Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Waorani

Family: Isolate (SAM)
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: auc
Location: -1.12°, -76.68°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Holman, Thomas. 1998. Waorani Verb Affixes. In Pike, Evelyn and Saint, Rachael, Workpapers Concerning Waorani Discourse Features, SIL, Dallas. Macía, Manuel J. 2004. Multiplicity in palm uses by the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 144, 149–159 Orr, Carolyn and Pearson, Nancy S. 1979. Nombres de aves en cinco idiomas. (Cuadernos Etnolingüísticos, 7.) Quito: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Orr, Carolyn, Levinsohn, Stephen and Catherine Peeke. 1991. Estudios gramaticales en Napo Quichua y Huaorani. Cuadernos etnolinguisticos no. 16. SIL, Quito. Peeke, Catherine. 1973. Preliminary grammar of Auca. SIL, Glendale. Peeke, M. Catherine. 1979. El idioma huao: Gramática pedagógica, tomo 1. (Cuadernos Etnolingüísticos, 3.) Quito: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Peeke, Catherine. 1991. Negacion en Huaorani. In Orr, Carolyn, Levinsohn, Stephen and Catherine Peeke. Estudios gramaticales en Napo Quichua y Huaorani, Cuadernos etnolinguisticos no. 16. SIL, Quito. Peeke, M. Catherine. 2007. Waorani. Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Saint, Rachel and Kenneth Pike. 1959. Notas sobre fonemica huarani (auca). In Estudios acerca de las lenguas huaorani (auca), shimigae y zapara, SIL, Quito. Saint, Rachel and Kenneth Pike. 1962. In Elson, Benjamin (ed). Ecuadorian Indian Languages: I. SIL, Mexico D.F. Zander, Lynn. 1988. Keeping track of participants where they are not named. In Pike Evelyn and Saint, Rachael, Workpapers Concerning Waorani Discourse Features, SIL, Dallas.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	bõ-di-tõ	unique			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	bõ-dõ	unique		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	bo-tõ	unique		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	bĩ-di-tõ	unique			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	bi-tõ	unique			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	dãia-s	unique			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	tõbẽ-gã	unique			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	æ̃-i-bæ	unique			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	wæætẽ	unique			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	tõbã-dã-di	unique			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	ayæ̃	unique			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	õdõ-ka-wa	unique			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	õdõ-ĩdẽ-bæ̃	unique			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	gõ-dãi	unique			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	iñömö	unique			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	tækæ-yabæ	unique			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	wẽdæ wẽdæ	unique			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	õtapo	unique			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	ǫ́nǫ́nę; gnanika	unique			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	gæ-epo-dẽ	unique			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	ye; ñaena	unique			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	pokæ̃	unique			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	wẽ-ta-bõ	unique			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	wepæ̃; bhepae	unique			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	wo õõ	unique			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	dã-tai	unique			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	bami	unique			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	goõ-bæ̃	unique			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	gẽbã	unique			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	tã	unique			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	kapo kapo kæ̃	unique			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	wẽẽñæ̃ wį́į́ñæ̨	unique			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	æ̃; æ̃-i	unique			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	bogĩbã (cloud, fog)	unique			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	yogi	unique			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	põ	unique			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	æ̃dõ	unique			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	dõ ĩte	unique			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	'æ-po-dõ ĩ, ' ã-te tee bã-po	unique			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ka ka wæ	unique			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	ẽõ to	unique			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	itædẽ	unique			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	wæ̃	unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	æ̃æ̃ wo	unique			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna		missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	wẽ-ta-bõ [='black']	unique			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	wĩĩ-bõ	unique			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	be	unique			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	abĩbõ	unique			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	babe-doka	unique			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	gidĩ-bõ	unique			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	õnõmõka mõka ??	unique			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	õ-gipo	unique			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	kæ kǽ̨i	unique			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	ĩkĩ-bo	unique			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	áwį́ka áwį́ga	unique			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	goĩ bẽ 'defecate'	unique			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	tæ̃ wæ̃æ̃	unique			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	goo-bæ	unique			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	ogĩ-ye	unique			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	wæ̃po	unique			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	dã-dõ gĩyẽ-dõ	unique			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	õõ-bã	unique			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	õta	unique			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	gõ-ga	unique			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	yǽyæ (a kind of fish) yǽmæ (a spotted fish)	unique			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	go-pæ̃	unique			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	õgaĩ	unique			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	kæ-wo	unique			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	bogĩbã	unique			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	ǫ́nǫ́wa	doubtful loan	Jivaro, e.g. Ashuar náwe		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	tõbẽ-ka	unique			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	waa píyǽ̨nę	unique			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	wĩyadæ̃	unique			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	pæ	unique			See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	okagĩ	unique			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	onompo	unique			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	o-ka-bo	unique			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	ẽñẽ	unique			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	mį́mǫ	unique			