Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Central Aymara

Family: Aymaran
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: ayr
Location: -17.00°, -68.50°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data

Sorry, we have no imagery here.

Data Sources: Cotari, Daniel, Mejía, Jaime, and Carrasco, Víctor. 1978. Diccionario Aymara-Castellano, Castellano-Aymara. Instituto de Idiomas Padres de Maryknoll, Cochabamba. Deza Galindo, Juan Francisco. 1992. Gramática de la Lengua Aymara. Lima: Artex Editores. Gómez Bacarreza, Donato and Condori Cosme, José. 1992. Morfología y gramatica del idioma aymara. La Paz: Bruno/Hisbol. Huayhua Pari, Felipe. 2001. Gramática descriptiva de la lengua Aimara. Lima: Negocios Arco Iris SRL. Pairumani, Félix Layme. 2007. Central Aymara. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

Copy CSV

Search:

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	nanaka	nanaka		See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	jiwasa (DL: you and me), jiwasanaka	xiwasa	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	naya	naya	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar		xumamaka		See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	juma	xuma		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	jupanaka	xupanaka		See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	jupa	xupa		See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	patana	amta; araχa; alaya		See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	wasitata	maampi		See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	taqeni	sapa; taḳi		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	sti	sti		See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	kayu moqo	kayu muḳu		See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	chheqhanqara	čʰiḳʰanḳara		See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment		ḳʰilʸa		See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	{-na}	{-na}		See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	jikhani	ati		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	jan wali (jan=?; wali=good)	ḳʰuru		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	laymi, layma	lajmi, lajma		See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body		pʰatanka		See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	aynacha	aynača		See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	jach´a	xačˀa		See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	achoqaña	ačuḳa-ɲa		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	ch´iara	čˀiyara		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	wila	wila		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	phust´aña, phusaña	pʰusa-ɲa		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body		xinḳˀi		See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	ch´akha	čˀakʰa		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	pichu (Spanish loan)	ɲuɲu		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	samaña	samaɲa		See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	nakhantaña	nakʰaɲa		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	q´awiña	kʰistʰu-ɲa		See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	wawa	wawa		See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	makhataña, mistuña	warkkatta-ɲa		See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	urpu	ḳinaya		See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	thaya	tʰaya; alala		See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	jutaña	xuta-ɲa		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	manq´ phayana	pʰaya-ɲa		See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	cheqa	čiḳa		See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	jakhuña	xakʰu-ɲa; wakʰu-ɲa		See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	jachaña	xača-ɲa		See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	khariña	kʰarxa-ɲa; kʰučxa-ɲa		See Language page
day	día	dia	time	uru	uru		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	jiwaña	xiwata; xiwa-ɲa		See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	alliña, allsuña	pʰatˀsu-ɲa		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna				See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	q´añu	ḳˀaɲu		See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	samkaña	iki		See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	umaña	uma-ɲa		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	waña	waɲa		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	muthu, turu	muthu, tuɾu		See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	laq´a	laḳˀa		See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	jinchu	xinču		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	laq´a	uraḳi		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body		manḳˀa-ɲa		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	k´awna, kanwa	kˀawna		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	nayra	nayra		See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	jama	xama-ɲa; yaḳˀa-ɲa		See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	tinkuña	tinku-ɲa		See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	jaya	xaya		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	lik´i	likʔi		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	ch´oqe	awki; tata		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	ajjsaraña	aχsara-ɲa		See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	phuyu	pʰuyu		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	sillu	silʸu		See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	nina	nina		See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion		xala-ɲa		See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	panqara	panḳara		See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	jalaña	wiru-ɲa		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	urpu	urpu		See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	kayu	kayu		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	phurut´a (Spanish loan?)	muχsaaču		See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	suma	suma		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	ch´ojjña	čˀuχ-ɲa		See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	jilaña	xila-ɲa		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	ñik´uta	ɲikˀuta		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	ampara	ampara		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	p´eqe	pˀiḳi		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	ist´aña	istˀa-ɲa		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	lloqo	lʸuḳu		See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	jathi	xatʰi		See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion		imanta-ɲa		See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	tojjt´aña	liḳˀi-ɲa		See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	llawintaña	ʎawintaɲa		See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	junt´u	xuntˀu		See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar		kumasa		See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	jisa	xisa		See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	manqha	manḳʰa		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	jiphilla	xipʰilʸa		See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body		xasi		See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	jiwayaña (-ya- is a kind of causative?)	