Contrastive tones
- Category
- Phonology - Suprasegmental
- Notes
- Note how many contrastive tones
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 16 | ||||
| Aché | no info | more likely not | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | no | 0 | ||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 36 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:19-115 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | 3 | Landaburu 1979, p.48 | high, low, mid | |||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 76 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1980:710 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 21 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | high; rising=high on second mora of long V | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | yes | 2 contrastive tones; High and High-Low. | Gomez-Imbert, p.1 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 8 | ||||
| Batyala | no | 0 | ||||
| Baure | no info | more likely not | Danielsen 2007 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 1.1000000000000000888 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 0 | ||||
| Bora | yes | 2 (low and high) | Seifart - 2005:39-43 | |||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | two tones:low and high | Margery 1982:37-8 | |||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 83 to 94 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | low, mid, high and 1 | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 6 | According to Chacón 2012, there are high, mid, low and contour tones in Kubeo | ||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 0 | ||||
| Desano | yes | high tone always falls on stressed syllable, others are mid and low, stress/accent pattern | Miller 1999, p.15 | The phonological word is composed of one to five syllables with one pricipal stress. | ||
| Dharawal | no | 0 | ||||
| Dharuk | no | 0 | ||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | no | 0 | ||||
| Djapu | no | 13-9 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 3 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 22 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | no | 274 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004:13-15 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012:41-66 | ||||
| Gabrielino | 0 | |||||
| Garrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Githabul | No | 2 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:42 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 74 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | xix | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith | ||||
| Gunya | No | 295 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | no | 0 | ||||
| Gureng Gureng | no | 0 | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 41 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | 2 tone contrasts | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | no | more likely not | Frank 1990:10-18 | |||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1976:19-32 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 47 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Cavalcante 1987 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | tone is a prosodic feature | |||
| Kalkatungu | no | 5-6b | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:107-34 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 27 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | no | 0 | ||||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | Souza 2008 says that it is still unknown | Souza 2008:63 | |||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 25 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | There are two tone levels in Coreguaje, high and low. | Gralow & Cook 1984, p.3-4. Cook '93, p.11 | some suffixes have alternative ways that are inexplicable from the current structures of tone and emphasis. | ||
| Kotiria | yes | H and HL | Stenzel 2004, p. 83 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 384 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:14-18 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 214-260 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | 2; high and low | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p. 27 | Animal parts and human parts are distinguished only by tonal differences. | ||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 140-148 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.85 | tone differences are correlate to main stres and secondary stress | |||
| Marrgany | No | 295 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 25-50 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:69-203 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. | not indicated/expected | |||
| Mpakwithi | no | 0 | ||||
| Muruwari | no | 10-36 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | |||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Naso | yes | high, low | Quesada 2000 | high and low limited to a small set | ||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 8 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngarinyin | no | 0 | ||||
| Ngayawang | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | more likely not | Aguirre 1999:16-26; Mortensen 1999:4-8 | Chamí | ||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no | d30-4 | 0 | |||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 130-135 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:39 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010, Rowan and Burgues 1979 | ||||
| Pemon | no | Pessoa 2005 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Sudo, 1976 p. 9 and Galindo, 1992, p. 59 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 42 | 0 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 27 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 191 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | (4 types: low, high, ascendent and descendent) | Giron 2008: p104 | |||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | First time I hear that Quechua has tones. But the author says that there are "four tonal levels" | Parker 1965:11-6 | |||
| Resígaro | yes | 2 contrastive tones | Allin, 1976, p. 72 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 9 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39 | ||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1970:20-21 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | yes | There a four tones: low, mid, high and extra high. | Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:13 | |||
| Tanimuca | yes | Stressed syllables often occur with raised pitch.(high/low level) | Strom 1992, p.13 | |||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald 2003 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 7 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | 5 | Montes (2005:130) notes that Tikuna has three contrastive tones | Montes 2000:296 | |||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | 3 | Ramirez 1997: 68 | these appear to be underlying tones, not surface tones | |||
| Uradhi | No | 322 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:120-3 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 31 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 6 to 7 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no | Saint and Pike1959:4-17 | more likely not | |||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006:32 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | n65 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 20 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 1 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no | Loewen 1954 | ||||
| Wayuu | yes | 2 tones. Phonemic 'stress' (one syllable per word, so primary stress) is realized with high pitch more than with intensity. | Mansen, 1967: p. 49 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 21 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | K81 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no | 9, 10, 11 | 0 | |||
| Wirangu | no | 35 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 62 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 2-5 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:432 | not likely | |||
| Yalarnnga | no | 9, 10, 11 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | no | 0 | ||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 19-20 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Fast 1953:191-4 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi notes that the pitch accent of Baniwa is reduced to an "accent of intensity." | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 25-26 | |||
| Yawuru | no | 0 | ||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 10 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | no | 0 | ||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yugambeh | no | 0 | ||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 1-14 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 17 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 2 | 0 |
| Language |
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