Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Northern Paiute

Family: Uto-Aztecan
Region: North America
ISO 639-3: pao
Location: 40.08°, -119.54°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Basic Vocabulary (185)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Etymology Code	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	nymmi	inheritance	Thornes 03:110
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	tammi	inheritance	Thornes 03:157
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	ny	inheritance	Thornes?
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	ymy (pl)	inheritance	SAA 1982
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	y	inheritance	Thornes 03:157
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	umy	inheritance	SAA 1982
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	u-su	inheritance	SAA82
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	pa7a- “high, above”	inheritance	Thornes 03:241
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	tiwau “again, also”	unknown	Thornes 03:241
all	todo	todos	other	[nOO7yu “all (NOM)”	inheritance	Thornes 03:476
and	y	e	grammar	jaisi “and then”	loan	thornes 03:166
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	ta7witsogo	inheritance	Thornes 03:112
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	anga	inheritance	Nichols 1974:318
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	kutusiby	inheritance	Stubbs 08
at	en, a	em, a	location	-ma "on, at, instr"	inheritance	SAA 1982
back	espalda	costas	body	pi-	inheritance	Thornes 03:356
bad	mal	mal	quality	syta “bad, badly”	unknown	Thornes 03:200
belly	barriga	barriga	body	sa'py	inheritance	Nichols 74:335
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	pitami “down, below”	inheritance	Thornes 03:241
big	grande	grande	quality	paba	inheritance	Thornes 03:75
bite	morder	morder	body	-kyi SAA 82 64	inheritance	SAA 1982:64
black	negro	preto	colour	tuu-, tuhu	inheritance	Thornes 03:215
blood	sangre	sangue	body	pyy (in mypyy “their blood”)	inheritance	Thornes 03:450
blow	soplar	soprar	body	puuhi7yu	inheritance	Stubbs 08
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	7ya- (in 7yadui7hu “wound someone”)	inheritance	Stubbs 08
bone	hueso	osso	body	oho	inheritance	Stubbs 08
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	nyngapy “chest”	inheritance	Thornes?
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	so/unga(')	inheritance	Nichols 1974:337
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	nai (vt, vi)	inheritance	Thornes 03:387
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	ky7waja	unique	Nichols 1974:165
child	niño, niña	criança	human	duaki “children”	inheritance	SAA 1982
climb	subir	subir	motion	po7ja (sg)	unknown	SAA 1982:62
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	kumiba	inheritance	Thornes 03:106
cold	frío	frio	quality	ydzytsy “cold”	inheritance	Thornes 03:43
come	venir	vir	motion	kima (sg),	inheritance	SAA?
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	[kuha/ni	inheritance	Thornes 03:33
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	toki	loan direction unknown	Thornes 03:128
count	contar	contar	mental	sunaga “calculate, determine”(?)	unknown	Thornes 03:469
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	/jaka	inheritance	Thornes 03:40
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	-ka7a (requires IP)	inheritance	Thornes 03:324
day	día	dia	time	[tabi/	inheritance	Thornes 03:34
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	jai,ja7i (sg),	inheritance	SAA 1982
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	hiwi	unique	Thornes 03:136
dingo/wolf			fauna	isa/ “wolf”	inheritance	Thornes 03:43
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	totsa7a	inheritance	Thornes 03:249
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	nossi	inheritance	Thornes 03:128
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	hipiu “drink!”	inheritance	Thornes 03:25
dry	seco	seco	quality	pasa	inheritance	Thornes 03:46
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality		missing
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	[kuSSi “dust, dusty”	inheritance	Thornes 03:44
ear	oreja	orelha	body	naka	inheritance	Thornes 04:476
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	tiipy “earth, etc.”	inheritance	Nichols 1974:19
eat	comer	comer	body	[tykka/	inheritance	Thornes 03:34
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	no-(ho) “egg, testicles”	inheritance	Nichols 1974:174
eye	ojo	olho	body	/pui	inheritance	Thornes 03:57
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	kwita-'py	inheritance	Nichols 1974:142
fall	caer	cair	motion	wi7i	inheritance	Thornes 03:231
far	lejos	longe	quality	kwaya	unknown	Thornes 03:481
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	juhupi	inheritance	Thornes 03:106
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	naa	inheritance	Thornes 03:91
fear	miedo	medo	mental	sya7i	inheritance	Thornes 03:225
feather	pluma	pena	fauna		missing
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	ku'su, ko'so	inheritance	Nichols 1974:327
fish	xx	xx	fauna	bakwi	inheritance	SAA 1982:8
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	hu7u	loan	Thornes 03:497
flower	flor	flor	environment	tOnika “flower” [toni/ja]	unknown	Thornes 03:37
fly	volar	voar	motion	yotsi (sg)	inheritance	Thornes 03:298
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	pakymapa	inheritance	Nichols 1974:181
foot	pie	pé	body	kyky-	inheritance	Thornes 03:219
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	pui berry, seed	inheritance	SAA 1982:30
good	bueno	bom	quality	pisa/ “good”	inheritance	Thornes 03:43
grow	crecer	crescer	state	na7a	inheritance	Thornes 03:57
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	tsopyhy “head hair”	inheritance	SAA 1982:26
hand	mano	mão	body	ma-	inheritance	Thornes?
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	kwOO	inheritance	Thornes 03:77
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	naka	inheritance	Thornes 03:90
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	nynykwi-	inheritance	Thornes 03:148
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	watsi	inheritance	Thornes 03:224
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	kwiba “strike”	inheritance	Thornes 03:170
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	tsahani “keep/hold”	inheritance	Thornes 03:170
how?	como	como	grammar	ha7u	inheritance	Thornes 03:188
if	si	se	grammar	-na	inheritance	SAA 1982:68
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	pitakwana "inside"	unknown	Thornes 03:241
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	si	inheritance	Stubbs 08
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body		missing
kill	matar	matar	impact	patsa kill sg. obj	inheritance	Thornes 03 125
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	/supitakwatu “to know, understand”	unknown	Thornes 03:41
lake	lago	lago	environment	panynady	unknown	Thornes 03:136
laugh	reír	rir	mental	su-wa7i	unique	Nichols 1974:177
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	naka	inheritance	SAA 1982:16
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	oi-naggwa	inheritance	Stubbs 08
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	kaupa	unknown	Thornes 03:241
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	hapi (sg),	inheritance	Thornes 03:316
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment		missing
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	nymy (sg);	inheritance	SAA 1982:62
liver	hígado	figado	body	nywy	inheritance	Thornes 03:165
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	udy “tall, long, deep”	loan direction unknown	Thornes 03:200
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	poziabbi “louse, flea”	inheritance	Stubbs 08
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	so'ngo	inheritance	Nichols 1974:177
man/male	hombre	homem	human	nana	loan	SAA 1982
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	tuku	inheritance	Thornes 03:107
moon	luna	lua	environment	myha	inheritance	Thornes 03:245
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	pia/	inheritance	Thornes 03:33
mouth	boca	boca	body	typpa/ 27;	inheritance	Thornes 03:27
name	nombre	nome	human	ni7a “to name, call by name”	inheritance	Nichols 1974:177
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	ka7wotsobba	unique	Miller 88
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	tsagi7i	unknown	thornes 03:166
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	ggutta (Yerington), kutta (McDonald)	inheritance	Miller 88
new	nuevo	novo	quality	pydy “new, young, anew”	inheritance	Thornes?
