayoko hĩkɨ (MM07)	majoko hĩkɨ (MM07)		loan			Tupi-Guarani 'manioc'	WW	%matsuka	A loanblend. Also Baniwa, matsóka; Warekena, matsuka; Mandawaka, matʃúka; Puinave, masuká; Nadeb ma	Compound	mayoko, “manioc” + hĩkɨ, “flour”	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	horamamotima	hoɾamamotima		doubtful loan			Eñepa aramataimə			Maybe borrowing + native nominalizer?	Derived	nominalizer -amotima?	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	yaro (EM72)	jaɾo		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology	tana hi			Loan		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam	North Arawak			Could be loan into protolanguage	Simplex	hi some sort of classifier for plants? Also found in items for “tree,” “acouchi tree,” achiote”		See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	yai	jai		inheritance										See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	maukəhesi ('calabash' EM72), horokoto ('gourd' EM72), hishima (JF86)	maɾaka hi, hoɾokoto, hiʃima		doubtful loan; doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	*fesi	Proto-Yanomamo	Spanish (calabash); %koto/matoko			inherited form is 'gourd'	Compound	hesi 'gourd'		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	hɨrɨkamotima, hɨrɨka (EM72)	hɨɾɨkamotima		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Derived	hɨɾɨk-amotima, grate-nominalizer	esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	rãmamotima (MM07)	rãmamotima (MM07)		unknown							Derived	rãmɨ-aɨ “to roast,” -amotima, nominalizer	agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	kopeta (little used terms: amarõkõma, arakusa, hiihi, hõmomamɨ, mokawa, tãhimi hi, yoroa)	kopeta (little used terms: amarõkõma, arakusa, hiihi, hõmomamɨ, mokawa, tãhimi hi, yoroa)		loan; loan - WW			Spanish escopeta; %mukawa; arcabuz (via Carib)			Compare Makiritare kapuuctʃa; Alternates: amarõkõma, arakusa, hiihi, hõmomamɨ, mokawa, tãhimi hi, yoroa (little used terms)	Simplex			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	yɨɨ këkɨ, mrakamathoto (EM72)	jɨ: kəkɨ, mɾakamatʰoto		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: jɨ: kekɨ	Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	he yoa	he joa		semantic shift?		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam					Other complex	related to “to cover”		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	haro- ("to heal" HR94), owëh- ("to heal"HR94)	haɾo-, oʋəh-		inheritance									Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing										See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	puu	puu		inheritance		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam				Alternate: puu u(ku)	Simplex		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	shapono, yahi (EM72)	ʃapono (collective), jahi		unique; inheritance										See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	ramɨ huu (individual, daily trip), henimou (collective, longer trip)	ɾamɨ hu:, henimou		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: henimou	Simplex			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	akuri, thõmɨna (EM72)	akuɾi (shamanic), tʰõmɨna		unknown; inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: sipaɾa si, akuɾi (shamanic)	Simplex			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	wayuko (MM07)	wajuko (MM07)		loan			Carib			Pemon wajiku	Simplex			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	sipara	sipaɾa		loan - WW			%sipara/sapere	WW	%sapara	Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe)	Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	hii hi ka	hi: hi ka (for grinding bones of the dead)	for grinding bones of the dead	unknown							Phrase	for grinding bones of the dead?, unclear what the parts mean		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	yakoremamotima, kanareto	jakoɾemamotima, kanaɾeto		inheritance										See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology	paushi (also denotes other types of body adornment	pauʃi												See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	onimamotima (lit. draw + Nominalizer, anything that can be used for drawing or writing), papeo, papeyo (MM07)	onimamotima (lit. draw + nominalizer, anything used for drawing/writing), papeo, papejo (MM07)		unique; loan			Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	poo (for grinding halucinogens)	po:		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	mokohiɾo		tube for inhaling snuff	Unknown							Simplex			See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	mokohiro (tube for inhaling snuff)	mokohiɾo		unknown										See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	iyamamotima	ijamamotima		unique							Derived	eat-NMLZ; ijam-amotima		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing										See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	hapoka	hapoka		inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	husuhusu (particularly the Caucho tree), warapa ko hi	husuhusu (particularly the Caucho tree), warapa ko hi		unknown; unknown							Reduplicated			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	ãsitha	ãsitʰa		inheritance										See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	mositima, mitirimɨ, sayu (MM07)	mositima, mitirimɨ, saju (MM07)		unique; loan			Span/Port (via Carib?)			Alternate: mitirimɨ, saju	Derived	mositi “to salt”, -ma nominalizer?		