Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Ninam

Family: Yanomaman
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: shb
Location: 4.04°, -62.78°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: Gómez, Gale Goodwin 1990. The Shiriana dialect of Yanam (Northern Brazil). Ph.D. diss., Columbia University. Migliazza, E. C. 1972. Yanomama grammar and intelligibility. Ph.D. diss, Indiana University. Swain, Carol. 2007. Ninam (Shirishana). Intercontinental Dictionary Series, ed. Mary Ritchie Key. http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	kamiyamak, yamak; kamatšehekə (dual excl. EM72)	kamijamak; jamak, kamatʃehekə	inheritance			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	kahowamak, wamak; kamatšamakə (EM72)	kahowamak; wamak; kamatʃamakə (pl. incl)	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	kami-ye; ya, kamatša (EM72)	kami-je; ja	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	kahowamak; wamak, kaho wehekə (dual, Em72), kaho wamakə (pl. EM72)	kahowamak; wamak, kaho wehekə, kaho wamakə	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	kahowa; wa, kaho (EM72)	kahowa; wa	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	pək, kama kɨpə (dual EM72), kama pɨkə (pl. anim. EM72), thəkə (pl. inanim. EM72)	pək, kama kɨpə, kama pɨkə, tʰəkə	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	kama (he/she), thə (it, inanimate EM72)	kama (animate), tʰə (inanimate)	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	heska (EM72)	heska	inheritance			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar	kõ, kotha (EM72)	kõ, kotʰa	inheritance			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	kõmiri (EM72)	kõmiɾi	inheritance			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	šo (EM72)	ʃo	inheritance			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body			missing			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body			missing			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	tšɨpɨšik (EM72)	tʃɨpɨʃik	inheritance			See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	tšaɨp (EM72)	tʃaɨp	inheritance			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	wãlihiki, wãrihik	wãlihiki, wãɾihik	inheritance			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	pili si, tihisi (EM72)	pili si, tihisi	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	pili simosi, pɨsi (EM72)	pili simosi, pɨsi (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location			missing			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	pata; le, pata (animate, EM72), reo (big, EM72)	pata; le, pata, ɾeo	inheritance	le, pata (animate, EM72), reo (big, EM72)		See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	wɨtɨ (EM72)	wɨtɨ	inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	ušI, ɨši (EM72)	uʃi, ɨʃi	inheritance			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	ĩep, ĩyə (EM72)	ĩep, ĩjə	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	hora (EM72)	hoɾa	inheritance			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	pili thũ, ɨ̃ (EM72)	pili tʰũ, ɨ̃	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	thupək (ids), tI IpIk (gom), thɨɨp (EM72)	tʰupək, tɯ ɯpɯk (gom), tʰɨɨp	unique			See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	hẽrekəmo (EM72)	hẽɾekəmo	inheritance			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	ĩšiama (EM72)	ĩʃiama	inheritance			See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	watɨtha, wašika (EM72)	watɨtʰa, waʃika	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	ulu, ɨrɨ (EM72, "boy"), thɨwə tai (EM72 "girl"), moko (EM72 "girl")	ulu, ɨɾɨ (EM72, "boy"), tʰɨwə tai, moko	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	tɨ (EM72)	tɨ	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	thəm wãri	tʰəm wãri	unique			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	wati; watutu, nsai (EM72), sãi (EM72)	wati; watutu, nsai, sãi	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	hɨime (EM72)	hɨime	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	rɨpɨ (EM72)	ɾɨpɨ	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality			missing			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental			missing			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	ɨ̃kɨ (EM72)	ɨ̃kɨ	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	pahatra, manɨ (EM72)	pahatɾa, manɨ	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	thəm, wakara (EM72 "light time")	tʰəm, wakaɾa	inheritance	wakara "light time", Migliazza 72		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	hušmi	huʃmi	unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	tiə, paktha (EM72)	tiə, paktʰa	inheritance			See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	šami (EM72)	ʃami	inheritance			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	mari (EM72)	maɾi	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	koa	koa	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	wehe	wehe	inheritance			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	pɨsi (EM72)	pɨsi	inheritance			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	ɨšik (EM72)	ɨʃik	loan, direction unknown	Eñepa ano itʃik		See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	yũmuk, yɨmə (EM72)	jũmuk, jɨmə	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	mašithak, mašit (EM72 "earth")	maʃ̌itʰak, maʃit	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	ia; wa, wɨtɨ (bite, EM72)	ia; wa, wɨtɨ (bite, EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	kalaka thethepək, thet (EM72)	kalaka tʰetʰepək, tʰet	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	pili mamo, mamo (gom)	pili mamo, mamo (gom)	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body			missing			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	ke (EM72)	ke	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	rahami, ritšə (EM72)	ɾahami, ɾitʃə	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	ũta	ũta	unique			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	papa, ~he (gom), papa- (EM72)	papa, ~he (gom), papa- (EM72)	loan; inheritance	Portuguese		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	kiri (EM72)	kiɾi	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	ãhuk; šĩoik; yõik	