xiwaya-ɲa		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	yatiña	yati-ɲa		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	qota	ḳuta		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	laruña	laru-ɲa		See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	laphi	lapʰi		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	ch´eqa	čˀiḳa		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	chara	čara		See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	winkt´aña	ikintχa-ɲa		See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	llijulliju	ḳˀixu-ḳˀixu		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	qamaña	xaka-ɲa		See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	k´iwcha	kˀiwča		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	sayt´u	waru		See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	lap´a	lapˀa	order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body		čuyma		See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	chacha	čača		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	aycha	ayča		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	phajjsi	pʰaxsi		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	mama	tayka; mama		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	qollu	ḳulʸu		See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	laka	laka		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	suti	suti		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body		ati		See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	jak´a	xakˀa		See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	kunka	kunka		See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	machaqa	mačaḳa		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	aruma	aruma		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	jani	xani		See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	nasa	nasa		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	merq´e, thantha	ačači		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	maya	maya		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	jist´arata	xistˀxa-ɲa		See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	yaqha, wasa	jaqha, wasa		See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	usuta	usuta; usu		See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	jaqe	xaḳi		See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact		čˀaku-ɲa		See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	jallu	xalʸu		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	wila	čupika		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	kupi	kupi		See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	thaki	tʰakʰi		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	saphi	sapʰi		See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	ñusata	ɲusata		See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	ch´alla	čˀalʸa		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	saña	sa-ɲa		See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	ch´iyjana	tʃʔijxana		See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	uñjaña	uɲxa-ɲa		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	ari	ari		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact				See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	jisk´a	xiskˀa		See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	kallachi	kalʸači		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental		pˀinḳa		See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	qont´aña	ḳuntˀa-ɲa; ḳunu-ɲa		See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	janchi	lipˀiči		See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	alajjpacha	alax-pača; laḳampu		See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	ikiña	iki-ɲa		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	jisk´a	xiskˀa		See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	jewq´e, jeq´e	xiḳˀi		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	mukt´aña	muktʔaɲa	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	thusaña	tʰusa-ɲa		See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	jaljaña	xalxa-ɲa		See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	ch´irwaña	ḳˀaptʰapi-ɲa		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	kharintaña	kharintaɲa		See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	sayt´asiña	saytˀa-ɲa		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	wara wara	wara-wara		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	lunthataña	luntʰata-ɲa		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	lawa	kˀulʸu		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	qala	ḳala; ḳarḳa		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	ch´amsuña	čˀamu-ɲa		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	inti	inti; wilʸka		See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	jump´iña	xumpˀi-ɲa		See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	p´usuntaña	pˀusu		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	tuyuña	tuyu-ɲa		See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	wich´inkha	wičˀinkʰa		See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	uka, ukïri	uka, uki:ɾi		See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	khusu	tʰuru		See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	juch´usa	xučˀusa		See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	lup´iña	lupˀi-ɲa		See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	aka, akïri	aka, aki:ɾi		See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	kimsa (Quechua loan?)	kimsa		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	mallq´a	tˀulʸu		See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	jaqtaña, liwtaña	warta-ɲa		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	q´ejjo q´ejjo	qʔeχo qʔeχo		See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	chinuntaña	ɲačˀa-ɲa		See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	lajjra	laχra		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	k´achi	laka čˀakʰa		See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	muytaña	xaḳukipa-ɲa	may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	paya	paya		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	waq´aqaña	waḳˀaḳi-ɲa		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	sarnaqaña	sara-ɲa; čilʸḳi-ɲa		See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	uma	uma		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	ch´arana	čˀarana		See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	kuna	kunasa		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	kunapacha	kunarsa		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	kawki	kawkinsa		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	janq´o	xanḳˀu		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	khiti(sa)	kʰitisa		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	warmi	warmi		See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	thaya	tʰaya		See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	chheqa	čʰiḳʰa		See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	warmi (loan?)	warmi		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	trawajaña (Spanish loan)	tɾawaxaɲa		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	ansaña	aysa-ɲa		See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	q´ellu	ḳˀilʸu		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 191 of 191 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

