Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Predication
- Notes
- The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 145 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Maybe | 73 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:198, 253-7 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 89, 135 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Nominalizers and relativizers do not look related. | Facundes, 2000: 240-245 | |||
| Arabana | no info | x | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 321 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Mihas 2010 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 122 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 | What might normally appear to be a relative clause is analyzed as a nominalized cluase in apposition to a noun, pronoun, proper name, or noun phrase in a subject position. | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | n/a | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Relative clauses are made out of sentence nominalizations in which the nominalizer is a verbal morpheme which may be also described as a relativizer | Danielsen 2007:398 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 6.2.3.1, 8.1.1 | 0 | |||
| Biri | n/a | 61 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:70-71 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 80 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 243 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | most subordinate clauses are formed by nominalizing the verb | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 147 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | Williams 1993:149-54 | ||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p.148 | The same nominalizing suffixes are used, whether the nominalized clause functions as subject, direct object, indirect object, oblique object, possessor equative predicate of a predicate nominal, or noun phrase constituent. | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 136-7 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | No | 207 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 43, 104 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 99 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | but a demonstrative and an interrogative PN can function as relativizers | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012:97,424 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:43-53, 173-5 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 365 | 0 | |||
| Guna | yes | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 336 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No info | x | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no info | x | ||||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:130-3 | ||||
| Ingá | no info | |||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 79, 100-1 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 396 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:381 | ||||
| Katthang | no info | x | ||||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | no info | 33 | x | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.41 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | nominalizer appears on RCs, may occur with or without another classifier | Stenzel 2004 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 430 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no info | 181 | x | |||
| Kunjen | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 227-231 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 533 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:37-58 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41-42 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982:164-169 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 249 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 336 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no info | x | ||||
| Matses | no | There is no relativizer but nominalizer | Fleck:316 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 72-73 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.95-96 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no? | 82, 225 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Two nominalizers: doo (referent is specific), and peh (referent is not specific). doo nominalizes an argument to make it a relative clause | Weir 1984:65-66 | |||
| Nanti | yes | Ranked relative clauses use the second position clitic =rira, this is also a nominalization strategy. | Michael, 2008. p. 303, 402 | |||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 114 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 32 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 291 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:127-30 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 198 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:115-8, 152-9 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999:175-94, 252-9 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | There doesn't seem to be an overt relativizer, while there are several types of nominalizing morphology. | Galindo, 2002: 341-342 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 154 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 217 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p232, 245 | ||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Soto 1976:152-4 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Nominalizers are -´:tsi, -´:kátsí/-káami, -mináagí, while relative clauses are marked with -ní (object relativization) or -ví (subject relativization). | Allin, 1976: 109-112, 359 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 111 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | relativizer is an anaphor: rel pn /i/ followed by the appropriate classifier pronoun (person/ number marker or noun classifier) | Borgman 1990: 133 | |||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206 | ||||
| Siona | no | There is no marking for a relative clause. | Wheeler - 1987:117-118 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.152 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | The relativizer can also be used as an agent nominalizer. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 461 | |||
| Thanggati | yes | 69-70 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 53 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Faco Soares 1990:103 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 279-285 | ||||
| Uradhi | Yes | 378 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:320 | ||||
| Wajarri | N/A | 132 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | n25, n60 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | no info | x | ||||
| Warrgamay | No | 73 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 227-9, 613 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | The relativizer is homophonous with gender markers/'definite articles'. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No info | x | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes? | ms4.1.2, ms17.1.1.i | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 50, 59 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:38-40, 65, 79 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | from examples (there were only 3 or 4) | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 46-48, 69 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | not done yet | X | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 183-184 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | -ka functions as a nominalizer and a subordinator for relative clauses (as well as complement and adverbial clausess). | Shauer & Shauer, 2000, p 526 | |||
| Yulparija | no info | x | ||||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 113 | 0 |
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