ãhuk; ʃ̌ĩoik; jõik	unique			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	namhesi, mãhəs (EM72, "nail, claw")	namhesi, mãhəs	unknown			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	wake	wake	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	tšarakə	tʃarakə	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	karə (EM72)	kaɾə	inheritance			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	nakših (EM72)	nakʃih	unique			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	lõ	lõ	unique			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	mãa wakisi (EM72)	mãa wakisi	unique			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	mãhuk, mãhe (EM72)	mãhuk, mãhe (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	himo (EM72)	himo	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	totihi	totihi	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	palahi	palahi	doubtful loan	Arawak		See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	tšawɨ (EM72)	tʃawɨ	loan (into proto-language?)	Arawak tawi-		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	šinak, ~hii+thak (gom),	ʃ̌inak, ~hi: + tʰak (gom)	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	ũtha-k (ids), ~Itak (gom)	ũtha-k, ~ɯtak (gom)	unique			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	he (EM72 "head"); pelehe, məkə (EM72 "face")	he (EM72 "head"); pelehe, məkə (EM72 "face")	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	hĩli	hĩli	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	mašiap	maʃ̌iap	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	hɨre (EM72)	hɨɾe	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	šahopo, hoathapo (EM72)	ʃahopo, hoatʰapo	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	šə, šɨ (EM72)	ʃə, ʃɨ	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	hɨa (EM72)	hɨa	inheritance			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	wathotho; hĩoši, watoto (EM72), tšori (EM72)	watʰotho; hĩoʃ̌i, watoto, tʃoɾi	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	haperinah (EM72)	hapeɾinah	unique			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			missing			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	kamiha (EM72)	kamiha	inheritance			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	šik (EM72)	ʃik	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	herop, šɨte (EM72)	heɾop, ʃɨte	inheritance			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	šela	ʃela	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	tapo	tapo	inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	tšokoto (EM72)	tʃokoto	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	kahi ĩka, ka ĩkra (EM72)	kahi ĩka, ka ĩkɾa	inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	hena	hena	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	hait (EM72)	hait	inheritance			See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	makosi (EM72)	makosi	unique			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	pɨrɨa (EM72)	pɨɾɨa	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment			missing			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body			missing			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	amok (gom)	amok (gom)	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	rape (EM72)	ɾape	inheritance			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	~noma (gom)	~noma (gom)	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body			missing			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	wãlo, wãro (EM72)	wãlo, wãɾo	doubtful loan (into proto-language?)	MAYBE Carib source; cf. warawok in Akawaio, warayoʔ in Macushi, warato in Pemon		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	pili yãhi, tsaro yãi (EM72)	pili jãhi, tsaɾo jãi	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	wilipo, wiripo (EM72)	wilipo, wiɾipo	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	nape, na a, ne (gom), nape- (EM72)	nape, na a, ne (gom), nape- (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	olina, teremi (EM72), maamak (EM72)	olina, teɾemi, ma:mak	loan; unique; inheritance	Spanish		See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	kahik	kahik	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	wãha	wãha	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body			missing			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	ahati (EM72)	ahati	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	oramih (EM72)	oɾamih	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	tito	tito	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	thəm tutu thehe, tɨte (EM72 "dark time")	tʰəm tutu tʰehe, tɨte	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	pemi, nnaha (EM72)	pemi, nnaha	unique			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	hũkak (IDS), ~hI$Imp (gom)	hũkak, ~hɯʃɯmp	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	lepi, repɨ (EM72, old (inanimate)), hote (EM72, inanimate), pata (EM72, elderly, respected)	lepi, ɾepɨ, hote, pata	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	mõli, mõri (EM72)	mõli, mõɾi	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	karora (EM72)	kaɾoɾa	inheritance			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar			missing			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	rãakai, rãamon (EM72)	ɾãakai, ɾãamon	inheritance			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	ninam	ninam	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	pašə (EM72)	paʃə	inheritance			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	maa (EM72)	maa	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	ĩe; wake	ĩe; wake	unique; inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	temit (EM72)	temit	inheritance			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	pili-yo	pili-jo	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	nasilik, naskiri (EM72)	nasilik, nasikiɾi	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	tare (EM72)	taɾe	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	lãkak, rãkak (EM72)	lãkak, ɾãkak	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	kɨ	kɨ	inheritance			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	tikoka (EM72)	tikoka	inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	