Copy CSV

Search:

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Source	Distribution	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	achiwiti (loan)	atʃiwiti	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.			See Language page
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	kaymana	kajmana	See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis			See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia			See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	churisk'i (P04)	tʃurisik'i	See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	sillq´o	silʸḳˀu	See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae		kˀusiwalʸu	See Language page
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)			See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	kirkinchu	kiɾkintʃu	See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	soqosa	soqosa	See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	phalt'a (P04)	phalt'a (P04)	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.			See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	latanu (P04)	puḳuta; [latanu]	See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	chiñi	čiɲi	See Language page
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	chuwi (P04)	čˀiwa	See Language page		plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		jamach´i	xamačˀi	See Language page
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala			See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba			See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	chhichhilankha	čʰičʰilʸankʰa	See Language page
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	jach'a katari, churisik'i (P04)	xach'a katari, tʃurisik'i (P04)	See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	tamuña (P04)	tamuña	See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']			See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha			See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata			See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	pilpintu	pilpintu	See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris			See Language page
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	warisana (P04)	warisana	See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea			See Language page
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	mura (P04)	mura	See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	kuka	kuka	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria			See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu			See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua			See Language page
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	qheya	ḳʰiya	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	apankuraya (P04)	apankuraja (P04)	See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	churuka (P04)	tʃuruka	See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.			See Language page	Amazonia
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	taruja	taruka	See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	anu	anu	See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	paluma (Spanish loan)	urpila; kʰulʸkutaya	See Language page
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	pili (P04)	pili	See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.			See Language page
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus			See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	phichhinkilla, qupa (P04)	phitʃhinkilla, qupa (P04)	See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		chawlla	čawlʸa	See Language page
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.			See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	k´uthi	kˀuti	See Language page
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana			See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis			See Language page
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	qora	ḳura	See Language page
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans			See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	waq'ana (P04)	waq'ana (P04)	See Language page	Widespread South America
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti			See Language page
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.			See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola			See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi			See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	mamani (P04)	mamani	See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	tamuraya	wayrunḳu	See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	kawallo (P04)	kawallo (P04)	See Language page
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	wayk´a	waykˀa	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]			See Language page
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	lluli, qinti (P04)	lluli, qinti (P04)	See Language page	Widespread
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.			See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	sikili (P04)	sikili (P04)	See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic			See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	uturunku (P04)	uturunku (P04)	See Language page
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura			See Language page		large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra			See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	chaqa (P04)	tʃaqa	See Language page
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	tonqo	tunḳu	See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.			See Language page
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	maxt'a (catfish; P04)	maxt'a (catfish; P04)	See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta			See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	yuka (loan)	yuka	See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa			See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	ch´uspi	tʃʔuspi	See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	thutha	thutha	See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	achaku	ačaku	See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	jach'a kalla, champi (Bertonio 1612)	sirkˀi	See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis			See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae		ačupalʸa	See Language page
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	ch´useqa; juku (P04)	čˀusiḳa	See Language page	Widespread
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)			See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.			See Language page
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana			See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	k'alla (P04)	kˀalʸa	See Language page	Widespread
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes			See Language page
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea	choqopa	tʃoqopa	See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	achupaya (P04)	atʃupaja	See Language page		plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	ch'aphi qamaqi (P04)	tʃ'aphi qamaqi (P04)	See Language page
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	ch´oqe	tʃʔoqe	See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	qhini, qama, phiñu, sicha (P04)	qhini, qama, phiñu, sicha	See Language page		plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae			See Language page
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	qapa ('rubber'; P04)	qapa ('rubber'; P04)	See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	ajarankhu (P04)	axarankhu (P04)	See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua			See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	jararankhu	sutuwalʸu xararankʰu	See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda		čˀuru	See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		asiru, katari	asiru	See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	palli, katari (P04)	palli, kataɾi	See Language page	Widespread South America
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	kusikusi	kusi-kusi	See Language page
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	lakayuti (P04)	lakajuti	See Language page		plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae			See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.			See Language page
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.			See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	taruja, anta (P04)	taruxa, anta	See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera			See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	achuqara (P04)	atʃuqara	See Language page
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	jamp´atu	xampʔatu	See Language page
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum		tʰuxsa-tʰuxsa	See Language page		plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria		[turtuka]	See Language page	Widespread
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		qoqa	ḳuḳa	See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella			See Language page
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui			See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	siwiq'ara (P04)	siwiḳˀara	See Language page	Widespread South America
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	ninanina	pankataya	See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons			See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus			See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari			See Language page
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia