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	te ẽbẽ	unique			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	wẽ wo-dõ	unique			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	tei tei pã	unique			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	pææ bã	unique			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	okoi ã	unique			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	æ-bã-dõ kæ-te	unique			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	ĩ-te baĩ	unique			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	gi-bõga kæ̃-ka-dẽ	unique			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	tækæ-bẽ-gõ	unique			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	õõ-ga-te	unique			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	wæ̃-dõ	unique			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	ẽyẽ	unique			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	gãwa-pæ̃	unique			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	ka ka to	unique			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	mǫ́ǫ mǫ	unique			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	dipæ̃-bæ̃-ĩ-dõ	unique			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	õdõ-ti	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	dãyi yõ-gæ̃	unique			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	dãĩ-pa	unique			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	kẽwẽ	unique			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	batæ̃	unique			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	doyæ̃	unique			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	kæ̃pæ	unique		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	wĩdõta	unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	õgĩyæ̃-gã	unique			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	baõ	unique			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	apãi-kã	unique			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	badã wããna; Mbarã	unique			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	gomi	unique			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	de ǫ́nǫ́ne	unique			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	ẽ-bõ-wo	unique			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	õdõ-bẽka	unique			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	eye-ke-ĩ	unique			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	õdõ-bẽka	unique			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	bĩĩ	unique			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	woyowotæ̃	unique			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	baa; wĩĩ	unique			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	õnõkado kado	unique			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	pikæ̃	unique			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	ado	unique			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	wi æ̃de	unique			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	wa	unique			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	wẽdæ wẽdæ ĩ	unique			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	wao-kã	unique			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	te te ã-po	unique			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	ko-õdæ	unique			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	opatawæ̃	unique			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	tõbẽ-bæ̃-ĩ-dõ	unique			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	taa-dõ	unique			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	gæyæ̃-bẽ	unique			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	yõbæ̃-ĩ	unique			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	ẽbõdai	unique			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	ã	missing			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact		missing			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	a	unique			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	wa-ẽ-ga	unique			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	ã-po	unique			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	okaa	unique			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	õdõ-dãkapæ̃	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	dã-dõ gĩgo i-bõ-bãbo (n. 'shame')	unique			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	tæ̃æ̃ kõta	unique			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	ǽ̨mǫtái	unique			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	õ-õdæ	unique			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	bõ	unique			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	ghiya, giya	unique			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	tẽbãa	unique			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	we õgõ	unique		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	towæ tãdõ	unique			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	ti-yæ̃-gõ	unique			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	bã-po-ga; wæ yo-pæ̃	unique			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	yaẽbẽ ko	unique			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	gõõ kæ	unique			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	dẽ-bõ	unique			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	a-wẽ-bõ æ̃æ̃	unique			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	õgõ-to	unique			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	di-ka	unique			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	wi õ	unique			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	dæ̃ke	unique			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body		missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	pæ̃kæ bẽ	unique			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	pãta	unique			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	õdõ-kai-bĩyæ̃	unique			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	bãdĩĩ	unique			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	yæ̃dæ̃	unique			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	giiyæ̃	unique			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	o-ka-i-dẽ põdẽ	unique			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	ĩĩ	unique			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	bẽ-a go ado-ke	unique			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	õdõ-gadæ̃	unique			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	wo æ̃-to-dõ	unique			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	detæ-bo	unique			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	yã kæ	unique			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	õdõ-gẽdẽwa	unique			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	baga gámį́æ̨ (wisdom tooth); Mbagha	unique			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	dadi wẽdẽ	unique		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	mẽmaa bi mę́ná mę́a	unique			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	awæ̃ wẽ	unique			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	dao dao go	unique			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	æ-pæ̃	unique			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	a be-ĩ; kõye	unique			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	k̃ĩnõ	unique			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	æ-yedẽ-dõ	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	æ-yõbõ-dõ	unique			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	dãbæ̃-ta	unique			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	æ-kã-dõ	unique			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	nãnogæ̃	unique			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	woboyæ̃	unique			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	õdõ-bæ̃	unique			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	dãni	unique			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	[tadabako] kæ	loan	Spanish trabajar		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	æ̃ æ̃-de	unique			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	wĩyadæ̃	unique			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	kaka			unique	cf. Yagua	kikã; see also ičoa-ka (Urarina)				uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	kóba (variety of agouti)			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	nõma			doubtful loan, direction unknown	Witoto naɯma					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	gæyæ-keo 'fish-?'			