taa, mɨ (EM72), nta (EM72)	ta:, mɨ (EM72), nta (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	namo (EM72)	namo	inheritance			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	nia (EM72)	nia	inheritance			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	hotote (EM72)	hotote	inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	harərak (EM72)	haɾəɾak	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	ro (EM72)	ɾo	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	pili si, si (EM72)	pili si, si	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	hɨtɨmosi, yãrɨ (EM72)	hɨtɨmosi, jãɾɨ	inheritance			See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	mališi; mi	maliʃ̌i; mi	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	sĩilip; oše, siinip (EM72)	sĩilip; oʃe, siinip	unique			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	wakiši	wakiʃ̌i	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	rĩša, ɨkɨka (EM72)	ɾĩʃa, ɨkɨka	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	korošo (EM72)	koɾoʃo	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	pahatra, pahto (EM72)	pahatɾa, pahto	inheritance			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	ahɨha, hɨteka (EM72)	ahɨha, hɨteka	inheritance			See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact			missing			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	ɨra (EM72)	ɨɾa	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	põlemahuk, pəram ãhi (EM72)	põlemahuk, pəɾam ãhi	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	thõmɨmo (EM72)	tʰõmɨmo	inheritance			See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora			missing			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	maama	ma:ma	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	ɨkɨka (EM72)	ɨkɨka	inheritance			See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	mothok, poremšĩi (EM72)	motʰok, poɾemʃĩi	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body			missing			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	šɨwə (EM72)	ʃɨwə	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	hele, hərə (EM72)	hele, həɾə	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	pili šina	pili ʃ̌ina	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	amih, ɨ̃hɨ (both EM72)	amih, ɨ̃hɨ (both EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	thɨra (EM72)	tʰɨɾa	unique			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	tetehe (EM72)	tetehe	inheritance			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	pihi, pihkɨ (EM72)	pihi, pihkɨ	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	hei (EM72)	hei (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	pək, yãmi (EM72 "few")	pək, jãmi	inheritance	yãmi (EM72 "few")		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body			missing			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	šitšɨ (EM72)	ʃitʃɨ	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	yãrɨ (EM72)	jãɾɨ	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	õka, yãma (EM72)	õka, jãma	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	pili aka	pili aka	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	pili nak	pili nak	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	šimore (EM72)	ʃimoɾe	inheritance		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	kup; yalukup, tšarakep (EM72)	kup; jalukup, tʃaɾakep	unique			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	thɨra (EM72)	tʰɨɾa	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	hu, hɨ (EM72)	hu, hɨ (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	maup, maɨp (EM72)	maup, maɨp (EM72)	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	hele	hele	inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	kale, karɨ thə (EM72)	kale, kaɾɨ tʰə (EM72)	unique			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	haperi thəm (EM72)	hapeɾi tʰəm	unique			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	haperi ha (EM72)	hapeɾi ha	unique			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	šĩe, rišiši (EM72)	ʃ̌ĩe, ɾiʃiʃi	unique			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	hati	hati	unique			See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	thIw@, tI Ipo, tI Ip (gom)	tʰɯwə, tɯ ɯpo, tɯ ɯp (gom)	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	watori (EM72)	watoɾi	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	hakoi (EM72)	hakoi	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	thuwe, thɨwə (EM72)	tʰuwe	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	kẽa, otamo (EM72)	kẽa, otamo	inheritance; inheritance			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	kahikre (EM72)	kahikɾe	inheritance			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	walapasipi, hãraha (EM72)	walapasipi, hãɾaha	unknown; inheritance			See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana				missing					missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	~$ihIna (gom), thõmɨ (EM72)	~ʃihɯna (gom), tʰõmɨ		inheritance		also ~ʃihɯna (gom)			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	arasi, weri, aras wari (gom)	aɾasi, weɾi, aɾas waɾi (gom)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis				missing					missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	komkarak, ~okarimthok, $iwhirokamak (gom)	komkaɾak, õkaɾimtʰok, ʃiwhiɾokamak (gom)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	ikoroamasi (gom)	ikoɾoamasi (gom)		unknown					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	šĩo (EM72), kotše (EM72) (both species unknown)	ʃĩo (EM72), kotʃe (EM72) (both species unknown)		inheritance					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	t@p@ (gom)	təpə (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	oposi (EM72)	oposi (EM72)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	$akaw@si (gom)	ʃakawəsi (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	fruit: ~maimak (gom), tree: ~maimasi (gom)	fruit: ~maimak (gom), tree: ~maimasi (gom)		inheritance	but cf. North Arawak manáka	fruit: ~maimak (gom),tree: ~maimasi (gom)			uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	karatha (gom)	kaɾatʰa (gom)		loan (into protolanguage?)	Carib, prob. original meaning 'bastard plantain (sororoca?)'	