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	jahi hiramamotima			unique							Phrase	yahi 'collective house', hira 'teach' + NMLZ		See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	shapori, hekura	ʃapoɾi, hekuɾa		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: hekuɾa (shaman); haɾo-, oʋəh- (healer, to heal?)	Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	mamikɨtitioma (MM07)	mamikɨtitioma (MM07)		unique						neologism	Phrase	literal translation “to put the foot (in)”, gloss not given		See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	horotorimɨsikɨ (MM07)	horotorimɨsikɨ (MM07)		unique						neologism	Other complex	Unclear: the word is variously analyzed as two words (Spanish-Yanomami side) or one word (Yanomami-Spanish portion), sikɨ is an element also found in the word for “sugar cane”		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation				missing										See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	amoa (M72)	amoa (M72)	song (not necessarily ritual)	inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex			See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	šokopi (EM72)	ʃokopi		inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam				Possibly loaned into Makiritari sukuhi	Simplex			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food				missing										See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing										See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	kretetiwë (sweet), puu sikɨ (sugar cane) (MM07)	kretetiwə (sweet), puu sikɨ (sugar cane) (MM07)	sugar cane	unique						Alternate: kretetiwə (sweet)	Compound	honey/bee ?		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food				missing									agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	kohere, ikiyare	koheɾe, ikijaɾe		unknown										See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	kotoma	kotoma		inheritance?		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	pẽ: nahe			Inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: pẽek nahe	Other complex	No info		See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	poo (top, for hallucinogens)	po:		unique									use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	wayu, mamokorima (HR94)	waju, mamokoɾima		unknown						Alternate: mamokoɾima	Simplex		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	puu nasi (beeswax) (MM07)	puu nasi (beeswax) (MM07)		unknown							Derived	puu na “bee,” -si some sort of classifier/derivation		See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	kamamoma	kamamoma		unknown							Simplex		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing									a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

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Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	Etymology Notes	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	yes		Ramirez 1994: p.330		somewhat unclear if it's compounding or serialization
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no		Ramirez 1994		see p.330. probably not serialization because verbs (all in one phonological word) take different morphology. 1st has VCRM w/ aspect, and 2nd has aspect and tense.
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	yes	occurs with a variety of verbs, typically those which express adverbial-type concepts	Ramirez 1994: p.364		it's not clear how productive this is.
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info		Ramirez 1994		no examples of these
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes	/ku/ is the only auxiliary, and it's use is not restricted to aux. functions. Often occurs after the main verb	Ramirez 1994: p.350
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no		Ramirez 1994: p.240		The table on this page provides many examples of the most common verbal suffixes. While Ramirez doesn't state that there is no fusion, there is none indicated by this comprehensive table.
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence for this anywhere in the text
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Ramirez 1994: p.236
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Ramirez 1994: p.92		Ramirez only says that an affix is "generally a suffix", but from looking at the rest of the examples in the book, I think it's obvious that there are far more suffixes (incorporated proclitics (typically just marking agreement) are the only exceptions to
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Ramirez 1994: p.92		Ramirez only says that an affix is "generally a suffix", but from looking at the rest of the examples in the book, I think it's obvious that there are far more suffixes (incorporated proclitics (typically just marking agreement) are the only exceptions to
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Ramirez 1994: p.92		Ramirez only says that an affix is "generally a suffix", but from looking at the rest of the examples in the book, I think it's obvious that there are far more suffixes (incorporated proclitics (typically just marking agreement) are the only exceptions to
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	yes	has the effect of deverbalizing a stative verb, but with other verbs it expresses rapid, periodic repetition of an action without interruption	Ramirez 1994: p.365
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no		Ramirez 1994: p.364-366
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	yes	doesn't have the effect of intransitivizing	Ramirez 1994: p.221		various examples of this and other incorporation of nouns throughout book.