unique						uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	gaganyohuí (Pourouma cucura), yohuemo			unique		also yówe				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes				missing						missing	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	áyábi (generic term)			unique		compare ãũãʔwɨ̃ (Tuyuka)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	gnhu, ghu (generic)			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	kæwípa			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	ocatoe (Persea sp.)			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	yimahue, guimahue			unique						uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	pǽ̨ǽ̨næ̨ (cooking banana)			loan	Spanish	Wanderwort; see Quechua palanda, Jivaroan pa:ntam, Arawak, etc.; banana (Portuguese)	WW	%palana		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	toõdæ			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	podoto			loan	Quechua (via Spanish?)	Wanderwort: Quechua purutu, also Yagua purutu, Ocaina, etc.; from Sp. frijoles				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		ayabõ			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	yemebe (Oenocarpus mapora)			unique						uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	gobõbõ			unique						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	obe			unique		compare Aguaruna wapú				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	ohuehue (Crescentia cujete)			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	woolly monkey			missing		see 'capuchin' entry				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	bodæ			unique						uncoded	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	tegãtai			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda	kebata			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	otome			missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing						missing	See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	yæ̃kata			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	ą́mǫ			unique		compare dzamolíto (Baniwa)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	dayõ			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	óto			unique	Yagua	kõtu				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	kowãye			doubtful loan	North Arawak, cf. Yukuna kawaja	Yucuna kawaja; see also Carib, Hodi				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		kowãye			loan	Arawak						See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	gĩta			unique		NOT the same as 'jaguar'				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		gĩta			unique							See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	ñą́ñą́			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	abharaeka			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	pogõ			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		gæyæ			unique					No info (fish type - not clear whether generic exists. Might be yae.)	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	menico (Lonchocarpus nicou)			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	gĩta kæ̃pæ			unique		gĩta 'dog'				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing						missing	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	gagĩbæ̃			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	dãwæ̃ĩya 'heron'			unique						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	kõwatái			loan - WW	%kujuwi / kurutsi					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola											See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	mi			unique						uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	pogæ̃ka			unique	but cf. Quechua anka					uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	gẽyĩ dẽ bã-dã-di			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	[kabayo]			missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	gimo			loan, direction unknown	Jivaroan himo					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	iwã			unique						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	bĩgõ			missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	æ̃ebæ			unique						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	ihua ahue			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	méñe			doubtful loan	Tupi-Guarani jawa					uncoded	See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	gemenehue			missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	æ̃wæ̃			unique						missing	See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	caguingo			unique	North Arawak	ka-, kana				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	manioc in general?			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kẽnẽ			loan	North Arawak	kai-ni				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	nontube			unique						uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	giye			unique		Compare Hup g'i; may be onomatopoeic				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	wegowæ̃			unique						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	dæ̃dæ̃tapæ̃			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	kõgãye			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	pawæ̃ka			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	kawĩya			doubtful loan	Aguaruna kawau	kawau 'yellow macaw'				uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	[tíwæ̧], [dagǽ̧ŋka]; Daguencawe, tewe	dagæ̃-, tiwæ̃-	chonta (palmera), chontaruro (fruta); Bactris gasipaes	unique						uncoded	Peeke 1979: 113; Macía 2004: 9	2	1	0	0	0		no	Macía also lists daguemuwe 'Bactris maraja'; -uwe is associated with various tree names. Clement et al. 2009:123, "Tehue refers to the young growing palm, whose wood is preferred for the manufacture of blowpipes, while daguenka(hue) refers to the mature p