Yukpa Carib kuratana			underived	N + CLF	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	hewesi,	hewesi,		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Guahiban				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		tšaro yõn, yõlwət (EM72)	tʃaɾo jõn, jõlwət		inheritance		also jõlwət			compound	second word unknown; tʃaɾo = "game" (Goodwin-Gomez 90)	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	~hokoromak (gom)	~hokoɾomak (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	rõo (EM72)	rõo (EM72)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	hetIk, ~arearem@k (gom)	hetɯk, ~arearemək (gom)		inheritance		also ~arearemək			uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	mãlakaaš (ids; loan w/ metathesis?); horoto ('gourd' EM72; Gomez), hesi ('calabash' EM72)	mãlakaaš (ids; loan w/ metathesis?); horoto ('gourd' EM72; Gomez), hesi ('calabash' EM72)		inheritance		also hesi; mãlakaaš			uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	species not clarified	ʃĩo, kotʃe		missing		both forms inherited			uncoded		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	arasi (gom)	aɾasi (gom)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	kaacI (gom), katšɨ (EM72)	kaaʧɯ (gom)		loan (into protolg?)	North Arawak	e.g. Wapishana kaʃu			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	tree: ~oro$ihi (gom)	tree: ~oroʃihi (gom)		loan - WW	%eroi, Carib	WaiWai orosɨ; see other Carib eroi forms	WW	%eroi	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	~toromkona (gom)	~toɾomkona (gom)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca				missing					missing		See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	kothapa (gom)	kotʰapa (gom)		unknown	cf. Yavitero kumálala				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	po$ehi (gom)	poʃehi (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	ma$itI Ik (gom), mašitɨšəh (EM72), mošok (EM72)	maʃitɯ ɯk (gom), maʃitɨʃəh (EM72), moʃok (EM72)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	oko (EM72)	oko		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	~pa$ierima (gom)	~paʃieɾima (gom)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	paari (EM72)	pa:ɾi		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	haat$a (gom)	haatʃa (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		haat$a	haatʃa		inheritance							See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	okoro (gom)	okoɾo (gom)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		okoro	okoro		unique							See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	~morothotho (gom)	~moɾotʰotʰo (gom)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		tšarakə (EM72)	tʃaɾakə		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	~hihop (gom), ɨ̃rɨ̃hɨnə (EM72)	~hihop (gom), ɨ̃ɾɨ̃hɨnə (EM72)		inheritance		also ~hihop (gom)			uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana				missing					missing		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	hIri / hIrI(gom)	hɯɾi / hɯɾɯ(gom)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola											See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi				missing					missing		See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	himoto (EM72)	himoto		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	iro (gom)	iɾo (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	tẽšo (EM72)	tẽʃo (EM72)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	krep+ ~Ik (gom)	kɾep+ ~ɯk (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	tIhI (gom)	tɯhɯ (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	arasi (gom), kararawasi (EM72, blue), arasi (EM72, red)	aɾasi (gom), kaɾaɾawasi (EM72, blue), aɾasi (EM72, red)		loan into protolanguage - WW	%arara	Panare ara; also Arawak, e.g. Mandawaka adáːlu; see also Ninam kararawasi (EM72, blue), arasi (EM72, red)	WW	%ara	uncoded		See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	lulumok, rIrimos (gom)	lulumok, ɾɯrimos (gom)		unique					underived	N-CLF ; mok = "seed" Goodwin-Gomez 90	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	naškok; hakalakok (ids)	naʃ̌kok; hakalakok (ids)		inheritance					underived	kok = "root, tuber" Goodwin-Gomez 90	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	watim kok (EM72)	watim kok		inheritance					underived	kok = "root, tuber" Goodwin-Gomez 90	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa				missing					missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	kãyo (EM72)	kãjo		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)				missing					missing		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	wilikok	wilikok		doubtful loan - WW	%awaro	maybe into protolg; Arawak variants waru; Macushi woroké			underived	kok = classifier for "root" (Goodwin-Gomez 90). note that this same morpheme in Yanomami is the classifier for a variety of rounded objects and beings and is associated with parrots.	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	rasas; raša	rasas	pupunheira (Guilielma speciosa), the spiny peachpalm; peach palm	inheritance					uncoded		Gómez 1990: 171; Migliazza 1972: 313	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	~painori, ~mainori (gom)	~painoɾi, ~mainoɾi (gom)		loan - WW	%mawino				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	arahaw (gom)	aɾahaw (gom)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	hop@hi (gom)	hopəhi (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	hikomik (ids), hokomok (gom)	hikomik (ids), hokomok (gom)		inheritance		also hokomok (gom)			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua				missing					missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	mo$a+~ahi (gom), šɨmɨ (EM72)	moʃa+~ahi (gom)		unique		also šɨmɨ (Migliazza)			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	krawkraw (gom)	kɾawkɾaw (gom)		unique					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		rosik (gom), orɨk (EM72)	rosik (gom), oɾɨk		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	orIk (gom)	oɾɯk (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	šelimuk	ʃelimuk		loan	Tupi-Guarani				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	~camaro (gom)	~tʃamaɾo (gom)		loan (into protolanguage?), direction unknown	North