| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Melendez, 1998: 141 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
In the examples, all subjects are expressed by free pronominals. In the discussion of pronouns, pronouns that are bound to nominals have a possessive meaning. |
Allin, 1976: 185-187, 285-288 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
Nouns and adjectives can be predicated, but undergo verbalizing derivation |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 39-40 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 237 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
There seems to be a copula that gets the person marking (see clause 2 on page 528), but the examples under "attribute clauses" on p. 524 do not have person marking on the predicates. |
Shauer & Shauer 2000, p. 524, 528 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
On adjectives, but not on nouns. Nouns indicate person with full NPs or free pronominals. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 87-88 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
There is no person inflection on the predicate in equational clauses. However, there does seem to be person marking on the predicate in relational clauses. Both relational and equational clauses use non-verbal predicates. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Examples on page 504 do not seem to have person marking, although this may be because they have an overt subject. Facundes notes that non-verbal clauses are formed "solely of the juxtaposition of two NPs." |
Facundes, 2000: 504 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
adjectives only |
Mihas 2010:145 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-35 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:69-124 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
Pronouns can be the locus of typical verbal mprphology in nominal predicate constructions |
Souza 2008:126 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:179 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
“Roots” can be either adjectival or verbal. When they are “verbal,” they take person markers, but when they are adjectival, they don't. When adjectival predication is used, a copular form is used. |
Michael, 2008. p. 310-313 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:59 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:97 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
Mostly adjectival. |
Seifart - 2005:31-73 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
person markers on possessed nominals, verbs and postpositions |
Hall 1988:284 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
Nominal. |
Carson 1982:105 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
copula takes tense/aspect |
Payne 2012:303-306 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:25-6, 46-59 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:49-96 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:241 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:8-14, 33-4 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:5-23 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:231-321 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
To mark possession of pronouns, it is like the first kind of the pronoun is dropped out ad the remaining is the possessive pronoun. It seems that it is better characterized as suppletive forms. |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 225 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Rojas:172-80 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
Names of places may have prefixed person markers as verbs do |
Montes 2004b:80 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
Color adjective behaves as verbs |
Olawsky:188-9 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p177-216 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 125 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 126 |
|
Adjectives are inflected to agree in gender or classifier and number with the noun they modify. |
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no info |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 |
|
no info/not expected |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.36 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The nominalizer suffix may simply be the regular gender-number suffix for nouns or a combined form of gender, number, animacy, and time and space. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.42 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.41-42 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler - 1987:116-176 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
no evidence of this |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
probably not |
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296, 308-12 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
no person inflection |
Vallejos 2010:426 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
72-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
LG26-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
79, 83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 52 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
334 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
190-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
314 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
399 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
N/A |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
287-296 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
123 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
181-189 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
22 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
326 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
cf K85b 66 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
166 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
177 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 6 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
103-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
186 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