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	kõwæ			unique		Compare Tupi cará				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	akage, kõwæ			doubtful loan	Urarina	aki:				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	nongogohue			missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	ebẽye			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	petomo, petoba, petue			unique		compare Arawak ponáma				uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	náį́mǫ			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	ibake			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	tiwæ̃-kade			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		tæ̃tæbó			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	bokaya			unique		ya =ye suffix for insects?				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	tapayo			loan	Quechua (via Spanish?)	Zapallos; see also Iquito				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	boyotai			doubtful loan, direction unknown	Yagua buryatu	buryatu				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	titæ			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	kayæ̃			unique	cf. Ninam					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea				missing						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	maiwæ, tomo			unique						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura				missing						missing	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	okæ̃-ĩ			unique						uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	titæke (turtle)			unique						uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	pegopæ			doubtful loan	North Arawak, Warekena ju:we	e.g. yaje, yase (Yucuna)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		a-wæ̃			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	gatã			doubtful loan	Urarina kati	kati				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	meñegohue (Pouteria torta)			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	gapatai			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	mìkaye			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	bogĩ			unique						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	deye (spider monkey)			unique						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari				missing						missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	kegitæ			unique						missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology			missing								See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	too pijæ̃ka-ĩ (IDS)		unique							hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	a-wæ̃-ka (IDS)		unique					Other complex	a-wæ̃= tree/wood; ka=???	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool			missing							can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	ką́ą́ta (clay bowl), owæ-ta	clay bowl	unique				Also: owæ-ta 'basin'				See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	óóto	general basket	Unique								See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	óóto (generic)		unique								See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material			missing								See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	wa-bõ		unique								See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	bõĩ		unique					Other complex	bõ 'sleep'		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	tæ̃æ̃ kõta-ĩ (chair) (IDS)	chair	unique					Other complex	tæ̃æ̃ kõta-ĩ=sit; ĩ=??		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool			missing							currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool			missing								See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation			missing								See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture			missing							if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	too piyæ̃ka-ĩ-wæ̃		unique					Compound	too piyæ̃ka-ĩ=arrow; a-wæ̃=tree/wood	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	õbæpo yẽbæ̃-ĩ		unique								See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	wi-po		unique								See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	kede (IDS)		loan	English (prob via missionaries)			See also Ninam kitikiti; probably entered via SIL missionaries				See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	tawadija (IDS)		unique								See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	awẽdẽ (IDS)		unique								See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	ba-dõ-ĩ-koo		unique								See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	kãta (IDS)		unique								See Language page
coca			narcotics			Missing								See Language page
cook food			food	æ̃dõ		Unique								See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology			missing							malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	ã-wa		Doubtful loan	Carib			Source language might be Arawak, but no lexical evidence; no known contact with Caribs				See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool			missing							hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	wǽ̨ŋǫ́ŋį (god)	god	unknown	Unknown			Similar forms appear in Carib (Makiritare wana:di); Hup also has this as an alternate term. Maybe from Arawak?			In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			Missing								See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool			missing								See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	wĩĩ-bõ		unique					Other complex	bõ 'sleep'		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	ã-po-ĩ-kade		unique								See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture			missing							Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	õõ-bã		unique							esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology			missing								See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	wææ kæ-ĩ		unique					Other complex	wææ kæ= hinder, prevent; ĩ=??	may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	tĩ dã-bæ̃		unique							prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology			missing								See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	gõ-ga-pãbo (IDS)		unique					Other complex	gõ-ga=stove; pãbo=??		See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	tẽdẽ-wæ̃		unique								See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food			missing								See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food			missing								See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	menico	Lonchocarpus nicou	Unique								See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	bogæ̃-bẽ (IDS)		unique					Compound	bogæ̃-bẽ= fish hook; õ-bẽ=vine		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	gæjæ wẽ-te æ̃æ̃-ĩ-kade (IDS)		unique					Other complex	gæyæ=fish; wẽ-te æ̃æ̃-ĩ-kade=??		See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	pãõ (general bread) (IDS)	bread (general)	loan	Spanish or Portuguese			Also in Wanano pão; Secoya ãɔ			usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	[adĩda] (Sp harina)	manioc dough	doubtful loan + Semantic shift	North Arawak						agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	õõya baĩ		unique							multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	õõĩgã		unique							Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology			Missing								See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	wę́næ (devil)		unknown								See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	owǽta		unique								See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool			missing							esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	wodi-do (IDS)		unique								See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	a-wæ̃-pa wæ̃æ̃-dõ-bẽ-dæka-pa		missing					Derived	a-wæ̃-pa=board; wæ̃æ̃-dõ-bẽ-dæka=top; pa=??		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	awẽdẽ-ka 'oven' (IDS)		unique							agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	tẽjabõ (IDS)		unique								See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	ñõõ		unique								See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	o-ka-bo-ga-ta (IDS)		unique					Other complex	o-ka-bo=head; ga-ta=??		