Alignment of verbal person-marking: split
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Alignment
- Notes
- More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 | ||||
| Alyawarr | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no | uncertain | Landaburu 1979: 156 | depends on status of pn as verbal? | ||
| Apurinã | yes | Facundes, 2000: 481-482 | ||||
| Arabana | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 186 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | While the two systems can mostly be used interchangeably and synonimously, there is an obligatory use of erg/abs when referring to non-terminal actions or non-specific subjects. | Payne 1983:2025 | |||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:174-178 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Biri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:58-73 | ||||
| Bularnu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 126 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 110 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | yes | absolutive marks both agent of intranstive clauses and patient of transitive clauses, but "agentive" is marked for agent in transitive clauses | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 32 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 123 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 139 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Dyirbal | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Gildea 1989:116 | ||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Githabul | N/A | 21 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:99-146 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 304 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 45 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1985:11 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | It seems that defineness and referentiality play a roll in the alignment system. No referential or indefinite objects do not get accusative case-marking. Thus, the aligment is neutral in these instances. | Levinson 1978:7 | |||
| Jaru | no? | 68-9 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 27 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 82 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | it seems that intransitive verbs show the ergative pattern whereas transitive verbs show a neutral patter. However, transitive may take the agreement markers when taking some other morphology. | Everett 2006:343-57 | |||
| Katthang | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kaurna | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | N/A | 3 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.89-99 | may want to re-examine this | |||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 217 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 399 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Kurrama | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 148 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-23 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43-46 | (possible/likely; but provide evidence/example) | |||
| Makushi | no | "Macushi has an ergative case-marking system that operates in both main clauses and subordinate clauses." | Abbott 1991: 83 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.125; Zúñiga 2006, p. 114-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | N/A | 301 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | n/a | 136-152 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 0 | ||||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 89-90 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 343 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 73 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 0 | ||||
| Nhanta | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no info | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no info | Goodwin-gomez | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:21 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | n/a | 169 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Zarratea 2002 :83-5 | ||||
| Paresi | no | |||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 157-159 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 22 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Soto 1976:93-7 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 285-290 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | |||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:124-133 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no | Van der Meer (?):2 | ||||
| Tanimuca | no | |||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 | ||||
| Thanggati | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | N/A | 20 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Faco Soares 1993:93; Montes 2004:129-45; Montes 2004:165-166 | ||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997: 108 | ||||
| Uradhi | N/A | 352 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | No | 77 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: 160 | ||||
| Warlpiri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 13 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no | 81 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 41 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | n/a | K85c 82-3 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no | 28, 76, ms11 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | unlikely | Payne and Payne 1990:361 | |||
| Yalarnnga | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | The subject or a relative clause does not tirgger verbal cross-referencing. | Duff-Tripp 1997:72 | |||
| Yanomami | yes | ergative-absolutive is primary for person-marking, but if one argument is 1st or 2nd person it can exhibit hierarchical, and if both are 1st/2nd there are special forms to denote which is ergative and which is absolutive (There is only split marking in th | Ramirez 1994: 112-114 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no | 91 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-62 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 51 | 0 |
| Language |
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