night	noche	noite	time	[toqaano “night time”	inheritance	Thornes 03:45
no/not	no	não	grammar	gai “No”	inheritance	SAA 1982:27
nose	nariz	nariz	body	mubi	inheritance	Thornes 03:476
old	viejo	velho	quality	moa	inheritance	Thornes 03:127
one	uno	um	number	symy-	inheritance	Thornes 03:211
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	-kwonao (sg),	unknown	SAA?
other	otro	outro	grammar	ky7ma	inheritance	Nichols 1974:13
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	tyoja7i “sick” (sg)	inheritance	SAA 1982:13
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	/nymy/	inheritance	Thornes 03:356
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	pota “pound acorns”	inheritance	Stubbs 08
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	paumaba	inheritance	Thornes 03:106
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	atsa	unique	Thornes 03:200
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body		missing
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	[pOO “trail”	inheritance	Thornes 03:33
root	raíz	raiz	flora	tyna/ “tree root”	inheritance	Thornes 03:27
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	pihi “rotten, of meat”	inheritance	Thornes 03:298
sand	arena	areia	environment	pasiwaby	inheritance	Stubbs 08
say	decir	dizer	mental	yni “say”	inheritance	SAA 1982:64
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	wongi	unknown	Nichols 1974:343
see	ver	ver	mental	[puni	inheritance	Thornes 03:33
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	kaakwaba	unique	Thornes 03:231
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	akwi “shoot”	inheritance	Thornes 03:54
short	corto	curto	quality	miitsi-	inheritance	Thornes 03:126
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	tsoaba	inheritance	Thornes 03:231
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	nasuggwaidy “shamed someone”	inheritance	Stubbs 08
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	katy (sg);	inheritance	Thornes 03:316
skin	piel	pele	body	pyhy “skin, hide, fur”	inheritance	Stubbs 08
sky	cielo	céu	environment	toko7pa7	inheritance	Nichols 1974:339
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	ywi	inheritance	Thornes 03:267
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	tyytsi	inheritance	Thornes 03:476
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	kwii- (vb)	inheritance	Thornes 03:431
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	igwi	loan into protolanguage	Thornes 03:55
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	tuhi	loan into protolanguage	Stubbs 08
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	kutsa “split.wood”	unique	Thornes 03:268
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	mapy'co-ma “to wring out, twist to squeeze”	unique	Nichols 1974:166
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	-posa	inheritance	Thornes 03:325
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	wynny (sg),	inheritance	Thornes 03:316
star	estrella	estrela	environment	paatusuba	unique	Thornes 03:106
steal	robar	roubar	other	tyha, dyha	inheritance	Thornes 03:171
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	huupi	inheritance	Thornes 03 early page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	typi	inheritance	Thornes 03
suck	chupar	chupar	body		missing
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	kuna7a	doubtful loan	Nichols 1974:179
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	pa7wa	inheritance	Nichols 1974:181
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	pa-hapi “water-lie (sg)”	inheritance	Thornes 03:453
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	kwassi	inheritance	Thornes 03:93
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	ma-su	inheritance	SAA 1982:42
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	wogo7 (of cloth, canvas)	inheritance	Thornes 03:520
thin	delgado	fino	quality	tykija7i “skinny (from hunger)”	unknown	Thornes 03:206
think	pensar	pensar	mental	sunami	inheritance	Thornes 03:224
this	este/esta	este	grammar	isu	inheritance	SAA 1982:42
three	tres	tres	number	pahi	inheritance	Thornes 03:142
throat	garganta	garganta	body	nnodo	inheritance	Stubbs 08
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	wynai	inheritance	Thornes 03:119
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	niniaba	unique	Thornes 03:106
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	wy-'ca'ky “to tie, knot, fasten'	inheritance	Nichols 1974:161
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	ikO	inheritance	Thornes 03:37
tooth	diente	dente	body	tama	inheritance	Nichols 1974:337
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	tsamyna (sg)	inheritance	Thornes 03:316
two	dos	dois	number	waha	inheritance	Thornes 03:140
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	oa7i7hu	inheritance	Stubbs 08
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	nymmi (sg),	inheritance	Thornes 03:316
water	agua	agua	environment	paa	inheritance	Thornes 03:113
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	sa:7mi	inheritance	SAA 1982
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	haga,	inheritance	SAA 1982
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	hanano	inheritance	Thornes 03:188
where?	donde	onde	grammar	hanno	inheritance	Thornes 03:188
white	blanco	branco	colour	toha-	inheritance	Thornes 03:215
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	haga/	inheritance	Thornes 03:28
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	/notykwa	loan	Thornes 03:41
wind	viento	vento	environment	hykwaba	inheritance	Thornes 03:106
wing	ala	asa	body	kassa	inheritance	Thornes 03:340
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	[moqo/7ni	inheritance	Thornes 03:40
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other		missing
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	ydamuwyny “yawning”	inheritance	Stubbs 08
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	oha	inheritance	Thornes 03:140


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heavy
hide
hit
hold
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 185 of 185 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (130)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Dangerous
abalone			flora-fauna	Haliotis spp.	pooedooa		abalone	unique				first pooe- part is “green”, like in W. Mono puhiGede but note t. Shoshone po'owa “seashell, shell Stubbs 1907			same	underived	surely some kind of old phrase with green, but unanalyzable second part	Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	1	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	ha'enabe		Ant	unique				may contain *anɨN, Stubbs 44 (2008:44)			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Merriam 61:149	0	0		2	0	0	no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna		anibi			inheritance										Thornes 03:106
antelope			flora-fauna	Antilocapra americana	tunna		Antelope	inheritance	*tɨmɨna	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 52 (2008:45)			same	underived		Merriam 61:135; Yerrington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
