Maipure
- Family
- Arawakan
- Region
- South America
- ISO 639-3
- --
- Location
- 4.80°, -67.50°
- Notes
- Extinct
- Features
-
Grammatical Data
- Data Sources
- Zamponi, Raoul. 2003. Languages of the World/Materials: Maipure. Lincom Europa.
Grammatical Data (226)
| Category | Grammatical Feature | Grammatical Feature: Notes | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phonology - Segmental | Pre-/post-nasalized stops | Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. | no | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Glottalized/ejective consonants | Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] | no | Zamponi 2003:14 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Palatalized stops | Phonemic contrast | no | Zamponi 2003:14 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic vowel length | Does the language have long and short vowels? | yes | Zamponi 2003:15 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels | no | Zamponi 2003:15-16 | |||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Complex onsets | Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme | no | Syllable structure: (C)V(V)(n/ɺ) | Zamponi 2003:18 | |||
| Phonology - Segmental | No codas | *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] | yes | Zamponi 2003:15-16, 18 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Word-final coda required | Do all syllables end in a consonant? | no | Zamponi 2003:18 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive tones | Note how many contrastive tones | no | Zamponi 2003:14-18 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive stress | Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? | yes | Zamponi 2003:17 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable | In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments | no | Zamponi 2003:14-20 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries | Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? | no | Only two nasals (which are less commonly used), so nasal spreading is not apparent. | Zamponi 2003:14-20 | |||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Vowel harmony | no | Very limited set of vowels, so vowel harmony appears to be avoided. | Zamponi 2003:14-20 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) | Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] | no | Zamponi 2003:37-42 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes | Stem change, tone | no | Zamponi 2003:14-20 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) | Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word | yes | Zamponi 2003:37-42 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing | There are many more prefixes than suffixes | no | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing | There are many more suffixes than prefixes | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred | The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different | no | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: full | The full morpheme is reduplicated | no info | Zamponi 2003:21-36 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: partial | Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated | no info | Zamponi 2003:21-36 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive NN compounding | Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced | yes | Zamponi 2003:29 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV serialization (without compounding) | Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection | yes | Zamponi 2003:44 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV compounding | Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions | There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' | no info | Zamponi 2003:44 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Auxiliary verb(s) | There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process | Verb contains nominal segment | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs | Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classes/genders | Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP | no | no gender or class distinction on nouns. Only verbal | Zamponi 2003:24 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Number of noun classes/genders | Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders | no | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) | Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. | no | Zamponi 2003:26 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates | Masculine, feminine, neuter | yes | Masculine is unmarked. | Zamponi 2003:25-26 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates | yes | Masculine is unmarked. | Zamponi 2003:25-26 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system | Animate/inanimate, human/non-human | no | Zamponi 2003:25-26 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns | add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only | yes | Zamponi 2003:21 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates | yes | Zamponi 2003:26 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates | yes | Zamponi 2003:26 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | "Repeater" classifiers | Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" | no | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) | Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals | yes | Zamponi 2003:31 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns | Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' | no | Something similar is achieved by using certain suffixes (which are not classifiers) or by a special noun-verb compounding (which is not intransitivizing). | Zamponi 2003:27-30 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Singular number may be marked on the noun | Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups | no | Singular number is unmarked. | Zamponi 2003:25 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural affix on noun | yes | The suffix -nè can only be used when the noun is not inalienably possessed. | Zamponi 2003:25 | In some dialects, pluralization is optional; it is only used when the speaker wishes to "emphasize" plurality. | |||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun | no | Zamponi 2003:25 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by reduplication of noun | no | Zamponi 2003:25 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural word/clitic | no | Zamponi 2003:25 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked on human or animate nouns only | no | Zamponi 2003:25 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix | Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns | no | Zamponi 2003:21 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Unique associative plural marker | e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' | no | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Definite or specific articles | Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only | no | Articles appear to be implied or perceived through context. There are no articles in the language itself. | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives | Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness | no info | Zamponi 2003:22 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Indefinite or non-specific article | or marker | no | Articles appear to be implied or perceived through context. There are no articles in the language itself. | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals | Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you | no | Zamponi 2003:21 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) | no | Zamponi 2003 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) | Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system | no info | Author claims demonstratives are not common | Zamponi 2003:22 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) | no info | Zamponi 2003:22 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3sg pronouns | yes | Zamponi 2003:21 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3pl pronouns | no | Zamponi 2003:21 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns | no | Zamponi 2003:21 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Formal/informal distinction in pronouns | Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns | no | Zamponi 2003:21 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Reflexive pronouns | e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix | no | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Adpositions mark core NPs | Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients | no | Zamponi 2003:34 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: number of cases | Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun | no | No case markers | Zamponi 2003 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked | Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are | no | Zamponi 2003:34 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: symmetrical | All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: asymmetrical | Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates | no | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: suffix or postpositional clitic | yes | Zamponi 2003:34 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: prefix or prepositional clitic | no | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: infix or inpositional clitic | no | Zamponi 2003:30-36 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: stem change | yes | Zamponi 2003:34 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: tone | no | Zamponi 2003:30-36 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: comitative = instrumental | Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' | yes | However, there are additional markings for comitative alone. | Zamponi 2003:34 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-2 | At least some part of the system involves base-2 | no info | Zamponi 2003:31-32, 46 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-5 | At least some part of the system involves base-5 | no info | Zamponi 2003:31-32, 46 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-10 | At least some part of the system involves base-10 | no info | Zamponi 2003:31-32, 46 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Other base (specify) | 4, 20, etc. | no info | Zamponi 2003:31-32, 46 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 | e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' | no info | Zamponi 2003:31 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 5 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | yes | Numbers above 4 are based on phrases or clauses. | Zamponi 2003:31, 46 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 10 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | yes | Numbers above 4 are based on phrases or clauses. | Zamponi 2003:31, 46 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | no | author calls a -mi- suffix tense. Only occurs on nouns | Zamponi 2003:27 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Person inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | no | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N | alienable/inalienable? | yes | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N | alienable/inalienable? | no | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent | e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' | no | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head | e.g. 'the boy his-dog' | yes | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Possessive classifiers | There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities | no | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of inalienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | yes | same set of agreement prefixes on active verbs | Zamponi 2003:24 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of alienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | yes | possessive prefixes + suffixes indicated here. | Zamponi 2003:24 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed | An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form | yes | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of kin terms | 'my-father' but *father | yes | Kinship terms are never used without a possessor. | Zamponi 2003:24 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) | 'my-leg' but *leg | no | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed | Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) | no | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Underived adjectives | There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes | no info | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP | There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco | no | Zamponi 2003:30 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) | There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb | yes | derives a state | Zamponi 2003:27-28 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) | There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb | yes | Zamponi 2003:27-28 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) | There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb | yes | Zamponi 2003:27-28 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive verbalizing morphology | There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective | yes | author does not note how productive it is | Zamponi 2003:44 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Other | NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently | 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' | no info | Zamponi 2003:54-58 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated past marker(s) | Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere | yes | Zamponi 2003:39 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. distant vs. recent past | no | Zamponi 2003:39 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. imminent vs. distant future | no | Zamponi 2003:39 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) | yes | Zamponi 2003:39 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: prefix | no | Zamponi 2003:39-40 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: suffix | yes | Zamponi 2003:39-40 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut | no | Zamponi 2003:39-40 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect suppletion | no | Zamponi 2003:39-40 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form | There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood | no | The 2nd person indicative form is used. | Zamponi 2003:42 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Polite imperative morpheme | There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) | no | Zamponi 2003:39-42 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses | There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses | yes | Dedicated prohibative morpheme separates the two. | Zamponi 2003:41 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) | as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' | no | Zamponi 2003:39-42 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: affix on verb | Inflectional marking of capacity to do something | no info | Zamponi 2003:44 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: verbal construction | no info | Zamponi 2003:44 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: other marking | no info | Zamponi 2003:44 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: affix on verb | Modal expressing hypothesis | yes | Zamponi 2003:41 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: verbal construction | no | Zamponi 2003:41 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: other marking | no | Zamponi 2003:41 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Marking of expected/unexpected action or result | There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected | no | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal frustrative | Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal habitual | Modal expressing habituality | no | Habituality is expressed through verbs like "be," "stay," etc. No distinct morpheme. | Zamponi 2003:44 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Apprehensive construction | There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' | no | The suffix ,-macumà is used to express this. | Zamponi 2003:56 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Reality status marking on verbs | There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' | yes | Affix for irrealis. | Zamponi 2003:40 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Affect markers (positive/negative) | Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Directionals | Directional elements affixed to the verb | There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized visual | Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized nonvisual | Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized inferential | Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized reportive | Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' | yes | Zamponi 2003:41 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized quotative | Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Other evidential | Any other evidential values not represented above | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic | yes | Zamponi 2003:41 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: part of tense system | Includes portmanteau morphs | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: separate particle | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: modal morpheme | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Verbal number | Verbal number suppletion | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Other | Social interaction markers | Note the type of interaction | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Word Order | No fixed basic constituent order | no | "Non-rigid" SVO. | Zamponi 2003:48 | ||||
| Word Order | VS in intransitive clauses | Verb precedes subject | no | Zamponi 2003:37 | ||||
| Word Order | VS in transitive clauses | no | Zamponi 2003:40-42 | |||||
| Word Order | VO in transitive clauses | Verb precedes object | yes | Zamponi 2003:40-42 | ||||
| Word Order | OS in transitive clauses | Object precedes subject | no | Zamponi 2003:40-42 | ||||
| Word Order | Preposition-Noun | yes | Only happens when a postposition is already being used. | Zamponi 2003:33-34 | ||||
| Word Order | Noun-Postposition or case suffix | yes | Zamponi 2003:33-34 | |||||
| Word Order | Gen-Noun | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) | yes | Zamponi 2003:32 | ||||
| Word Order | Noun-Gen | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') | no | Zamponi 2003:32 | ||||
| Word Order | Adj-Noun | Adjective precedes the noun | no | Zamponi 2003:30 | ||||
| Word Order | Noun-Adj | Adjective follows the noun | yes | Zamponi 2003:30 | ||||