Arawak: Baniwa, Tariana	Tariana, Baniwa ɲámaɻo			uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	~wa ahe ri$i$i (gom)	~wa ahe ɾiʃiʃi (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	$ama (gom)	ʃama (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	coco (gom)	tʃotʃo (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	pinahi, piinahi (EM72)	pinahi, piinahi		inheritance					underived	nahe = CLF "tobacco" in Yanomami. Has it been reanalyzed as one word in Ninam (which only has a handful of CLF)	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria				missing					missing		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	matšop (EM72), ~herek$o (gom)	matʃop, ~heɾekʃo		inheritance		also ~heɾekʃo (gom)			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		wiitihi	wi:tihi		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	watupa (IDS), ~kokocom (gom)	watupa (IDS), ~kokoʧom (gom)		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	Arawak, e.g. Wapishana watʰu	Wapishana, Mandawaka wathu, wadu; see also Ninam ~kokocom (gom)			uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita				missing					missing		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	carimi (gom)	ʧaɾimi (gom)		doubtful loan	Carib, cf. terms for spider monkey arimi	Yucuna kalapitʃi, Kabiyari kánapit̪i			uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	pa$o (gom)	paʃo (gom)		inheritance					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari				missing					missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae				missing					missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology	yãn-paluk (heaven)	yãn-paluk (heaven)		missing										See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	šikawe, šakao (EM72)	ʃ̌ikawe, ʃakao		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: ʃakao	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool				missing									especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	ia wei	ia wei	bait	unknown							Derived	ia unclear (fish?), wei nominalizer	can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material				missing										See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material				Missing										See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	thalosi	tʰalosi		unique										See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	tarosi (EM72) (most common basket)	taɾosi		unique							Simplex			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	šĩtha- (ids) [prob actually means 'string']	ʃ̌ĩtha- (ids) [prob actually means 'string']		unknown						IDS gives ʃ̌ĩtha-, but looks suspiciously like the words for string in the other languages, maybe a mistranslation?				See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	kama	kama		loan			Span/Port			also Arawak (e..g Yavitero kama); Eñepa kaama; Hup káma; Siona cama	Simplex			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material				missing										See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool				missing									currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation				missing										See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing									if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	šaknahi, šakaonahi (EM72)	ʃ̌aknahi, ʃakaonahi		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	hašia wei (ids)	haʃ̌ia wei (ids)		unique							Derived	hãši, “sweep”; wei, nominalizer		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	kanawe	kanawe		loan - WW			%kanawa	WW	%kanawa	Could be loan into protolanguage. WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate	Simplex			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	kitikiti	kitikiti		loan			English			Probably via American missionaries?	Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kalaka	kalaka		loan - WW			%karaka	WW	%karaka	Could be loan into protolanguage, but unlikely since chickens are apparently recent. Probably Arawak origin (see Nordenskiold 1922). Tukanoan, e.g. Wanano karaka; Arawak, e.g. Baniwa kaláka; Yanomamo, Nadeb; Macaguan takra, Sikuani wakara	Simplex			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	pata	pata		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo?				Shared Ninam, Yanomam; doubtful inheritance	Simplex			See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	kamiša-k (ids)	kamiʃ̌a-k (ids)		loan			Portuguese							See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
coca			narcotics				Missing										See Language page
cook food			food	ɾɨpɨ			Inheritance		Proto-Yanomami				Alternate: lupu ma	Simplex			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology				missing									malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	heli			Inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo?				Not attested in Sanuma. Alternate: raɨa, hakamo	Simplex			See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool				missing									hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	teus	teus	god	loan			Portuguese			Also in Warekena Diutsu; Puinave dio; Ashuar jus	Simplex		In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool	tiə			Unknown						Alternate: paktʰa	Simplex			See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool	tiə, paktha (EM72)	tiə, paktʰa		missing										See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	mãli taa	mãli taa		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Phrase	mali also found in “sleep,” taa looks like some kind of light verb: “see,” “find,” “look at” and is an element in words for “accuse,” “weigh” “measure”		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	tambor	tambor		loan			Portuguese/Spanish			Also in Nheengatu tamburina; also Baniwa tamorína; Carib (e.g. Carijona taburu); Northern Emberá thãmbóra; Jivaro (e.g. Ashuar tampur)	Simplex			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing									Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	šahema, tšahɨha (EM72)	ʃ̌ahema, tʃahɨha		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: tʃahɨha	Simplex		esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	ãhuk; šĩoik; yõik (ids)	ãhuk; ʃ̌ĩoik; yõik (ids)		unknown						Alternate: ʃ̌ĩoik; yõik	Simplex			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	