badger			flora-fauna	Taxidea taxus	hoonna		Badger	inheritance	*huLa	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 132 (2008:59)			same	underived		Merriam 61:133; Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	yes
bald eagle			flora-fauna	Haliaeetus leucocephalus	toha tsopege ggwe'na'a		Bald eagle (Halioeetus) (white hair eagle)	unique				might be a calqued neologism, “White-headed Eagle” appears in the W. Mono dictionary, possibly a local common name			same	phrase	white head eagle (is tsopigi a bahuvrihi?? Dunno)	Yerington Dictionary	1	2		0	0	1	no
band-tail pigeon			flora-fauna	Patagioenas fasciata	missing			missing								missing			0	1		0	0	0	no
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp	pedahana'a		Bat	unique								unknown		Yerington Dictionary	0	1		0	0	0	no
beaver			flora-fauna	Castor	ha'ngisa		Beaver	inheritance	*ha'ni	Numic		Stubbs 155 (2008:61), possibly a loan??			same	underived		Thornes 2003:53	2	1		0	0	0	no
beetle			flora-fauna	Coleoptera spp	pepooze		stinkbug	inheritance	*pippusi	Numic		Stubbs 311 (2008:83)			narrower (a species of beetle)	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	0		0	0	0	no
big round tule			flora-fauna	Schoenoplectus acutus	sibe		tule (M: Big round tule (Scirpus lacustris)	inheritance	*sɨyi	Northern Uto-Aztecan		I think this goes with Takic Stubbs 1735 (shown in reconstruction) which needs to be fixed since Numic is clearly sayi, see T. Shoshone			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Merriam 61:157	2	1		2	0	0	no
big skunk			flora-fauna	Mephitis mephitis	poh-ne'-dah; pong-e'-dah		Big skunk (Mephitis)	inheritance	*po(C)ni	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1983 (2008:275); what is -da?? is it -dɨ, deverbalizing from “stink”??			broader (includes both kinds of skunks)	derived	may have the -dɨ nominalizer	Merriam 61:133	2	2		0	0	0	no
big wolf (gray wolf)			flora-fauna	Canis lupus	esa (Y)		Big wolf (Canis )	semantic shift	*isa'a(N)pa	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 552 (2008:112); usually this form is “coyote”			same	underived		Merriam 61:133	1	2		0	0	0	yes
bighorn sheep			flora-fauna	Ovis canadensis	koepa		Bighorn (Ovis)	unique							same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		hootseba		A bird	inheritance		Uto-Aztecan		Miller put hootseba together with 205c hutti/hutu (Stubs 2008:67). Probably sound-imitative, may not have a good etymology			narrower (doesn't include raptors)	underived		Yerington Dictionary	0	0		0	0	0	no
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		hudziba			inheritance										Thornes 03:543
black ant			flora-fauna	Camponotus pennsylvanicus/Lasius niger	anebe		little black ants	semantic shift	*anɨN	Uto-Aztecan		usually this is “red ant”; Stubbs 44 (2008:44)			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Merriam 61:149; Yerington Dictionary	2	0		0	0	0	no
black bear			flora-fauna	Ursus americanus	wɨdaɂa		Black bear, bear, brown bear	inheritance		Numic		May be a loan, but see BSVS wyyta “bear”, Comanche wɨra “male bear”; may match the Merriam Walker Lake form (see “other notes”), which has “black” in it --			same	underived		Thornes 2003:192	1	2		0	0	0	yes
black-tail Jackrabbit			flora-fauna	Lepus californicus	kammu		Black-tail jackrabbit (Lepus texianus group)	inheritance	*kaNmu	Numic		Stubbs 1710 (2008:243)			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
blackberry			flora-fauna	Rubus ursinus	missing			missing								missing			2	1		2	0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	mooebe		Fly	inheritance	muwi-/muCpi	Numic		Stubbs 887 (2008:151)			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Yerington Dictionary	0	0		0	0	0	no
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna		muibi			loan into protolanguage										SAA 1982:11
blue grouse			flora-fauna	Dendrogapus?	kah'-hih; kah'-hoo-ŭ	kahɨ	Blue grouse (Dendragapus)	inheritance	*kaka 'quail, grouse'	Northern Uto-Aztecan		I'm not sure about this -- Numic is good, but may not go with Takic (Stubbs 1702a (2008:241); note TS kahu and wonder why different from “quail”			same	underived		Merriam 61:139	0	1		0	0	0	no
bobcat, lynx			flora-fauna	Lynx rufus	toohoo'oo		Bob-cat (Lynx californicus)	inheritance	*tukkuC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200) -- WHY does this language have /h/ from *kk??? Is this a loan?	WW	%tuku	same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	1	2		0	0	0	no
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	Lepidoptera	soo-ap'-pah “spirit or ghost” (WL); tsoapu (Y)		Butterfly	semantic shift	*so'aC	Numic		usually it's “moth” words that are the “ghost/spirit” word; Stubbs 2064 (2008:285), W. and Central Numic only			broader (butterfly, ghost)	other complex	has -pɨ ABS	Merriam 61:149	2	0		0	0	0	no
California condor			flora-fauna	Gymnogyps californianus	missing			missing								missing			1	2		0	0	1	no
California jay			flora-fauna	Aphelocoma californica?	we at'-se-m		California jay (Aphelocoma)	unique								unknown		Merriam 61:139	2	1		0	0	0	no
California woodpecker			flora-fauna	Melanerpes formicivorus?	ă-sahk-kwi-yu wah'-pe pan-nă	atsa kwoyu waape panna	California woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi)	loan			unknown	at the core of this is the panna loan word (see “Flicker”			same	phrase	and what a phrase! atsa kwo-yu waape panna red head-nom juniper woodpecker ??	Merriam 61:139	2	1		0	0	1	no
chia			flora-fauna	Salvia columbariae	missing			missing								missing			1	1		1	0	0	no
chipmunk			flora-fauna	Tamias spp.	tabba		Chipmunk	inheritance	*tapa	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2095 (2008:288)			same	underived		Merriam 61:135	2	1		0	0	0	no
cliff swallow			flora-fauna	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	soggobbena		mudswalow (M: Cliff swallow (Petrochelidon)	inheritance		Northern Uto-Aztecan		new set for “swallow”, usually with pa- prefix			same	underived	looks complex but no etymology of any parts	Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
coot			flora-fauna	Fulica americana	saya		mudhen (M: Coot (Fulica)	inheritance	*saya	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 217 (2008:69)			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
cottontail rabbit			flora-fauna	Sylvilagus audobonii	taboo'oo (Y)		Cottontail rabbit (Lepus audoboni)	inheritance	tapuC/taput	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1707 (2008:242)			same	underived		Merriam 61:135	2	1		0	0	0	no
cottonwood			flora-fauna	Populus spp.	sunngabe		Cottonwood (Populus)	inheritance	*sɨŋa	Numic		Stubbs 2353 (2008:316); usually “aspen”			broader (may extend to any “tree”; see below)	other complex	has -pi ABS	Merriam 61:151	2	0		2	0	0	no
coyote			flora-fauna	Canis latrans	etza'a		Coyote (Canis lestes or ochropus)	inheritance		Western Numic only		I think this is a consonant-gradation variant of the “wolf” form (Stubbs 552 (2008:112); it also occurs in W. Mono			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	1	2		0	0	0	no
crow			flora-fauna	Corvus brachyrhynchos	kwē' ar'-rah' (arrah is “Raven”)	ada “crow” (Y)	Crow (Corvus americanus)	inheritance	*atta-wɨ-ta	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 582 (2009:116), without the increment			same	underived		Merriam 61:139	2	1		0	0	0	no