| Word Order | Dem-Noun | no info | author claims that demonstratives are obscure. | Zamponi 2003:22 | ||||
| Word Order | Noun-Dem | no info | Zamponi 2003:22 | |||||
| Word Order | Num-Noun | yes | Zamponi 2003:32 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Num | no | Zamponi 2003:32 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Rel | Relative clause follows noun that it modifies | yes | Zamponi 2003:42,58 | ||||
| Word Order | Rel-Noun | Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies | no | Zamponi 2003:42,58 | ||||
| Word Order | Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) | e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') | no | Zamponi 2003:42,58 | ||||
| Word Order | Relative clause is correlative or adjoined | e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' | no | Zamponi 2003:42,58 | ||||
| Word Order | Question word is clause initial | 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause | yes | Zamponi 2003:51-52 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative | Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects | no | Zamponi 2003:21-26, 37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative | Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked | no | Zamponi 2003:21-26, 37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive | Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker | no | Zamponi 2003:21-26, 37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite | Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers | no | Zamponi 2003:21-26, 37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive | Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-26, 37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative | no | Zamponi 2003:21-37 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative | no | Zamponi 2003:21-37 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | no | Zamponi 2003:21-37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-37 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive | no | Zamponi 2003:21-37 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative | Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-23 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-23 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive | no | Zamponi 2003:21-23 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical | Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) | no | Zamponi 2003:21-23 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: split | More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-23 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects | yes | Zamponi 2003:37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) | yes | Zamponi 2003:37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) | no | Zamponi 2003:37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host | Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. | no | Zamponi 2003:37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking on intransitive verbs | Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes | yes | Zamponi 2003:37 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-26 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take object (P) markers | no | Zamponi 2003:21-26 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects | 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | yes | only the non-referential 3rd person | Zamponi 2003:21-26 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects | 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-23 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Number can be marked separately from person on the verb | Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers | Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-26 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Gender distinguished in verbal person markers | For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent | yes | Apparent in 3rd person forms. | Zamponi 2003:21-26 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: indirect object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently | yes | dative preposition | Zamponi 2003:33-35 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: double object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives | no | Zamponi 2003:33-35 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: secondary object | In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently | no | Zamponi 2003:33-35 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. | no info | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reflexive: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. | no info | Zamponi 2003:45 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb | no info | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Passive | Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted | no info | author does not discuss voice | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Antipassive | Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Other intransitivizing morphology | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: benefactive | Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb | no info | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: other | Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb | no info | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: prefix | Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb | no | Zamponi 2003:43 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: suffix | Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb | yes | Two different types of causatives: permissive and commanding. | Zamponi 2003:43 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone | Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix | no | Zamponi 2003:43 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: serial verb or analytical construction | Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization | no | Zamponi 2003:43 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' | Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated sociative | Indicates that causer participates in event | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a preposed element | Clausal negator is a preposed element | yes | Zamponi 2003:38 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a postposed element | Clausal negator is a postposed element | no | Zamponi 2003:38 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: affix | Negatives: affix | no | Zamponi 2003:38 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: particle | Negatives: particle | yes | Zamponi 2003:38 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: auxiliary verb | Negatives: auxiliary verb | no | Zamponi 2003:38 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: double | Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' | no | Zamponi 2003:38 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' | no info | Zamponi 2003 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' | Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase | no info | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: interrogative particle | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle | yes | Zamponi 2003:52 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: verb morphology | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology | no | Zamponi 2003:52 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: word order | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) | no | Zamponi 2003:52 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: intonation only | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only | no | Zamponi 2003:52 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Content questions: word order differs from declaratives | Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) | no | Zamponi 2003:51 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: verbal | Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position | yes | Zamponi 2003:30 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: nominal | Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position | no | Zamponi 2003:30 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible | Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) | yes | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses | Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) | yes | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause | Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker | It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause | no info | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relativizer is a verbal affix | yes | Zamponi 2003:42 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer | The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) | no | Zamponi 2003:37-58 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions | Grammaticalized verbal desiderative | Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) | no | Zamponi 2003:37-58 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Clause chaining | Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. | yes | Zamponi 2003:54 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked switch-reference system | There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined | no | Zamponi 2003:54-58 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses | Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence | no | Zamponi 2003:54-58 |