Showing 1 to 133 of 133 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

Copy CSV

Search:

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology		alaχpača		See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool		mičˀi	hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	jacha (P04)	[ača]	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool			can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material				See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material		sapʰi		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material				See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material		walʸḳa		See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	ikiña	ikiɲa; pataatˀi		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material		ḳunuɲa		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool			currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	qala	qala	if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	arku (Spanish loan)	aɾku	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	pichaña	pičaɲa		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport		wampu; yampu		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation		pʰisi; misi		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	wallpa, atawallpa (P04)	čʰiwčʰi		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology		kuraka		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	isi	isi		See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	jawq'aña (P04)	xawq'aña (P04)		See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology			malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool			hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	dyusa (Spanish loan)	pačamama; wakˀa	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology		iki		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	wankara	wankara		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture			Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool			esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	pillu	piʎu		See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other		uyu	may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	k´usa	kˀusa	prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	lawa	pʰaya-ɲa-lawa		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food				See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	katuña (P04)	katuña (P04)		See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool				See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	sipita (used to trap birds)	sipita		See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	t'ant'a ('bread', P04)	t'ant'a (P04)	usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food		xakˀu	agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	pinkillu	ḳina	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food		uywa	Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	supaya	supaja		See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	wislla, tamuña (P04)	wisʎa, tamuña (P04)		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool			esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology		amaya		See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool				See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	jiwk´illita	[xurnu]	agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	illapa (P04)	illapa (P04)		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material				See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress		tanka		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	yatiri	jatiɾi	Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	misk´i	miskˀi	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	uta	uta		See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	katuña	katu-ɲa		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material		tumi		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	machiti (loan)	matʃiti		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool				See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	yoqena	joqena		See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology				See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	siku	siku		See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation				See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool				See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	chuwa (P04)	[platu]		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	phukhu	pʰukʰu		See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology				See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool				See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	t´isuna	wiska		See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food		xayu		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	yatiña uta (P04)	jatiña uta (P04)		See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	ajayiru	layḳa	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress		pˀulʸḳu		See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material		[pʰalta]		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation		palʸa-palʸa		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology		xaylʸi-ɲa		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	chuki (P04)	tʃuki		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food				See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	asukara (P04)	asukara (Sp loan)		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food			agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material		wičʰu xičʰu		See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food			word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture			use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool			agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	jiwayiri ('poison', P04)	xiwajiri ('poison', P04)	hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other		mapˀa		See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	susuña	susuɲa	agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology			a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 97 of 97 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

Copy CSV

Search:

Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001:201
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no info
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	no info
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 99
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 125	Aymara shows things like tense and person/number by adding a suffix for each category to the stem. My sources do not indicate that any of those suffixes combine categories.
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 98, 99	There are two irregular verbs mentioned on pg. 99 that might be examples of stem change.
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 89
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 143
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 143
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 143
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no		Huayhua Pari 2001	The only mentions I found of any kind of reduplication/repetition were in reference to interjections (Huayhua Pari 2001: 228) and as a way to pluralize some nouns (Gomez 1992: 32)
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no		Huayhua Pari 2001
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no info
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no info
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 136, 137
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	10		Huayhua Pari 2001: 253
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 253	Subjects are marked by the suffix jha (xa in Huayhua Pari), which Deza Galindo says acts as a definite article.
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 263	Both instruments and animates can use the same case suffixes, such as mpi
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 263
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 253 to 264
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 253 to 264
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Huahyua Pari 2001: 253 to 264
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 253 to 264
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 253 to 264
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 262,263
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 72
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 84, 85	Indefiniteness is marked by indefinite pronouns
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 73
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 81	"We" is either exclusive (without you) and two inclusive (either with you or with you and with everyone else)
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	4		Huayhua Pari 2001: 205
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 205
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 78 and Huayhua Pari 2001: 199, 200
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	5		Deza Galindo 1992: 78	The classes given in Deza Galindo are proper, common, concrete, abstract, and despective. I'm not completely convinced that these are the kinds of noun classes we're looking for, but the title of the section is Noun Classes.
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 74 to 80
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 75	Gender does not however seem to be obligatorily marked on nouns. And I don't think it's marked on verbs at all.
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Deza Galindo 1992: 75
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 78	See note about noun classes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 80	The gender distinction is not shown in any of the pronouns, not even the 3rd person
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		Deza Galindo 1992: 78
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Deza Galindo 1992: 78
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 74 to 80
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 212
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 236	Aymara does have derivational suffixes that make verbs nouns, but I'm pretty sure those aren't classifiers.
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 239, 240, 248, 249
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 77, 78
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Deza Galindo 1992: 77, 78
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 77, 78
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		Deza Galindo 1992: 77, 78	Quantitative adjectives and numerals can, however, be placed before nouns.
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no		Deza Galindo 1992: 77, 78
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 248
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no info
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 212
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 212
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 212	From 5 to 10 the numbers are 5+1, 5+2, etc. After ten, though, they are 10+1, 10+2 and so on. And then 20 is 2x10.
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 212
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 212	The first five numbers correspond to the five toes, but I don't think that that is reflected in the actual word.
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 214
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 to 204
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 to 204
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 to 204
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 to 204
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no		Gomez 1992: 71, 72	There is instead a verbal suffix that indicates that the action is reflexive
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 216	These are the qualifying adjectives and others mentioned in Deza Galindo (1992: 86,87).
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 216 to 218
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	yes	ta is a suffix	Huayhua Pari 2001: 244
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes	ri is a suffix	Huayhua Pari 2001: 245
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no info			I'm fairly sure that objects derived from verbs also use the suffix ta, that is there is no distinction between subject and object as far as verb nominalizing suffixes go.
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 168
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 300, 262	Both use the suffix mpi
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 250 to 252
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 250 to 252
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 250
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 250
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no info
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 68 to 72
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	yes		Gomez 1992: 15 to 18
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 68 to 72	There is no mention of palatalized stops in the Huayhua Pari, Deza Galindo, or Gomez. I think that the fact that Gomez (1992) omits them in his list of phonemes (starting on page15) indicates that they probably don't exist in Aymara.
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	yes	Vowel length seems to affect the interpretation of verbs quite a bit (Deza Galindo 1992: 56).	Gomez 1992: 23	Gomez (1992: 23) indicates that lengthened vowels, despite being rare, are indeed phonemes.
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 83 to 85
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 67
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 66
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 66
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 83 to 94
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 94
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 65
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 65
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 10 to 107
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 123	ru, a directional suffix, can be attached to objects, but it does not function as an object marker; it's function is still primarily directional. Additionally there are plenty of example on pg. 289 (Huayhua Pari 2001) where the objects don't have markers
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 291
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 123
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 123
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 123, 124
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202	Pronouns are treated the same as other nouns in the examples
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 126	Either the subject is marked or the relationship between the subject and object is marked. Each of these would be represented by a single suffix.