datura			flora-fauna	Datura wrightii	moohoo'oo		opium	loan			Tumpisa Shoshone?	Similar forms in other Numic, e.g. Tumpisa Shoshone muippüh. Might be ultimately from Takic “moon” word, -ppüh here is nominalizer/CL	WW	%moji ~ %moni	broader (includes other hallucinogens)	underived		Yerington Dictionary	1	1		1	1	0	yes
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		[tyhycha			inheritance										Thornes 03:38
deer, mule			flora-fauna	Odocoileus hemionus	tuhudda		deer (M: Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus group)	inheritance	*tɨkɨya	Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121); what is the -da stuff??			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
digger pine			flora-fauna	Pinus sabiniana	missing		only “Ponderosa” in sources	missing								missing		Merriam 61:149	2	1		2	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis familiaris	sadɨɂɨ		Dog	inheritance	*sati	Numic		may be an arealism; Stubbs 674 (2008:126) in NP, C. Numic, S. Numic, Hopi				unknown		Thornes 2003:111	0	0		0	0	0	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		sady7y			inheritance										Thornes 03:111
dogbane			flora-fauna	Apocynum cannabinum	numu weha		Indian hemp	calque			English	wiha is Stubbs 1796, a UA “string” form.			same	phrase	literally: Indian string	Yerington Dictionary	2	1		2	0	0	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	Zenaida macrocoura	ehobe		Dove (M: (Zenaidura)	inheritance	'*hayɨwi	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 675 (2008:126)			same	other complex	looks like it has the -pi ABS (non-possessed noun suffix) but this may be a false etymology, may be from -wi 'animal classifier' in PUA	Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae	puhu		duck (M:All ducks	inheritance	*picV	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 706a (2008:130)			same	underived		Merriam 61:143	0	1		0	0	0	no
elder			flora-fauna	Sambucus	hooboo		elderberry (M: Elder (Sambucus)	inheritance	hup/hu'up	Numic		Stubbs 186 (2008:65)			same	underived		Merriam 61:151	2	1		1	0	0	no
elk			flora-fauna	Cervas elaphus	pah'-too he'dah “Water horse” (not here)		Elk (Cervus)	inheritance	pa:-tɨkɨya	Numic		Stubbs 625a (2008:121), all Numic has this phrase on “deer”			same	phrase	big-deer (NOT “water-deer, doggone it)	Merriam 61:133	2	1		0	0	0	no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		paggwe		Fish (any)	inheritance	paNkwi/pakkwi < pa:-kVyu	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 865 (2008:148)			same	underived	etymologically a phrase, “water-fish”	Merriam 61:147	0	1		0	0	0	no
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	Siphonaptera	pozeabbe		Flea, louse	inheritance	*pusi'a	Numic		Stubbs 1358a (2008:205)			broader (fleas and lice)	other complex	has -pi ABS	Merriam 61:149	2	0		0	0	0	no
flicker			flora-fauna	Colaptes sp.	atzabanna		woodpecker (M: Flicker (Colaptes)	loan		Western Numic only	Gabrielino	origin unknown; Western Mono yazabana', with the -bana element widely loaned (Troike)	WW	%palaka ~ %pana(k)	same	phrase	red-banna?	Yerington Dictionary (appears only in alphabet examples on first page of front matter!)	2	1		0	0	1	no
foothills yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca whipplei	missing			missing								missing			0	1		0	0	0	no
fox			flora-fauna	Vulpes, Urocyon	wannge'e		Fox (M: Gray fox (Urocyon)	inheritance	*waCni	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 562 (2008:113)			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	2		0	0	0	no
frog (generic)			flora-fauna		pamogo		Frog (Rana)	inheritance				this is not *pa: “water” which would yield pawogo.But see Tumpisa Shoshone pawaka (approx), must be the same word.	WW	%wakat	same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	2		0	0	0	no
golden eagle			flora-fauna	Aquila chrysaetos	kwēt'-nah; kwid-nah	kwi'naa (Thornes 2003:53)	Golden eagle (Aquila)	inheritance	*kwi'na	Numic		Stubbs 717b			same	underived		Merriam 61:137	1	2		0	0	1	no
gooseberry			flora-fauna	Ribes spp.	mababbooe		currant, gooseberry (the plant)	unique				*-pui is Numic “eye, seed, berry”, maba- unknown			same	underived	etymologically a phrase but unanalyzable initial modifier on “berry”	Yerington Dictionary	2	1		1	0	0	no
gopher snake, bull snake			flora-fauna	Pituophis catenifer	tuuhaba	bullsnake' (Y)	bullsnake (M:Gopher or bull snake for form in “notes” with haba)	unique							same	phrase	tuu- probably “black”; haba is some kind of “snake” word that I can't find any cognates for (based on Merriam's Walker Lake form, see notes)	Merriam 61:147	2	2		0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(NA)	wahabu		hay, (M: Grass (any)	inheritance		Numic		Stubbs 1635			same	other complex	has -pɨ ABS	Merriam 61:157	0	0		0	0	0	no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna		wahaby “grass, hay”			inheritance										Thornes 03:106
grasshopper			flora-fauna	Caelifera	wutata		Grasshopper	unique				Could this be part of *wo'V (Stubbs 1034 (2008:167)??			same	underived		Merriam 61:149	2	1		0	0	0	no
gray ground squirrel			flora-fauna	Sphermophilus sp.	ō'dĕgoo'-bah; ō'-re-kŭ-bah		Gray ground squirrel (Citellus beecheyi group)	unique								unknown		Merriam 61:135	2	1		0	0	0	no
gray tree squirrel			flora-fauna	Sciurus spp.	eggwu		squirrel	inheritance	iCkwa/iNkwa	Numic		Stubbs 2099 (2008:289)			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
great horned owl			flora-fauna	Bubo virginianus	mŏ-hŏ, kō-hoo; moo-hoo “Once Shoshone people”		Great horned owl (Bubo)	inheritance	*muhuN	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1542 (2008:227)			same	underived		Merriam 61:137	1	2		2	0	1	no
grizzly bear			flora-fauna	Ursus arctos horribilis	padooa		Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) (WL), bear (Y)	loan			unknown		WW	%paha	same	underived		Merriam 61:133; Yerington Dictionary	1	2		0	0	0	yes
horned toad			flora-fauna	Phrynosomatidae	magatza'a		Horned toad (Phrynosoma)	inheritance	*makaCta	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1333 (2008;202)			same	underived	probably etymologically some kind of compound form	Yerington Dictionary	2	2		2	0	0	no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus	puku		Horse	semantic shift	*puNku	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 38 (2008:43); originally “dog, pet”			broader (also reported in a Merriam expression for “dog”; see Other Notes at “dog” above)	underived		Thornes 2003:107	0	0		0	0	0	no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	Trochilidae	songoe'e		Humming bird	unique							same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	0	0		0	0	0	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic	missing			missing								missing			0	0		2	0	0	variable
junco			flora-fauna	Junco sppp	nŭ-bah' ho-ze-vă//nuba hootseba		Junco (Junco)	unique				All Numic languages have “snow”, but with diverse second elements. Except W. Mono which has “winter (bird)”			same	phrase	snow bird	Merriam 61:141	0	1		0	0	0	no
juniper			flora-fauna	Juniperus californica	waape		cedar, juniper, juniper trees (M: Juniper (Juniperus)	inheritance	*wa'aC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 415 (2008:94)			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Yerington Dictionary	2	1		1	0	0	no
