Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Numerals
- Notes
- e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 159 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | For numeral 4: ipak usumtɨt "8finger used to) paint with annato (e.g. index figer) | Overall 2007:163 | From 4 up to 10 | ||
| Alyawarr | no | 159 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no info | epi-epi-hãtu-kapanu 'five' is often translated as 'a handful' but this seems to be more due to the complexity of the phrase. No discussion of other numerals. | Facundes, 2000: 359-360 | |||
| Arabana | no | 103-5 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 81 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989:57-58 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 200 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | four, five | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | no | The word for 'five' is koho-bõ-kõ-rõ (one-hand-count-NOM) | Jones & Jones 1991, p.36 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no info | Aikhenvald, 1995: 21 | ||||
| Batyala | No | 209 | 0 | |||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:130-131 | ||||
| Bularnu | no info | x | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 212 | The first five numbers correspond to the five toes, but I don't think that that is reflected in the actual word. | |||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | pɨka 'two'(p74) | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no info | no data observed so far | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 130 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | five= 'one hand' | Miller 1999, p. 46 | yuhu 'one', bõhõtõ-ki-bãhã- 'hand' | ||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 56 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 176 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | no info | x | ||||
| Duungidjawu | no | 40 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 240 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins:2005:391. part of the word for 'three' is etymological transparent with the 'totalizador' marker wap | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no info | |||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Githabul | No | 33 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:91-3 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 277 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 371 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no | 38, 65 | 0 | |||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 176 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 151 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | 2 = 'eye-quantity'. 3 = 'rubber-tree-seed quantity'; (in Umari Norte dialect) 'without sibling' | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | But based on the list of 1-10 numbers, it seems that there is not etymological transparency. | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974:40 | ||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no info | x | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Goncalves 2011:294 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | one=one, two=two+be.accompanied, three= two+three | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
| Kalkatungu | no | 192 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 304 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Only for 5 ɨj pɨt "our hand" | Everett 2006:315-7 | |||
| Katthang | no | 72 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 20 wordlist | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:264 | ||||
| Kokatha | no info | x | ||||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.42-43 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | five means 'one hand; | Stenzel 2004, p. 189 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 477 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 65 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No info | x | ||||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 85 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no info | Zamponi 2003:31 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | 5 = one hand | Hall 1988: 303; Escoriaza 1959:13 | "two" functions as a postposition meaning 'with' in the sense of accompaniment, the word for zero occurs as a sentence-level negation marker. | ||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.39 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982: 68-73 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | apparently no | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 371 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 190 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 198 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no info | Minor and Minor 1982 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 84, 334 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | rubber tree seed' = 3 | Weir 1984 | |||
| Nanti | no info | Michael, 2008. p. 311-312 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 151 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 22 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no info | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Migliazza 1972, IDS list | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Only the numeral for five is etymological transparent: "hand all" | Aguirre 1999:83 | Chamí | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no | d50, dWordlist | 0 | |||
| Paakantyi | no | 84 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | word list, O: Adjectival Nominals | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | Ayala 1996:103-4 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | sak-ne-ne "4" would come from sak-ne "2" as meaning two times 2 | de Armellada 1999: 67 | mia and yenna both mean hand | ||
| Piapoco | no info | Galindo (2002) notes that there are different roots for the numbers 1-4, but not whether these are transparent. | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 92 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 238 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:35 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | One' and 'two' seem to be basic, 'three' is two + one, but "four" refers to a specific finger on the hand. | Allin, 1976: 202 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 246 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Migliazza 1972 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | five 'hand', four comes from 'accompany' | Queixalós 1988 | |||
| Siona | yes | 5 = "hand" | Wheeler - 1970:79; Wheeler - 1987:119 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.50 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | Four is a calque from Tucano, something along the lines of "the one who has a companion." | Aikhenvald, 2003: 217 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 40 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 18 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | 5 = one hand | Huber and Reed | based on comparing forms to other words listed in Huber and Reed Swadesh list | ||
| Uradhi | No | 424 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | The number for 2 can be related to the verb "help" | Olawsky:277-8 | |||
| Wajarri | No info | 36 | x | |||
| Wakaya | no info | x | ||||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | 5 = whole hand (with 1, 2, 3, and 4 meaning respective number of digits of the hand) | Santos 2006 | |||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | no info | x | ||||
| Warrgamay | No | 131 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 159 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 144, 146 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Captain, 2005 (numerals database) | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H Dictionary 23 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no | 26 | 0 | |||
| Wirangu | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 96 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | ms9.1 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | Breen dictionary | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no info | Duff-Tripp | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Mattei-Muller 2007 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 78 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no info | x | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | yes | 5 - one hand | Matteson 1965 | |||
| Yingkarta | no info | x | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 82 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no info | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 49-50, Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 520 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 155 | 0 |
| Language |
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