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology			missing							Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics			missing								See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	gẽyĩ		unique							only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	õkõ		unique								See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	õõ-kæ-te (hunting with a blow gun)	hunting with a blowgun									See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	bæ̃yetæ̃		unknown	Spanish							See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress			missing								See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material			missing								See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	ẽbõ-ka		unique								See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	a-wæ̃-pa		unique								See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology											See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology			missing								See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	bĩkajõ-ta		unique				Compare Nadeb makahɛ.bʌh				See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	ao bæ̃-ĩ-ka		unique					Other complex	ao bæ̃= crush, grind; ĩ-ka=???		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other			Missing								See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other			missing								See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	kæ̃-gĩ-ta		unique					Other complex	kæ̃-gĩ-ta= meal; ta??		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation			missing								See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	kǽ̨ŋæ̨, tyaegngya		unique				Alternate: tyaegngya				See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	kada kada wæ-ka-ĩ-kade (IDS)		unique								See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool			missing								See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology			missing								See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	gægĩka-bẽ		unique								See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	kati (IDS)		loan	Quechua katʃi							See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	ekoeda (Sp loan, IDS)		loan	Spanish							See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	idõ		unique							In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	awæ̃ka-ta (IDS)		unique								See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	õdõ-kadijæ̃-koo (IDS)		unknown				See Makiritari: oðaʔkuëkëno				See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	tõtado (IDS)		loan	Span/Port soldado	WW	%surara					See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	ãbotabĩdi ã 'sing' (IDS)		missing								See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	tapa		doubtful loan	Aguaruna, Bora			See also Secoya ui tupɨ				See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool			missing								See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food			missing								See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material			missing								See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	owãdoka (IDS)		unknown								See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food			missing							agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology			missing								See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	õõ-ba-kõ		unique					Compound	õõ-ba=fan (n.); õ-kõ= house		See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food			missing							word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	okæ̃-ĩ		Unique								See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture			missing							use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool			missing							agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	ǫ́ǫ́mæ̨		unique							hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	gẽjĩ-ka (IDS)	bees wax	unique					Other complex	gẽyĩ=honey; ka=??		See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	ipagæ kæ		unique					Other complex	ipagæ=??; kæ=do,make.	agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology			missing							a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	no info
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	yes	based on examples	Peeke 1991:24-25
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	no info
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	no info
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no info
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no info
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	no info
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Peeke 1973:39-40
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Peeke 1973:39-40
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Peeke 1973:39-40
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no info
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no info
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	yes	It is not clear if this process is productive but it is possible in the language	Holman:62-3
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no info
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	yes	There are postpositions	Orr et all. 1991:22; Peeke 1991:22
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	no info
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no info
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	no		Orr et all. 1991:22	Non-human object usually do not take the corresponding object-marking postposition
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	yes		Orr et all. 1991:22
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		no info
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no info
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no info
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no info
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no info
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no info
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no info
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no info
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no info
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no info
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no info
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	3		Peeke 1973:129
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes		Peeke 1973:125-8	However, it is not clear the status of the "noun classifiers" as such from the examples which show them in compounding and incorporation processes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no	However, there is a honorific third person female form	Zander:94
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no info
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	no info
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no info
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		no info
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no info
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no info
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no info
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no info
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no info
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no info
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no info
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no info
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no info
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no info
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	no info
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no info
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no info
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no info
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no		Peeke 1973:40