šokia wei (ids)	ʃ̌okia wei (ids)		unknown							Derived	ʃ̌okia, unclear; wei nominalizer	may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture				missing									prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing										See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	thalukuk	tʰalukuk		inheritance		Proto-Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food				missing										See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	rəka	ɾəka		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex			See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool				Missing										See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	mãliaši thãthə	mãliaši thãthə		unknown							Compound	“mãliaši” also appears in the complex term for “chain,” seems to be some sort of compound. Not clear what “thãthə” means		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	našihi (EM72)	naʃihi		semantic shift?		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam	from 'manioc'			Alternate: paktʰa	Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	naškohi (generic meal/flour)	naʃkohi (generic meal/flour)	generic meal/flour	unique			from naʃi 'manioc'	WW	%matsuka	Has undergone metathesis. Also Baniwa, matsóka; Warekena, matsuka; Mandawaka, matʃúka; Puinave, masuká; Nadeb ma	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	thõlema	tʰõlema		unknown							Simplex		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	tšaro (EM72)	tʃaɾo		inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo				Alternate: tʃaro	Simplex		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology				Missing										See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	hikalapək (ids)	hikalapək (ids)		unknown										See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	mãlakaaš (ids); horoto ('gourd' EM72; Gomez), hesi ('calabash' EM72)	mãlakaaš (ids); horoto ('gourd' EM72; Gomez), hesi ('calabash' EM72)		loan; doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW; inheritance?	*fesi	Proto-Yanomamo	Spanish (calabash); %koto/matoko				Simplex			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	hɨrɨka (EM72)	hɨɾɨka	to grate (verb)	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	ala wei	ala wei		unknown							Derived	put on a rack +nominalizer		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	ẽspikata	ẽspikata		loan			Spanish escopeta			Has undergone metathesis.	Simplex			See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	nakamthok (EM72)	nakamtʰok	hammock (cotton or vine)	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	yohopo wei	johopo wei		semantic shift?		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam					Derived	yohopo, “carry on head”; wei nominalizer		See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				inheritance									Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing										See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	oi	oi		doubtful loan			Tupi-Guarani				Simplex		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	yãno	jãno		inheritance										See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	hete; peli; šoa, ram hɨ (EM72)	hete; peli; ʃoa, ɾam hɨ		unique						Alternate: peli; šoa	Simplex			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	thomu-na, thõmɨna (EM72)	tʰomu-na, tʰõmɨna	knife (tooth of agouti)	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress				missing										See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material	thomu-na, thõmɨna (EM72)	tʰõmɨna		semantic shift		Proto-Yanomamo	knife'				Simplex			See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	tokoli paka	tokoli paka		loan			widespread; cf. Spanish taco				Compound	a kind of tree + hole		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	kanakoli	kanakoli		inheritance?										See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology	pili yai	pili yai												See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	liplo-si	liplo-si		loan			Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex	liplo-si, “paper-classifier (skin)”		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	tiša wei	tiʃa wei		unknown							Derived	pound + nominalizer		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing										See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	plato	plato	plate	loan			Spanish/Portuguese			Nheengatu parátu (from POR); see also Arawak (e..g Yucuna paɾatú); Carib (e.g. Makushi pɨratu); Jivaro (e.g. Aguaruna parátu); Hup padatu=b'ɔk	Simplex			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing										See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	hapoka	hapoka		inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	raithata, oramthata (EM72)	ɾaitʰata, oɾamtʰata		inheritance										See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	waihok	waihok		Doutbtful loan			Pemon				Simplex			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	liplu ua wei yãno	liplu ua wei yãno		unique						Loan blend, from loan 'paper'	Compound	liplu, “paper”; yãno, “house”; wei nominalizer; ua unclear		See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	šapori (EM72)	ʃapoɾi	shaman	inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress	mãhuk pesi	mãhuk pesi		unique						Same as “stocking”	Derived	mãhuk, “foot,” pesi looks like a general word for clothes, etc.		See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	saia	saja		loan			Port/Span saia	WW	%saja	Port > Nheengatu > others? Arawak (e.g. Baniwa tsʰaaja); Makushi u-saja-ri; Wanano saya si; Nheengatu saja; Ninam saja	Simplex			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	sotatu	sotatu		loan			Span/Port soldado	WW	%surara	Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu	Simplex			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	#NAME?	#NAME?		inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam					Simplex			See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	šohemas, šokop (EM72)	ʃohemas, ʃokop		unknown; inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam				Possibly loaned into Makiritari sukuhi; Alternate: ʃohemas	Simplex			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food				missing										See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing										See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	asuka	asuka		loan			Spanish/Portuguese			via Nheengatu or other?	