Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 285-290 |
|
|
|
Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 |
|
|
|
Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
|
|
|
Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-62 |
|
|
|
Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 160 |
|
|
|
Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. |
|
|
|
Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 |
|
|
|
Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 481-482 |
|
|
|
Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
While the two systems can mostly be used interchangeably and synonimously, there is an obligatory use of erg/abs when referring to non-terminal actions or non-specific subjects. |
Payne 1983:2025 |
|
|
|
Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-23 |
|
|
|
Yanesha' |
yes |
The subject or a relative clause does not tirgger verbal cross-referencing. |
Duff-Tripp 1997:72 |
|
|
|
Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:174-178 |
|
|
|
Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 343 |
|
|
|
Paresi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:58-73 |
|
|
|
Makiritare |
no |
|
Escoriaza 1959:15-18 |
|
Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive |
|
Makushi |
no |
"Macushi has an ergative case-marking system that operates in both main clauses and subordinate clauses." |
Abbott 1991: 83 |
|
|
|
Eñepa |
yes |
|
Gildea 1989:116 |
|
|
|
Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 |
|
|
|
Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1985:11 |
|
|
|
Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99-146 |
|
|
|
Damana |
yes |
absolutive marks both agent of intranstive clauses and patient of transitive clauses, but "agentive" is marked for agent in transitive clauses |
|
|
|
|
Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 |
|
|
|
Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 |
|
|
|
Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:21 |
|
Catío |
|
Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Ingá |
yes |
It seems that defineness and referentiality play a roll in the alignment system. No referential or indefinite objects do not get accusative case-marking. Thus, the aligment is neutral in these instances. |
Levinson 1978:7 |
|
|
|
Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.125; Zúñiga 2006, p. 114-9 |
|
|
|
Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Soto 1976:93-7 |
|
|
|
Tikuna |
no |
|
Faco Soares 1993:93; Montes 2004:129-45; Montes 2004:165-166 |
|
|
|
Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Andoke |
no |
uncertain |
Landaburu 1979: 156 |
|
depends on status of pn as verbal? |
|
Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 126 |
|
|
|
Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 |
|
|
|
Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 123 |
|
|
|
Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 110 |
|
|
|
Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
|
|
|
Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43-46 |
|
(possible/likely; but provide evidence/example) |
|
Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.89-99 |
|
may want to re-examine this |
|
Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72 |
|
|
|
Tanimuca |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:124-133 |
|
|
|
Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 108 |
|
|
|
Yanomami |
yes |
ergative-absolutive is primary for person-marking, but if one argument is 1st or 2nd person it can exhibit hierarchical, and if both are 1st/2nd there are special forms to denote which is ergative and which is absolutive (There is only split marking in th |
Ramirez 1994: 112-114 |
|
|
|
Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-gomez |
|
|
|
Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Surui |
no |
|
Van der Meer (?):2 |
|
|
|
Karitiana |
yes |
it seems that intransitive verbs show the ergative pattern whereas transitive verbs show a neutral patter. However, transitive may take the agreement markers when taking some other morphology. |
Everett 2006:343-57 |
|
|
|
Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002 :83-5 |
|
|
|
Aché |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Worrorra |
no |
|
28, 76, ms11 |
|
|
0 |
Garrwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warlpiri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yidiny |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yanyuwa |
no |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 41 |
|
|
0 |
Warumungu |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
Uradhi |
N/A |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Nhanta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Ngayawang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Muruwari |
yes |
|
89-90 |
|
|
1 |
Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Martuthunira |
n/a |
|
136-152 |
|
|
0 |
Marrgany |
N/A |
|
301 |
|
|
0 |
Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
148 |
|
|
0 |
Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
399 |
|
|
0 |
Kaurna |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kalkatungu |
no |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
Jaru |
no? |
|
68-9 |
|
|
0 |
Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gumbaynggirr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
Dyirbal |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Duungidjawu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Djinang |
No |
|
139 |
|
|
0 |
Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Darkinyung |
no |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yulparija |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
Wathawurrung |
no |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Panyjima |
n/a |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Githabul |
N/A |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
Kunjen |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
WesternTorres |
n/a |
|
K85c 82-3 |
|
|
0 |
Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
Arrernte |
No |
|
186 |
|
|
0 |
Kokatha |
N/A |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
Karajarri |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 22 |
|
|
0 |
Ritharrngu |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
Warluwarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warnman |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
Djapu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
Narungga |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
Wajarri |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
Warungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yagua |
no |
unlikely |
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
|
|
|
Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|