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Peeke 1973:40
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Peeke 1973:128
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	yes		Peeke 1973:128	There is a "honorific" form of pronouns but it seems that they do not distinguish number
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no info
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	no info
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no info
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	no info
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	no info
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no info
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	no info
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no info
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		Saint and Pike 1962:5-15	There are phonetically prenasalized stops
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		Saint and Pike 1962:5-15
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Saint and Pike 1962:5-13	But there is phonetic palatalized stops
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	yes		Saint and Pike 1962:15
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Saint and Pike 1962:15
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no		Saint and Pike 1962:14	No consonant clusters are allowed
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes		Saint and Pike 1962:14	However, it is not stated in the source but it seems quite plausible to imply this
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Saint and Pike 1962:14	no consonant can appear word-finally
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		Saint and Pike1959:4-17	more likely not
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	yes		Saint and Pike 1962:24
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	no info
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no info
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes	based on examples	Holman:57-74
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no info
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	no info
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	no		Orr et all. 1991:21
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	yes		Orr et all. 1991:21	This verbal morphology is optional; most of these sentences are only distinguished by raising intonation. The verbal morphology consists of reduplication of the final vowel of the verb
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Orr et all. 1991:21
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		Orr et all. 1991:21	But intonation does distinguish most of these sentences
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no		Orr et all. 1991:21	Word order is similar to declaratives sentences but a clitic is added to the questioned contituent
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	yes		Orr et all. 1991:25-36	In this case, it is a clitic which appears before the constituent which it negates: in the case of a clause, it appears sentence-initially.
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes		Orr et all. 1991:25-36	In this case, it is a verbal suffix.
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		Peeke 1991:19
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		Peeke 1991:19
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no info
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	yes	It is possible to combine the two strategies for marking negation in a single clause. It has an emphatic effect. However, this is an uncommon construction.	Peeke 1991:44
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		yes	There is a negative particle for "there is not" {dae}	Peeke 1991:19, 38
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no info
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no info
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no info
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		no info
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no info
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes		Peeke 1973:38-9
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes		Peeke 1973:38-9
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no		Peeke 1973:39	There is only one future tense marker
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes		Peeke 1973:39
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Peeke 1973:39
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Peeke 1973:39
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Peeke 1973:39
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Peeke 1973:39
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	yes		Peeke 1973:16-17
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no info
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	yes		Peeke 1973:16-17	There is a "speculative" verbal suffix
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes		Peeke 1973:16-17
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no		Peeke 1973:16-17
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		yes		Peeke 1973:16-17
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes		Peeke 1973:16, 39
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	no	The same strtegy for negation is used for both declarative clauses and imperatives	Peeke 1991:25-28
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes		Peeke 1973:18, 39
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no info
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	yes		Orr et all. 1991:41	There is only overt marking for irrealis aspect
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no info
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no info
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		Peeke 1973:40	Number is marked by a portmanteau suffix which also encodes person
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no		Orr et all. 1991:20
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no info
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no info
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Orr et all. 1991:20
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Orr et all. 1991:20
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no info
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		no info
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Orr et all. 1991:21
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Orr et all. 1991:21
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes		Orr et all. 1991:21
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no		Orr et all. 1991:21	Based on examples
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Orr et all. 1991:21
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Orr et all. 1991:21
Word Order	Num-Noun		no info
Word Order	Noun-Num		no info
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes		Orr et all. 1991:22
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	yes		Orr et all. 1991:22
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	yes		Orr et all. 1991:22	But I am not completely sure about it. In the source it says thay a relative clause can appear without a "nuclear noun"
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no info
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	no		Peeke 1991:21

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
1500	medium	HG	low	mobile

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