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	yes	can incorporate noun classifiers, AUG/DIM; "adjectives" pattern verbally, and so they may seem "incorporated" but this might be better classified as a kind of verb serialization.	Ramirez 1994: p.130; Lizot 1996: p.32-33
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no		Ramirez 1994: 195-198
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	2	could be interpreted as 4 cases. suffix -nɨ marks ergative and instrumental (possibly distinct because ins. Can be used with an intrans. Verb), and clitic =e marks 'oblique' and possessive/possessed case (can appear with either head or dependent in Yanom	Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 179-180
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no	Only the absolutive is not marked	Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 179-180
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes	except absolutive, which is not marked	Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 179-180
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 179-180
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 179-180
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 179-180
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 179-180
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 179-180
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 179-180
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no		Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 156-157
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no		Ramirex 1994		no mention of these
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	yes	indefinite (non-specific) verbal particle/pronoun	Ramirez 1994: 177-178
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no	not an article so much as a pronoun	Ramirez 1994: 177-178
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no	incl/excl is distinguished, however, in the possessive pronouns	Ramirez 1994: 209
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		yes		Ramirez 1994: 101
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	yes, 3		Ramirez 1994: 210
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		yes	visibility	Ramirez 1994: 210
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no	noun clasifiers, but not classes	Ramirez 1994: p.123-124
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	no	noun clasifiers, but not classes	Ramirez 1994: p.123-124
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes	100+	Ramirez 1994: p.123-124
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	no		Ramirez 1994: p.142-151; p.112		no gender distinctions in person/number clitics (p.112), no indication of gender distinctions in classifiers list starting on p.142
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Ramirez 1994: p.142-151		no indication of gender distinctions in noun classifier list
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	no	there are many noun classes with both animates and inanimates	Ramirez 1994: p.124
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no		Ramirez, 1994: p.112
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		yes	many of these classes apply equally to inanimates	Ramirez 1994: p.124
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes	many of these classes apply equally to animates	Ramirez 1994: p.124
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no info		Ramirez 1994		From my observations, there are hardly any words that don't have a classifier associated with them.
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no info		Ramirez 1994		There don't seem to be any special numeral classifiers. At least none are mentioned by Ramirez. The three numbers in Yanomami (for person/number marking : sg, dual, plural) correspond directly to Yanomami's only numerals: 'one', 'two', and '3 or more'
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	no info		Ramirez 1994
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no info		Ramirez 1994
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		no		Ramirez 1994: 195
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Ramirez 1994: 195
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Ramirez 1994: 195
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		yes	various clitics for sg, dual, pl; other clitics can intervene between the noun and the number marking	Ramirez 1994: 195
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no	plural can be marked on inanimates also at least using the incorporated number markers	Ramirez 1994: 195, and other examples throughout text
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no	no number marked on non-possessive forms, number marked on 1st person inclusive dual and plural and on second person dual and plural with suffixes that are unique to possessive pronouns	Ramirez 1994: 209-210
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no info		Ramirez 1994
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Mattei-Muller 2007
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no		Mattei-Muller 2007
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		Mattei-Muller 2007
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Mattei-Muller 2007
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	no		Mattei-Muller 2007
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	yes		Mattei-Muller 2007	No numerals over 2
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	yes		Mattei-Muller 2007	No numerals over 2
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence of this
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence of this
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no		Ramirez 1994: 209-210
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Ramirez 1994: 209-210
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Ramirez 1994: 209-210
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Ramirez 1994: 209-210		no mention of polite pronouns
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no		Ramirez 1994: 101-105, 209-222		no mention of reflexive pronoun in discussion
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	no	no true adjectives	Lizot 1996: 32-3, Ramirez 1994: various examples		Terribly confusing. There's not a lot of good, direct discussion of adjectives. They pretty much are only either verbs or get incorporated
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no		Lizot 1996: 32-3, Ramirez 1994: various examples		evidenced by various examples in Lizot and Ramirez
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	no		Ramirez 1994: 363-378		no mention of this, but there is one that derives a location
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes	Lizot says this kind of derivational morphology is not very productive	Lizot 1996: p.227
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no		Ramirez 1994: 363-378		no evidence for this