louse			flora-fauna	order Phtiraptera	bbooze'a		Lice (M: Head lice [note the inconsistent transcriptions here JHH]	inheritance	*pusi'a	Numic		Stubbs 1358a (2008:205)			broader (fleas and lice, according to the Yerington dictionary)	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	0		0	0	0	no
mallard			flora-fauna	Anas platyrhynchos	kooda		duck (M: Mallard (Anas boschas)	inheritance	*kuta-	Numic		Note Chemehuevi kurásɨŋA 'mallard'; are these from 'neck'???			same	underived		Merriam 61:143	2	1		0	0	0	no
manzanita			flora-fauna	Arctostaphylos spp.	kodabi/ɨɂ		manzanita	unique							same	other complex	has pɨ ABS (in Burns)	Thornes 2003:106	2	1		1	0	0	no
milkweed, broad leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias eriocarpa	weha		fishing line, string, gum made out of Indian hemp (M: Milkweed, broad leaf (Asclepias) -see “species notes”	inheritance	?	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1796, a very problematic set, but ancient -- string as wi-, the protypical long object???			broader (quite a range of plants and derived stuff, I'm sure a lot of the Yerington data is bad)	underived		Merriam 61:157	2	1		1	0	0	no
milkweed, narrow leaf			flora-fauna	Asclepias fascicularis	missing			missing								missing			0	1		1	0	0	no
mission tule			flora-fauna	Juncus	missing			missing								missing			2	1		2	0	0	no
mockingbird			flora-fauna	Mimus polyglottos	missing			missing								missing			2	1		0	0	0	no
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles spp, Isoptera	woponga		Mosquito	inheritance	*(mo/wɨ)-pon	Numic		Stubbs 891 (2008:152)			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	0	0		0	0	0	no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	Heterocera	pe-ag'-gah do-ve'-e (peaga “bull pine caterpillar” (Y))		Sphynx Moth	unique				peaga is a good NUA word, what is do-ve???			narrower (a species of moth)	phrase	larva X-ABS ???	Merriam 61:149	2	0	“The worms taste good” Merriam	0	0	0	no
mountain lion			flora-fauna	Puma concolor	kaggwe toohoo'oo 'mountain lion' (matches M forms)		Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes)	inheritance	*tukkuC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1306 (2008:200) -- WHY does this language have /h/ from *kk??? Is this a loan?	WW	%tuku	same	phrase	what is kaggwe? It isn't “mountain”	Merriam 61:133, Yerington Dictionary	1	2		0	0	0	yes
mountain quail			flora-fauna	Oreortyx pictus	took-tah; too'-hoo-tah		Mountain quail (Oreortyx)	loan			Gabrielino	direction unknown, note Tumpisa Shoshone tu'ukwittan			same	underived	might have -tɨ nominalizer but impossible to tell from CHM's transcription	Merriam 61:139	2	1		0	0	0	no
mussel			flora-fauna	Mytilus spp.	missing			missing								missing			2	1		0	0	1	no
olivella (olive snail)			flora-fauna	Callianax biplicata	namakoo		old kind of beads ?	loan			Tumpisa Shoshone?	Note Tumpisa shosone namokku(n) “money”, Perhaps from Stubbs 2333 “buy, sell, pay” where na- is reciprocal			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	2		0	0	1	no
pinyon jay			flora-fauna	Cyanocitta stelleri?	aanga		pinenut bird (M: Pinyon jay (Cyanocephalus)	inheritance		Numic		Colorado River Southern Numic in Stubbs 220 (2008:69), but this form elevates it to Numic. Perhaps ultimately a loan from somewhere.				unknown		Merriam 61:139	2	1		0	0	0	no
pinyon pine			flora-fauna	Pinus monophylla	tuba-pe		pinyon (M: Pinyon or nut pine (Pinus monophylla)	inheritance	*tɨpat	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1583 (2008;231)			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Merriam 61:149	2	1		2	0	1	no
pismo clam			flora-fauna	Tivella stultorum	missing			missing								missing			2	1		0	0	1	no
pocket gopher			flora-fauna	Thomomys	yu-nat'-zib-ba	yɨŋŋaciba	Pocket gopher (Thomomys)	unique				possibly part of Stubbs 1009?? see also BSVS jyha “gopher”			same	other complex	has -tsi and -pɨ	Merriam 61:135	2	1		0	0	0	no
poison oak			flora-fauna	Toxicodendron diversilobum	missing			missing								missing			2	2		2	0	0	yes
rattlesnake			flora-fauna	Crotalus spp.	togoggwa	togokwa Thornes 2003:298	Rattlesnake (Crotalus)	inheritance	*tɨ-koNwa	Numic		UA “snake” word *koNwa is Stubbs 2009, but this form is only in Numic			same	underived	etymologically a phrase, “earth-snake”	Yerington Dictionary	1	2		0	0	0	yes
red ant			flora-fauna	Solenopsis spp	hooedu, tsahooedda		red ants	unique				note that at Walker Lake Merriam has hooedu as “black ants”			same	derived	has -tɨ deverbalizing suffix, what is hooe???	Yerington Dictionary	1	0		1	0	0	no
red-shouldered blackbird			flora-fauna	Agelaius phoeniceus	at-sut-saw-pă-ko'-ro'-bah	pakoddoba (Y); pakotopA Thornes 2003:219	Red-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius)	inheritance		Northern Uto-Aztecan		This is a new set with *paka ... with various increments, see notes under “bird” in Stubbs 2008			same	phrase	at-sut-saw “red-head? (atsa-tso-)” -pă-ko'-ro'-bah “blackbird”	Merriam 61:141	2	1		0	0	0	no
red-tailed hawk			flora-fauna	Buteo jamaicensis	naka'e		hawk (M. has as Red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis)	inheritance	*naka'i	Numic		Stubbs 724 (2008:132)				unknown		Merriam 61:137	2	2		0	0	0	no
roadrunner			flora-fauna	Geococcyx californianus	poboyooha'a		roadrunner	calque			English				same	phrase	po 'road' - poyooha 'run.fast'	Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
ruddy duck			flora-fauna	Oxyura jamaicensis	no-vah'-vah		Ruddy duck (Erismatura)	unique							same	underived	might have -pɨ ABS	Merriam 61:143	2	1		0	0	0	no
sage herb			flora-fauna	Artemisia californica	missing			missing								missing			2	2		1	0	0	no
salmon/steelhead			flora-fauna	Oncorhynchus mykiss	agi		Trout (Y), salmon (Burns: Thornes 2003:112)	inheritance	*akai	Numic		Stubbs 868 (2008:148), western and central numic only			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
scaly lizard			flora-fauna	Pygopus lepidopodus?	kah-wē'-dah		Scaly lizard (Sceloporus)	unique							same	underived	may have the -dɨ nominalizer but impossible to tell	Merriam 61:147	2	2		0	0	0	no
small bird			flora-fauna		missing			missing								missing			2	1		0	0	0	no
small brown lizard			flora-fauna		te-bod-za		Small brown lizard (Uta)	unique							same	underived		Merriam 61:147	2	2		0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		nooyooadu		Snake	unique							same	derived	nuyua-dɨ “crawl-er”	Merriam 61:147	0	1		0	0	0	no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		togokwa “rattlesnake”			inheritance										Thornes 03:298
soaproot			flora-fauna	Chlorogalum	missing			missing								missing			2	1		1	0	0	no
sour berry			flora-fauna	Rhus trilobata	missing			missing								missing			2	1		1	0	0	no
sparrow hawk			flora-fauna	Falco	wobbe'e		Sparrow hawk	unique							same	underived		Merriam 61:137	2	2		0	0	0	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnida, Araneae	soo-ar'-rah		Spiders	unique							same	underived		Merriam 61:149	0	0		2	0	0	variable
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna					missing
