| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 16 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
2 contrastive tones |
Allin, 1976, p. 72 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 8 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Sudo, 1976 p. 9 and Galindo, 1992, p. 59 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 1-14 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
Mosonyi notes that the pitch accent of Baniwa is reduced to an "accent of intensity." |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 25-26 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006:32 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
2 tones. Phonemic 'stress' (one syllable per word, so primary stress) is realized with high pitch more than with intensity. |
Mansen, 1967: p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald 2003 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1980:710 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:14-18 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Fast 1953:191-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
Souza 2008 says that it is still unknown |
Souza 2008:63 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
more likely not |
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010, Rowan and Burgues 1979 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
2 (low and high) |
Seifart - 2005:39-43 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 214-260 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 140-148 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:41-66 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
Pessoa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
high, low |
Quesada 2000 |
|
high and low limited to a small set |
|
| Ika |
no |
more likely not |
Frank 1990:10-18 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
two tones:low and high |
Margery 1982:37-8 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:42 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:19-115 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
more likely not |
Aguirre 1999:16-26; Mortensen 1999:4-8 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Saint and Pike1959:4-17 |
|
more likely not |
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1976:19-32 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:69-203 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.85 |
|
tone differences are correlate to main stres and secondary stress |
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
First time I hear that Quechua has tones. But the author says that there are "four tonal levels" |
Parker 1965:11-6 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
5 |
Montes (2005:130) notes that Tikuna has three contrastive tones |
Montes 2000:296 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:120-3 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Loewen 1954 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
3 |
|
Landaburu 1979, p.48 |
|
high, low, mid |
|
| Puinave |
yes |
(4 types: low, high, ascendent and descendent) |
Giron 2008: p104 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 83 to 94 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
tone is a prosodic feature |
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Cavalcante 1987 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. |
|
not indicated/expected |
|
| Hup |
yes |
2 tone contrasts |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004:13-15 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
high tone always falls on stressed syllable, others are mid and low, stress/accent pattern |
Miller 1999, p.15 |
|
The phonological word is composed of one to five syllables with one pricipal stress. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
low, mid, high and 1 |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 6 |
|
According to Chacón 2012, there are high, mid, low and contour tones in Kubeo |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
H and HL |
Stenzel 2004, p. 83 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
2; high and low |
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p. 27 |
|
Animal parts and human parts are distinguished only by tonal differences. |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
There are two tone levels in Coreguaje, high and low. |
Gralow & Cook 1984, p.3-4. Cook '93, p.11 |
|
some suffixes have alternative ways that are inexplicable from the current structures of tone and emphasis. |
|
| Barasano |
yes |
2 contrastive tones; High and High-Low. |
Gomez-Imbert, p.1 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Stressed syllables often occur with raised pitch.(high/low level) |
Strom 1992, p.13 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1970:20-21 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
3 |
|
Ramirez 1997: 68 |
|
these appear to be underlying tones, not surface tones |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
There a four tones: low, mid, high and extra high. |
Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:13 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:107-34 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:39 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
2-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n65 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
19-20 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
9, 10, 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
62 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
no |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 21 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
6 to 7 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
322 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
191 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no |
|
d30-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
10-36 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mayi-Yapi |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
25-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
295 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
384 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
5-6b |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gupapuyngu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
xix |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
no |
|
274 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
22 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharawal |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yulparija |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
7 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
130-135 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
295 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K81 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
8 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 27 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
13-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
9, 10, 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:432 |
|
not likely |
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
high; rising=high on second mora of long V |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