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	yes		Ramirez 1994: 367
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	yes		Ramirez 1994: 204, 156
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Ramirez 1994: 189
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		Ramirez 1994: 189
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no	you can also get Pr=POSS=Pd, but all strategies must have POSS in some way bound to the Pd, and never to the Pr alone	Ramirez 1994: 184-189
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes		Ramirez 1994: 184-189
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no		Ramirez 1994: 184-189		no evidence for these
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no	no marking in existential sentences w/o verb (Pr-Pd), but inalienably possessed is incorporated in sentences involving a verb	Ramirez 1994: 184-192
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	yes	inalienable is incorporated or uses /-pɨ/ with kin terms	Ramirez 1994: 184-192
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	yes		Ramirez 1994: 118
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes		Ramirez 1994: 189-192
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes		Ramirez 1994: 117-119
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no		Ramirez 1994		no discussion, but there are many examples that simply have "man"
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	yes	CCV - first C is [-cor]	Migliazza 1972: p.201
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes		Migliazza 1972: p.201
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Migliazza 1972: p.201
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no		Migliazza 1972: p.203
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	yes		Migliazza 1972: p.154
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	yes	Nasality can spread throughout the morphemes of a word if one of the morphemes is nasalized.	Migliazza 1972: p.158, Ramirez 1994: 69
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		yes	regressive, usually involves change in rounding.	Lizot 1996: p.26-27; Ramirez 1994: 82-83
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no		Lizot 1996: 51
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Lizot 1996: 51
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	yes		Lizot 1996: 51
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Lizot 1996: 51
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Lizot 1996: 51
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		no		Ramirez 1994: 209-213
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Ramirez 1994: 209-213
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	yes		Ramirez 1994: 209-213
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Ramirez 1994: 209-213
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Ramirez 1994: 209-213
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no		Ramirez 1994: 112-114
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	yes		Ramirez 1994: 112-114
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Ramirez 1994: 112-114
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	yes		Ramirez 1994: 112-114
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	yes	ergative-absolutive is primary for person-marking, but if one argument is 1st or 2nd person it can exhibit hierarchical, and if both are 1st/2nd there are special forms to denote which is ergative and which is absolutive (There is only split marking in th	Ramirez 1994: 112-114
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes	1st part comes after person marking clitics, second part comes after aspect (and tense?	Ramirez 1994: 311
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	no		Ramirez 1994: 219
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		Ramirez 1994: 219
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Ramirez 1994: 219
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	yes		Ramirez 1994: 219
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no		Ramirez 1994: 217
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no		Ramirez 1994: 313-314
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes		Ramirez 1994: 313-314
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		Ramirez 1994: 313-314
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		Ramirez 1994: 313-314
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	yes	used with the negated future	Ramirez 1994: 313-314
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		Ramirez 1994: 313-314
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no		Ramirez 1994		evidenced by examples
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no info
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no info		Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no info		Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	yes		Ramirez 1994: 320, 167
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes	no true adjectives	Ramirez 1994: 202		see examples
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no		Ramirez 1994: 202		see examples
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes		Ramirez 1994: ch.4		evidenced by examples
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	no		Ramirez 1994		no examples of this
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no		Ramirez 1994		no examples of this
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	no info	I would actually suspect this is possible, but I don't have the data to back it up	Ramirez 1994		no examples of this
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		no	pronoun retention	Ramirez 1994		from examples (there were only 3 or 4)
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no		Ramirez 1994		from examples (there were only 3 or 4)
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes	not obligatory as free pronouns	Ramirez 1994: 209-213
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes	clitics, not prefixes; obligatory (person marking takes special forms relating the relative roles of two different arguments)	Ramirez 1994		evidenced by examples throughout
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes	3rd person dual and plural are often marked as a suffix, but most person markings are clitics preceding the verb	Ramirez 1994		evidenced by examples throughout
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		Ramirez 1994		evidences by examples throughout
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes		Ramirez 1994		evidenced by examples throughout
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes		Ramirez 1994		evidenced by examples throughout