Simplex			See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food				missing									agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	yaa-hena-k (ids)	yaa-hena-k (ids)		inheritance		Proto Ninam/Yanomami/Yanomam					Compound	a kind of plant-leaf-plural		See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food				missing									word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	pinahi		tobacco	Inheritance		Proto-Yanomamo					Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing									use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	noma (vb.; IDS)			doubtful loan - WW?			cf. Tukanoan nima, Boran namita, Nadahup nam, Yagua ramũ, Iquito ramúcuaa						hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other				missing										See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing									a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	Etymology Notes	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.111
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no	one verb will be subordinated with -wei suffix	Migliazza 1972, p.65, 73, 75
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	yes	can involve a verb root preceeded by a qualitative verb	Goodwin-Gomez, p.115
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no info
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.91, 99
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-99		no fusional morphemes appear
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-99		no suppletive or stem-changed forms appear.
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes	but, modal and aspectual morphemes don't cooccur	Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-99		many examples with synthesis
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Goodwin-Gomez : p.81
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Goodwin-Gomez : p.81
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Goodwin-Gomez : p.81
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	yes		Goodwin-Gomez : p.35
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	yes		Goodwin-Gomez : p.35
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no info				I disagree with the way Goodwin-Gomez analyzes some constructions that could actually involve incorporation
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	yes	adverbs	Goodwin-Gomez, p.82-83, 103
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	yes	benefactive	Goodwin-Gomez, p.78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	3	agentive, oblique, commitative	Goodwin-Gomez, p.76-79
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	no	ergative is marked	Goodwin-Gomez, p.76-78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.76-80
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.76-80
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.76-78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.76-78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.76-78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.76-78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.76-78
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p. 78
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51		based on data for "short form PNs"; it's debatable whether these are bound or not
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	yes, 3		Goodwin-Gomez, p.56-57
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.56-57
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	no	some classifiers but no classes; however, there's a pretty clear division along animacy lines (2 distinct 3rd person pronouns)	Goodwin-Gomez, p.119, 120
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.119-120
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.119, 120		synchronically frozen, often unproductive
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.119-120
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.119-120
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.47, 49		3rd person pronouns distinguish animacy, but there aren't noun classes
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.47, 49
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.120		but function (seed, tree, plant, liquid, skin) are
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.120		but function (seed, tree, plant, liquid, skin) are
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no		Goodwin-Gomez p.119-121		classifiers limited and synchronically frozen, no mention of numeral classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.121-123		no mention of any
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.120
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no		Goodwin-Gomez		no evidence of this
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.79-80
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.79-80
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.79-80
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.79-80
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		yes	inanimates marked for plural with partitive/collective suffix	Goodwin-Gomez, p.79-80
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Migliazza 1972, IDS list
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	no		Migliazza 1972, IDS list
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		Migliazza 1972, IDS list
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Migliazza 1972, IDS list
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	no		Migliazza 1972, IDS list
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no	no numerals above 2	Migliazza 1972, IDS list
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no	no numerals above 2	Migliazza 1972, IDS list
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		Goodwin-Gomez		no evidence for this
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		Goodwin-Gomez		no evidence for this
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.47
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	no		Goodwin-Gomez		no evidence for this.