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 126
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 126
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 126
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 126
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes	The desiderative mood is conveyed by putting together 3 suffixes (the agentive verb nominalizer ri, the verbalizor means 'to be' ya and the potential mood suffix sa)	Huayhua Pari 2001: 139, 156, 157
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 296
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 296	These are bound morphemes that appear in questions where there is a doubt as to what has happened or will happen.
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 296
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 296	These kinds of yes/no questions express the same thing as what the phrase "I wonder" does in English. They're called confirmative interrogatives by my source.
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 296	The simple interrogative sentence in Aymara has the same word order as the declarative sentence. The difference is that the interrogative has a question word with the suffix sa as it's subject and a rising intonation.
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 277	I answered this question and the one that follows it as yes because negation involves a both a free morpheme that comes before the verb and a suffix that attaches to it
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 277
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 277	/-thi/ is the negative suffix
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 277	jani is the negative particle that comes before the verb (you don't see it in subordinate clauses though)
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 277
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 277
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no info
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no info
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 302 to 311
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 308
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 309, 310
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 304	The relative clause is externally headed (the head comes after the rel. clause), but it definitely has a head.
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 304
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 304
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 303
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 243
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 202
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 126
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 126
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 127	These are transitional suffixes that mark both subject and object on the verb
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 126
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 127	The source specifically states: "it's mark in this case would be Ø for the third person object"
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 128	This suffix is not independent (the person marking still has to be on the verb). Also, it can be either optional or obligatory.
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 125, 250
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 125
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 263	The benefactive would receive the suffix taki
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 291 to 293	The indirect object always seems to have the directional suffix ru attached to it, which is possible for both direct and indirect objects.
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 291 to 293
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 225, 226
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no		Deza Galindo 1992: 225, 226
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	yes		Deza Galindo 1992: 225, 226
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 295
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 295
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 166	My source does not acctually use the word applicative
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 165 to 168
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 168
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 168
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 165 to 168
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 124	In addition to the causative suffix, sufijos decrecientes (decreasing/falling suffixes?) can also make intransitive verbs transitives.
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes		Deza Galinda1992: 92
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes	All of these are suffixes	Deza Galinda1992: 93	Whether or not the past event was experienced by the speaker is also indicated by the past morpheme
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 132	Because you can't see it, that is to say it is not experienced, the future is thought to be behind you, whereas the past is in front of you.
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 132
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Deza Galinda 1992: 89
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Deza Galinda 1992: 89
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no info
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no info
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 177
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no		Levin 2004: 7	Aymara does not seem to distinguish between visual and non-visual experience of an event.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no		Levin 2004: 7
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	yes		Levin 2004: 7	The evidentials in Aymara indicate whether or not the speaker has personally experienced the event in question and how distant the knowledge of the event feels (usually in terms of time)
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	yes		Levin 2004: 7
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Levin 2004: 7
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no		Levin 2004: 7
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		no		Levin 2004: 7	Evidentials are included in the affix for tense and so are not independent affixes themselves.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	yes		Levin 2004: 7	The tense markers in Aymara are impossible to separate from the evidentials.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no		Levin 2004: 7
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no		Levin 2004: 7
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 163
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 163
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 139
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 139
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 139
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 138
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 138
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 138
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 139
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 135 to 140
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no info
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no info
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 290	Generally the order should be SOV, but there are cases where it can be OSV,OVS, VSO or VOS, particularly in areas where there's a lot of contact with Spanish.
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 289-291
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 289-291
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 289-291
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 289-291
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 282
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 282
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 284
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 284
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 282
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 282
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 282
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 282
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 282
Word Order	Noun-Num		no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 282
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 304
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 304
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no info
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Huayhua Pari 2001: 304
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Huayhua Pari 2001: 296

Showing 1 to 226 of 226 entries