spotted skunk			flora-fauna	Spilogale gracilis	pong-e'-dah		Little spotted skunk (Spilogale)	inheritance	*po(C)ni	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1983 (2008:275); what is -da?? is it -dɨ, deverbalizing from “stink”??			broader (includes both kinds of skunks)	derived	may have the -dɨ nominalizer	Merriam 61:133	2	2		0	0	0	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	Bufonidae	ah'-buz-ze		Toad (Bufo)	unique							same	other complex	has -tsi ABS	Merriam 61:147	2	2		0	0	0	no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana spp.	pooebahmoo		Indian tobacco, Wild tobacco	loan			Yokuts	has pooe- “green” on pamo form	WW	%pa7mo	same	phrase	green-tobacco	Yerington Dictionary	1	1		1	1	0	yes
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna	(NA)	e-wi'-yu sing-av'-ve	ewa'yoo	A tree	unique				same as “cottonwood”, which is pretty standard			same	phrase	e-wi'-yu sing-av'-ve = ewa'yoo sunngabe many cottonwood???	Merriam 61:159	0	0		2	0	0	no
tree yucca			flora-fauna	Yucca schidegera	missing			missing								missing			2	1		0	0	0	no
turkey buzzard			flora-fauna	Cathartes aura	weho		buzzard (M: Turkey buzzard (Cathartes)	inheritance	*wiLhukuN	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 335 (2008:86), a crazy set			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	2		0	0	0	no
turtle (generic)			flora-fauna	Testudines	missing			missing								missing			2	2		0	0	1	no
valley live oak			flora-fauna	Quercus agrifolia	missing			missing								missing			2	1		2	0	1	no
valley oak			flora-fauna	Quercus lobata	we-ap'; we-ab'-be (wea acorns)		Black oak (Quercus californica)	inheritance	*wiya	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1507b (2008:224)			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Merriam 61:151	2	1		2	0	1	no
valley quail			flora-fauna	Callipepla californica	sekege'e		quail (M: Valley quail (Lophortyx)	unique				almost certainly a loan, find source, might be Sierra Miwok *heke form??			same	underived		Merriam 61:139	2	1		0	0	0	no
Washington clam			flora-fauna	Saxidomus nuttalli	missing			missing								missing			2	1		0	0	1	no
Western Canada goose			flora-fauna	Branta canadensis	naguddu	nagɨtɨ Thornes 2003:266	goose (M: Western Canada goose (Branta canadensis occidentalis)	inheritance	*nakɨ	Numic		Stubbs 711 (2008:130)			same	underived	might have -tɨ nominalizer but than what is the verb?	Yerington Dictionary	0	1		0	0	0	no
whale			flora-fauna	Eschrichtius robustus	missing			missing								missing			2	1		2	0	1	no
white pelican			flora-fauna	Pelicanus erythrorhynchos	paanosa		pelican (M: White pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos)	unique				may have pa- 'water'?			same	underived		Merriam 61:143	0	2		0	0	0	no
wild grapevine			flora-fauna	Vitis californica	koodebesa		grapes	unique				probably a loan			narrower (perhaps just fruit)	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	1		2	0	0	no
wild oats			flora-fauna	Avena (introduction)	wi-av'-ve		Wild oats (Avena sativa) “always here”	unique							same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Merriam 61:157	2	1		2	0	0	no
wild rose			flora-fauna	Rosa californica	tseabbe		rose (M:Wild rose (Rosa sp.)	inheritance	*ci'aN	Numic		Stubbs 190 (2008:65)			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Yerington Dictionary	0	1		2	0	0	no
wild sunflower			flora-fauna	Helianthus (and other genera)	aku		sunflower	inheritance	*(pa)-'akka(C)	Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2191 (2008:299)			same	underived		Merriam 61:159	0	1		0	0	0	no
willow			flora-fauna	Salix spp.	suube		silver willow (M: Willow (Salix lasiolepis)	inheritance	*sɨhɨ	Numic		Stubbs 2486 (2008:332)			same	other complex	has -pi ABS	Merriam 61:151	2	2		1	0	0	no
wood rat, round-tail			flora-fauna	Neotoma spp.	kawa		Packrat (M: Wood rat, roundtail (Neotoma)	inheritance	*kawa	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 1423 (2008:213)			same	underived		Yerington Dictionary	2	1		0	0	0	no
worm, hairy caterpillar			flora-fauna	Arctiidae (many species)	sow-wah pe-ag'-gah (peaga “bull pine caterpillar” (Y))		Caterpillar “sloppy inside”	inheritance	*pi'akɨC	Northern Uto-Aztecan		Stubbs 2527 (2008:338); I don't know what sow-wa is. Could it be tsoa- “spirit” again??			narrower (a species of caterpillar)	phrase	sow-wa caterpillar???	Merriam 61:149	2	2		0	0	0	no
worm, smooth caterpillar			flora-fauna	Trichoplusia ni (?) cabbage looper	wo'aba		Mono Lake fly larvae	inheritance	*wo'a	Numic		Stubbs 2526 (2008:338), used because it's a good Numic “worm” word			narrower (a species of larva)	other complex	probably the -ba is the -pɨ ABS	Merriam 61:149	2	2		0	0	0	no
yellow jacket			flora-fauna	Vespula spp., Dolichovespula spp.	nodda		bee (M: Yellow jacket	unique							broader (seems to include bees)	underived		Merriam 61:149	2	0		0	0	0	no
yellowbird			flora-fauna	Dendroica petechia	wah'-ho ze'-wah	oha hootseba	Yellowbird (Astragalinus)	unique				Perhaps a calque			same	phrase		Merriam 61:141	0	1		0	0	0	no
yerba santa			flora-fauna	Eriodictyon californicum	missing			missing								missing			2	1		1	0	0	no

Showing 1 to 130 of 130 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (115)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source
acorn bread			food	missing			missing
acorn mush			food	missing			missing
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	missing			missing
alcohol			food	wysiiki		whiskey	loan			English	WW	%whiskey				Liljeblad et al. 2012:785
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	pongosa		arrow	unique						could this somehow be from pakaN with some increment that triggered vowel assimilation, loss of lenited k???	simplex		Yerington 1987
arrow straightener			other	pa7aabi		arrow straightener							also huadatytinni 'groved arrow straightener' L p. 59			Liljeblad et al 2012:350 (note, this source is for the northern dialects, Yerington for the southern)
bag, sack			culture-material	mago7o		bag	inheritance	*maku…	Uto-Aztecan		WW	%mok	Stubbs 2011 115a	simplex		Yerington 1987
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	tywo7a		bait worm									woo7a 'worm'	Liljeblad et al 2012:555
ball game			food	watsumo7e		play ball game	unique						natsetsakadu womans hockey 51; we'-che moo'-e-we football Merriam 46:379	unknown		Yerington 1987
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	tseda	tsida	cup or bowl	unique						must be old 'basket' word; also suu opo 'jar basket with large opening' p. 4; but tseda not at Bishop, Lone Pine, Big Pine	simplex	tsetake punch a bunch of holes??	Yerington 1987
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	suu tseda	syy tsida	dish or cup shaped basket	unique						ap-po Merriam 46:367	phrase	willow container	Yerington 1987
basketry hat			culture-material	suutsotu7a		basket hat	unique						ap, apo Merriam 46:333; pawt'-no, so-pawt'-no Merriam 46:361 Bishop	compound		Yerington 1987
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	namakoo		old kind of beads	inheritance	*nammakku	Numic	unknown	WW	%waku	See also T. sho namokku(n) 'money', W. Mono naawakU 'string of shell money', N. Paiute namakko 'old kind of beads, Comanche 'clothes'	simplex		Yerington 1987
beans			food	missing			missing
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	suu osa		willow bottle	inheritance	*hoCca	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 118	phrase		Yerington 1987