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no	ergative 3rd person will be marked, an inversion morpheme is required between a 1st or 2nd person absolutive (which must always be marked 1st on the verb) and a 3rd person ergative	Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes	absolutive 3rd person arguments will be marked, unless there is a 1st or 2nd person ergative.	Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	yes	number is often marked with a separate clitic that can either come directly after the person marking clitic, or sometimes occurs as a suffix on the verb	Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no	there are only possessive suffixes for 1st and 2nd person	Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no	but 'less-animate' animals or inanimates will more commonly be marked with a noun classifier instead of the 3rd person marker (used for humans and higher animates like tapirs, dogs, jaguars, etc.)	Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	yes		Ramirez 1994		evidenced by examples
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no		Ramirez 1994		evidenced by examples
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Ramirez 1994		evidenced by examples
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	yes		Ramirez 1994: 253
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no	no dedicated morpheme, discussions of reflexive uses are not clear	Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	n/a	ergative-absolutive; no passive	Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence of this
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	yes		Ramirez 1994: 247-249
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no		Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no		Ramirez 1994
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Ramirez 1994: 245-248
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes		Ramirez 1994: 245-248
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Ramirez 1994: 245-248
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no		Ramirez 1994: 245-248
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	yes		Ramirez 1994: 248- 252
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence of this
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	yes		Ramirez 1994: 238
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes		Ramirez 1994: 240
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes		Ramirez 1994: 295
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence of this
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes		Ramirez 1994: 240
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Ramirez 1994: 240
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Ramirez 1994: 240, 254-258, 262-263, 273
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Ramirez 1994: 240
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Ramirez 1994: 240
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	yes		Ramirez 1994: 240; 273-274
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	yes		Ramirez 1994: 316-317
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	yes		Ramirez 1994: 317
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	yes		Ramirez 1994
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	yes		Ramirez 1994
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Ramirez 1994
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no		Ramirez 1994
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes		Ramirez 1994: 316-317
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no		Ramirez 1994: 316-317
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no		Ramirez 1994: 316-317
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no		Ramirez 1994: 316-317
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no		Ramirez 1994: 324-329
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Ramirez 1994: 324-329
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes		Ramirez 1994: 240
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	no		Ramirez 1994		no examples of this
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	yes		Ramirez 1994: 325
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no		Ramirez 1994
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		Ramirez 1994
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no		Ramirez 1994
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no		Ramirez 1994
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no		Ramirez 1994
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	yes		Ramirez 1994: 319
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes	occurs directly before the verb root	Ramirez 1994: 160
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes	occurs directly before the verb root	Ramirez 1994: 160
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence of this
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	yes		Ramirez 1994: 318
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence of this
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence for this
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		Ramirez 1994		no evidence for this
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no	absolutive always precedes verb, but ergative can be anywhere	Ramirez 1994: 98
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Ramirez 1994		based on a frequency count of basic declarative clauses with full NPs
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Ramirez 1994		based on a frequency count of basic declarative clauses with full NPs
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Ramirez 1994: 98
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Ramirez 1994: 98
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Ramirez 1994: 193, 202, 223
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		Ramirez 1994: 193, 202, 223
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Ramirez 1994: 179
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Ramirez 1994: 179
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	n/a	no true adjectives	Ramirez 1994: 202
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	n/a	no true adjectives	Ramirez 1994: 202
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes	demonstratives can sometimes follow noun, but this is less common	Ramirez 1994: 210
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no	demonstratives can sometimes follow noun, but this is less common than the opposite order	Ramirez 1994: 210
Word Order	Num-Noun		no info		Ramirez 1994
Word Order	Noun-Num		no info		Ramirez 1994
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes		Ramirez 1994		evidenced by what few relative examples I could find
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no		Ramirez 1994
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no info		Ramirez 1994
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no info		Ramirez 1994
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Ramirez 1994: 217

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
18000	large	HG	medium	seasonal	Interfluvial

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