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.116-117		"nominalization" but none of these kinds
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.116-117		"nominalization" but none of these kinds
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.116-117		"nominalization" but none of these kinds
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.117-118
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.78
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no	1st and 2nd personal possessive pronouns (not affixes) come before possessed noun	Goodwin-Gomez, p. 52
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes	3rd person possessive clitic =e comes after possessed noun	Goodwin-Gomez, p. 52
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no	clitic =e usually follows head, but can sometimes precede it, coming inbetween dependent and head, but it is always bound to the head, even when it is also bound to the dependent	Goodwin-Gomez, p. 52
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p. 52
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no		goodwin-Gomez, p. 52-53
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	yes	different markers used for inalienable	Goodwin-Gomez, p.52-56
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	yes	different markers used for alienable	Goodwin-Gomez, p.52-56
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.55-56
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.55
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.55
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.52-56		no mention of this
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	yes	very rare, only attested sequences in Goodwin-Gomez are kr and pr	Migliazza 1972: p.154; Goodwin-Gomez 1990: 26
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes		Migliazza 1972: p.154
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Migliazza 1972: p.154
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	no		Migliazza 1972: p.38-39
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no		Migliazza 1972: p.161
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	yes		Migliazza 1972: p.154
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no	Nasality is a feature of the morpheme, but there's no clearly stated evidence that nasality spreads specifically from roots across morpheme boundaries	Migliazza 1972: p.158
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no info
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 77-78
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 77-78
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	yes		Goodwin-Gomez: 77-78
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 77-78
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 77-78
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		no		Goodwin-Gomez: 48
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Goodwin-Gomez: 48
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	yes		Goodwin-Gomez: 48
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Goodwin-Gomez: 48
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Goodwin-Gomez: 48
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no info		Goodwin-gomez
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	no	inflected verb used instead	Goodwin-Gomez: 98
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.62
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.62
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.62
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.62
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.60-61
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.102
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.102
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.102
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.102
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.102
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.102
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		no	uses same form	Goodwin-Gomez, p.102
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no	uses pemi negation	Goodwin-Gomez, p.102
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no info
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no info
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p. 132-134
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes		Goodwin-Gomez		evidenced by examples
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no		Goodwin-Gomez		evidenced by examples
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes		Goodwin-Gomez		from examples throughout the grammar
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	no info		Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		no	particle occurring after the verb	Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p. 131-132
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes	not obligatory	Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes	Goodwin-Gomez analyzes these as separate words, but they always precede the verb	Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes	1st and 2nd person have special object forms	Goodwin-Gomez: 47
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes	these can be marked, but don't need to be	Goodwin-Gomez: 47
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no info
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	yes	3rd person reduced forms are sometimes used as number	Goodwin-Gomez: 48-51
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no	but they are very similar	Goodwin-Gomez: 47
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	no	animate/inanimate distinction made in 3rd person forms	Goodwin-Gomez: 47
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no	no special form for reciprocal	Goodwin-Gomez: 47
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no	no special form for reflexive	Goodwin-Gomez: 47
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	n/a	no special form for reciprocal or reflexive	Goodwin-Gomez: 47
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	n/a	ergative-absolutive	Goodwin-Gomez
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no info
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 101
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes		Goodwin-Gomez: 101
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 101		no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 101		no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 101		no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 101		no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no info
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.93
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	n/a
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	n/a
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		n/a
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-98
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-98
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-98
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-98
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	yes	general non-witnessed/non-visual	Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no	multiple 2nd person singular forms	Goodwin-Gomez, p.106
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.106
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes		Goodwin-Gomez, p.107
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	yes	first person only	Goodwin-Gomez, p.106
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.98
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.98
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.98
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.98
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no		Goodwin-Gomez, p.98
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		yes	postposition	Goodwin-Gomez, p.98
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no		Goodwin-Gomez	no mention of this
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		Goodwin-Gomez	no mention of this
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no		Goodwin-Gomez: 125
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 125
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Goodwin-Gomez: 125
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 125
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Goodwin-Gomez: 125
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Goodwin-Gomez: 81		evidenced by examples
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		Goodwin-Gomez: 81
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	no info		Goodwin-Gomez		no examples with full NPs, pronoun order varies
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no info		Goodwin-Gomez		no examples with full NPs, pronoun order varies
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	yes	only with the adjective 'pata' big	Goodwin-Gomez: 75
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	yes	only with the adjective 'wai' small	Goodwin-Gomez: 81
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Goodwin-Gomez: 56-58
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Goodwin-Gomez: 56-58
Word Order	Num-Noun		no		Goodwin-Gomez: 72
Word Order	Noun-Num		yes		Goodwin-Gomez: 72
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no info		Goodwin-Gomez
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Goodwin-Gomez: 60

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
600	medium	HG	medium	seasonal	Interfluvial

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