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	matta 223			inheritance									Thornes 03:223
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	pongosa adu		bow	inheritance	*aCta	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 275	phrase		Yerington 1987
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	saki		boat	inheritance	*saCki	Numic				see Comanche			Liljeblad et al. 2012:429
carrying net			subsistence tool	jana		net	unique						yata on English side	simplex		Yerington 1987
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	kaadu		cat	loan			English	WW	%cat		simplex		Yerington 1987
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kene		chicken, red hawk, chicken hawk	semantic shift						from a hawk word	simplex		Yerington 1987
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	poenabe	poinabi	special chief	inheritance	*pohaC	Uto-Aztecan				power word	other complex		Yerington 1987
clapper			acculturation	chah-vi'-ah		music stick of split cane	unique						tsă-bah'-yah at Lone Pine, Big Pine Merriam 46:461	simplex		Merriam 46:377
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	sagwatza		clothing, possessions	unique						kwasu clothing, shirt, costumes 41	other complex		Yerington 1987
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool	wutsaganoo	wytsaganu	hitting instrument	unique						paw'-ro, par-ro Merriam 46:365 Bishop (podo?)	derived	wutsaga7hoo 'kill with bat'	Yerington 1987
cook food			food	sa7a		cook, boil, melt	inheritance	*sa7aC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 267	simplex		Yerington 1987
corn			food	missing			missing
corpse			food	sato7o		dead body	unique							simplex		Yerington 1987
cradleboard			culture-material	hoobbu		cradleboards	semantic shift	*huu	Uto-Aztecan				this is the 'wood, arrow' word, Stubbs 2011 63; tsokono7o hood, shade over cradleboard 28	other complex		Yerington 1987
cremate			culture-mythology	ddookoo tuni		cremate	unique							phrase		Yerington 1987
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	nuga		dance	inheritance	*nykkaC	Numic				Stubbs 2011 633	simplex		Yerington 1987
Datura wrightii			narcotics	moohoo7o	muhu7o	opium	loan			Tubatulabal	WW	%moji ~ %moni	Takic or Chumash by way of Tubatulabal, not cognate with Central Numic mui forms	simplex		Yerington 1987
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	numu manumutoodu, manumutoopu		Indian Creators	unique						sumatea Great Spirit, God (32)	phrase		Yerington 1987
digging stick			subsistence tool	podo		digging stick	inheritance	*poto	Numic				Stubbs 2011 673	simplex		Yerington 1987
digging stick			subsistence tool	podo			inheritance									Stubbs 08
dipper			subsistence tool	tyynahanu		dipper	unique							derived	instrumental	Liljeblad et al. 2012:529
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	nose		to dream	inheritance	*nosi	Numic				Stubbs 2011 717	simplex		Yerington 1987
drone pipe			culture-mythology	missing			missing
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	tukwubano		drum	unique							derived		Yerington 1987
earring			other	naka gooapu		ear ornament	unique						naka goo7a 'earring, sometihing that is put on ear' p. 51	phrase		Yerington 1987
feather headband			dress	tso7wupaganoo		headband	unique						so-hah'-ber headband worn when dancing, of feathers Merriam 46:361	compound	tso7wupaga head-wrap.up	Yerington 1987
fire drill			subsistence tool	too-noo hin-yu		fire drill	inheritance	*tunuhi	Numic				see W. Mono, Kawaiisu, S. Paiute	derived		Merriam 46:449 (Lone Pine & Big Pine)
fire-tender			culture-mythology	missing			missing
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other	pe-dan'		fireplace	unique							simplex		Merriam 46:363 (Bishop)
firewood	leña	lenha	other	koona		firewood	inheritance	*kunnaC	Numic				Stubbs 2011 884	simplex		Yerington 1987
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	missing			missing
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	wuni		fish with pole	unique						Bannock wynai (L. p 746)	simplex		Yerington 1987
fish hook			subsistence tool	agi-tsano		fish hook	unique							compound	fish-catch.er	Yerington 1987
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	tooza7a		fish poison (plant, Lomatium multifidum, also dissectum)	unique									Liljeblad et al. 2012:577
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	weha		fishing line, string	inheritance	*wika	Uto-Aztecan					simplex		Yerington 1987
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	wohinu		flute ('made of horn or something like that'	unique							derived	wohi 'whistle' -nu INST	Liljeblad et al. 2012:698
gambling sticks			other	nayaggwedu ddubbo		handgame bones	unique						hō-pe Merriam 46:333 Bishop	phrase	nayaggwe-du 'handgame-ag 'handgame player'	Yerington 1987
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	missing			missing
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	tsa7abu		evil spirit	inheritance	*co7aC	Numic				Stubbs 2011 2114 W. and Central Numic, a loaN??	other complex		Yerington 1987
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	tah-ko-hub		ghost	unique						tsa7aby L. 748	other complex		Merriam 46:459 (Lone Pine, Big Pine)
glue			subsistence tool	tymazabikynnu		glue	unique							derived	mazabiky 'join, stick together'	Liljeblad et al. 2012:539
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	toohewepe	tuhiwipi	grave	unique							derived	toohewe 'dig'	Yerington 1987
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	nabonngosa		rifle	semantic shift						and I'll bet adu (without pongosa 'arrow')	compound	pongosa 'arrow'	Yerington 1987
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	missing			missing
honey	miel	mel	food	nodda pehabe		honey	inheritance	*pisaC	Uto-Aztecan					phrase	nodda bee	Yerington 1987
house			other	nobe		house	unknown						Western Numic only, from 'cover'?? Also sinobe, kane 'tule house' 34	simplex		Yerington 1987
house			other	nobi			inheritance									Thornes 03:75
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	koemeakwu		hunting (vt)	unique						li,e W. Mono, has 'kill', with maybe *mi 'go'?? What is -kwy?	compound	kill -?	Yerington 1987
initiate boy			culture-mythology	missing			missing
initiate girl			culture-mythology	mooe peggwaha		first roasting	unique							phrase		Yerington 1987
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	wihi		knife	inheritance	*wikiC	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1267			Liljeblad et al. 2012:667
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	kwas'-să		breechclout	inheritance	*kwasu	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 483	simplex		Merriam 46:359 (Bishop)
mat			culture-material	sona7a		lower mattress	semantic shift						gapa 'bed' 42; see "tule boat" for Merriam	simplex	grass??	Yerington 1987
medicine			narcotics	nat-tiz-zah-oo-be, nah-ta-zoob		medicine	inheritance	*natysuC	Numic				can't find in Stubbs	derived		Merriam 46:375 Bishop
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	paha		mortar, rock with hole in it	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	simplex		Yerington 1987
