| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 27 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No person marking, only pronominal clitics. |
Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Third-person singular distinguishes masculine and feminine. |
Galindo, 2002: 158-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 524, Shauer 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
In third-person singular, masculine and feminine are distinguished. |
Mosonyi, 1987: 41, 60 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
3rd singular. |
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
In third-person pronouns and cross-referencing prefixes. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Third person singular disitnguishes masculine and feminine |
Facundes, 2000: 141-145 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
The distinction is mostly apparent in 3rd person markings. |
Payne 1981:13, 2234 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
Apparent in 3rd person forms. |
Zamponi 2003:21-26 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:71-87 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
Only for third person |
Danielsen 2007:92-6 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
Third-person subject and object markers distinguish masculine and non-masculine. |
Michael, 2008. p. 267 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Rowan and Burgues 1979 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Launey 2003:68 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Wise 1986:588 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:52 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
When necessary/desirable to distinguish gender, the affix is a classifier that accomplishes it. These classifiers are essentially verbal person markers. |
Seifart - 2005:52-55 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Escoriaza 1959:15-18 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 101 |
|
See chart |
|
| Eñepa |
no |
gender is not a relevant grammatical category |
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-25 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:67-71 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
There are not person markers on verbs |
Quesada 2008:99-146 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:361 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:16, 59 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:445 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 104-7 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:74-91 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:23 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
However, gender is distinguished in third person singular verbal person marker |
Montes 2004b:122 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:489 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
Only for the non-first person markers |
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
different person marking forms for 3rd person subjects (and objects?) of different classes |
Landaburu 1979: 212-215 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p169 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 125 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.15 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 125 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.15 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
gender is neutralized in the third person |
Stenzel 2004, p. 213 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991,p.108-109 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
3rd person only |
Strom 1992,p.36 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
Gender of 3rd person has different forms. Animate/inanimate have unique markers. |
Wheeler - 1987:124-133 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 10; Ramirez 1997: 108, 120, 123 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
but 'less-animate' animals or inanimates will more commonly be marked with a noun classifier instead of the 3rd person marker (used for humans and higher animates like tapirs, dogs, jaguars, etc.) |
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
animate/inanimate distinction made in 3rd person forms |
Goodwin-Gomez: 47 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Van der Meer (?):9 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:343-57 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:133-134 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
28-30, 84-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
123 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
36-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 41 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
28-29 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
128 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
215 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
399 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
68-71 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
139 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
153 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
182 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
N/A |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
227 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 22 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
no gender distinction in the language |
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
3rd person only |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
