| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 145 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Nominalizers are -´:tsi, -´:kátsí/-káami, -mináagí, while relative clauses are marked with -ní (object relativization) or -ví (subject relativization). |
Allin, 1976: 109-112, 359 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
n/a |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
There doesn't seem to be an overt relativizer, while there are several types of nominalizing morphology. |
Galindo, 2002: 341-342 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
-ka functions as a nominalizer and a subordinator for relative clauses (as well as complement and adverbial clausess). |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000, p 526 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 46-48, 69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
The relativizer is homophonous with gender markers/'definite articles'. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
The relativizer can also be used as an agent nominalizer. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 461 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Nominalizers and relativizers do not look related. |
Facundes, 2000: 240-245 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Mihas 2010 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-58 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:38-40, 65, 79 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
Relative clauses are made out of sentence nominalizations in which the nominalizer is a verbal morpheme which may be also described as a relativizer |
Danielsen 2007:398 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
Ranked relative clauses use the second position clitic =rira, this is also a nominalization strategy. |
Michael, 2008. p. 303, 402 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:70-71 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982:164-169 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:97,424 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:175-94, 252-9 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:130-3 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:43-53, 173-5 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:149-54 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:198, 253-7 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:127-30 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
There is no relativizer but nominalizer |
Fleck:316 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 249 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Soto 1976:152-4 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Faco Soares 1990:103 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:320 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p232, 245 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 243 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.95-96 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
Two nominalizers: doo (referent is specific), and peh (referent is not specific). doo nominalizes an argument to make it a relative clause |
Weir 1984:65-66 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
but a demonstrative and an interrogative PN can function as relativizers |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p.148 |
|
The same nominalizing suffixes are used, whether the nominalized clause functions as subject, direct object, indirect object, oblique object, possessor equative predicate of a predicate nominal, or noun phrase constituent. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
most subordinate clauses are formed by nominalizing the verb |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 147 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
nominalizer appears on RCs, may occur with or without another classifier |
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41-42 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.41 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.149 |
|
What might normally appear to be a relative clause is analyzed as a nominalized cluase in apposition to a noun, pronoun, proper name, or noun phrase in a subject position. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.152 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
There is no marking for a relative clause. |
Wheeler - 1987:117-118 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 279-285 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
from examples (there were only 3 or 4) |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
relativizer is an anaphor: rel pn /i/ followed by the appropriate classifier pronoun (person/ number marker or noun classifier) |
Borgman 1990: 133 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:381 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:115-8, 152-9 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes? |
|
ms4.1.2, ms17.1.1.i |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n25, n60 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
183-184 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
not done yet |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
50, 59 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
378 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
217 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
291 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no? |
|
82, 225 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
72-73 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
336 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
533 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
181 |
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
430 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
79, 100-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
365 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
43, 104 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
207 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
89, 135 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
69-70 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
198 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
227-231 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
336 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
122 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
114 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
321 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
33 |
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
396 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 154 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
136-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
6.2.3.1, 8.1.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Maybe |
|
73 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
N/A |
|
132 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
227-9, 613 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