necklace			other	kakea		beads around neck	inheritance	*kak(k)i	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1506	simplex		Yerington 1987
needle/awl			subsistence tool	tuggutageggunoo		awl, leather punch	unique						wed-doo-be bone awl used in basketry Merriam 46:333 (Bishop)	compound		Yerington 1987
ochre			culture-mythology	missing			missing
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	wymiakyga		paddle (n.)	unique								to make it go'	Liljeblad et al. 680
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	pipy, pipo		paper (any kind)	loan			English	WW	%paper				Liljeblad et al 2012:
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	pahagono		big pestle	inheritance	*paha	Northern Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1085	compound		Yerington 1987
pinole			food	missing			missing
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other	to7esa		pipe (Merriam confirms)	inheritance	*to7i-	Numic	Sierra Miwok	WW	%to7i	see Comanche to7i	simplex	in to7esa manigea 'light pipe'	Yerington 1987
pitch			food	sana, also sanape 'pitch'		pitch, gum	inheritance	*salaC	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1634	simplex		Yerington 1987
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation	tuggwutumadu		police	unique							compound, other complex		Yerington 1987
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	saaggwetoa		cooking pot	inheritance	*wiC-tuhuwa	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1713, also saano 'pot' 30	compound		Yerington 1987
quiver			subsistence tool	ho-goo'-t>n, hoo-goo-nah		quiver	inheritance	*hu-kunnaC	Numic				*arrow-sack	compound		Merriam 46:445 (Lone Pine, Big Pine)
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	nubahoonna		rattle	unique						wutzaba7ya7a deer hoof rattle 39	compound		Yerington 1987
red paint			culture-mythology	pesape		red paint	inheritance	pisa, paisa	Numic				not in Stubbs	other complex		Yerington 1987
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	weha		fishing line, string	inheritance	*wika	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1843	simplex		Yerington 1987
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	tygapu			inheritance									SAA 1982:42
salt	sal	sal	food	ongabe		salt	inheritance	*omCa	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1865	other complex		Yerington 1987
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	sukoodunna	sykudynna	school	loan			English	WW	%school		simplex	in Numu puggwi sukoodunna "Stewart" (also sukoodu nobe)	Yerington 1987
seed beater			subsistence tool	tsegoo		basket with handle	inheritance	*cikku	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 121; see tsikU in Western Mono; Merriam 46:333 comfirms tsee-go	simplex		Yerington 1987
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	pohaguma		medicine man	inheritance	*puha	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 1160a	derived		Yerington 1987
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	sogomoko		moccasin	loan			Sierra Miwok	WW	%moko	only in W. Numic; Stubbs 2011 1958	compound		Yerington 1987
sinew-backed bow			subsistence tool	missing			missing
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	madoohoonaggwe		skirts	unique						tah-bo'-nah skirt for men & women Merriam 46:359 Bishop, Lone Pine 46:443 o'-ta'-po'-nah 'skirt worn bywomen'	derived	madoohoo put hand??? Madooha in words for shirt, underpants	Yerington 1987
snare			subsistence tool	tutzekunano		snare, any type of trap (with rocks, etc.)	unique						o-nah-he-an, o-he-ran-nah Merriam 46:445 Lone Pine and Big Pine	compound	tutzekuna to trap	Yerington 1987
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	tokwasu-ga7yoo		soldier	unique						also oodu wehe-ga7yoo	compound	kwasu 'shirt'	Yerington 1987
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	hoobea		to sing	inheritance	*hupiya	Numic				Stubbs 2011 1985	simplex		Yerington 1987
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	tsegesa		spear for fighting, sword	inheritance	*cik	Uto-Aztecan				Stubbs 2011 797; also tutonganoo	simplex		Yerington 1987
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	pongosa “arrow”			unique									Stubbs 08
spearthrower			subsistence tool	aty7			inheritance									Nichols 1974:47
stirring stick			food	padoo		stirring stick	unique						looks a bit like the 'pestle' words	simplex		Yerington 1987
stone bowl			culture-material	missing			missing
string of shell money			other	namakko 'old kind of beads'			loan			unknown	WW	%waku
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	pihabi		sugar	semantic shift						originally a sugar made from sap			Liljeblad et al. 2012:377
sweathouse			other	numu puggwitu ggoonanna		sweat house	unique						taw'-ne (smaller), moo'-sah Merriam 446:363 (menstrual hut to'-ne); same at Lone Pine 46:445	phrase	koonga7a to sweat	Yerington 1987
tell history			culture-mythology	netabu7e		be told, tell in a story	unique							simplex		Yerington 1987
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material				missing
tobacco (native)			narcotics	pooebahmoo		Indian tobacco, manzanita	loan			Yokuts	WW	%pa7mo	the pooe part is pui 'green'	simplex		Yerington 1987
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing
tule boat			transport	sah'-ke,să-ke		tule mat or raft	inheritance	*saCki	Numic				saisaki 'tule raft' Liljeblad et al. 2012:	simplex		Merriam 46:363
wheat			food	sonibihi-		wheat	semantic shift	*soni	Uto-Aztecan							Liljeblad et al.2012:460
white paint			culture-mythology	ebe		white paint, white chalk	inheritance	*apiN	Numic				Stubbs 2011 2544	simplex		Yerington 1987
winnow	aventar, tirar (sementes)	joeirar	manufacture
winnowing basket			culture-material	yadda			inheritance	*jata	Numic				can't find in Stubbs	simplex		Yerington 1987
wood tray			subsistence tool	missing			missing

Showing 1 to 115 of 115 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	yes
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	yes
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	2
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	no
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	yes
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	yes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	yes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	yes
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	2
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		yes
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	yes
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	yes
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	yes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	yes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	yes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	yes
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	yes
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		yes
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		yes
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	no
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes
Word Order	Noun-Num		no
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
	large	HG	low	mobile		no

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