Nyikina

Family
Nyulnyulan
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
nyh
Location
-18.20°, 124.29°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (186)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar inheritance
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar yarrju yarrju inheritance
1sg yo eu grammar ngayu ngayu inheritance
2pl ustedes vocês grammar kurrka kurrka inheritance
2sg xx xx grammar juwaj juwaj inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar yirrka yirrka inheritance
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar kinya kinya inheritance
above encima, arriba acima location kalbu kalbu inheritance
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar giya kiya unknown
alive nunyji nunyji inheritance
all todo todos other djamin; djob jamin; job inheritance
and y e grammar mo mo unknown
ankle tobillo tornozelo body milygu milyku inheritance
armpit axila, sobaco axila body galnguny kalnguny loan into protolanguage
ashamed xx xx mental missing
ashes xx xx environment joondabal jundabal semantic shift
at en, a em, a location -rra -rra inheritance
back espalda costas body ninyji, niyal ninyji, niyal inheritance
bad mal mal quality yakoorr yakurr unknown
belly barriga barriga body nungu nungu inheritance
below abajo, debajo abaixo location jimbin; jurdug jimbin; jurduk inheritance
big grande grande quality buju XXngl big, all gone buju doubtful loan
bite morder morder body warrb warrb inheritance
black negro preto colour ruga ruka doubtful loan
blood sangre sangue body kunbulu kunbulu inheritance
blow soplar soprar body -bilgi- XXngl impersonal -bilki- inheritance
blunt xx xx quality doomoo dumu doubtful loan
bone hueso osso body gamarri, ganyji, gamari kamarri, kanyji, kamari inheritance
boomerang xx xx manufacture jiba jiba inheritance
breast pecho, seno peito body ngamarna ngamarna inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body rang rang unique
burn quemar queimar environment -marra- -marra- inheritance
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body juny juny; jang juny juny; jang inheritance
child niño, niña criança human baba baba inheritance
climb subir subir motion lakarr lakarr inheritance
cloud nube nuvem environment jirrbal jirrbal inheritance
cold frío frio quality gamininy XXngl = Yaw. cold weather kamininy unknown
come venir vir motion milngu milngu unknown
cook cocinar cozinhar impact -marra- -marra- inheritance
count contar contar mental -JINBI- -JINBI- inheritance
cry llorar chorar mental -luga- -luka- inheritance
cut xx xx impact ge~l kiil inheritance
die/be dead morir morrer state koord kurd loan into protolanguage Pama-Nyungan
dig cavar cavar impact missing
dingo/wolf fauna gurridi kurridi inheritance
dirty sucio sujo quality ngalkoorroo XXngl dirty, sweaty-smelling ngalkurru XXngl dirj, sweaj-smelling unknown
dream soñar sonhar mental ma-bu""garen ma-buukarren doubtful loan into protolanguage
drink beber, tomar beber body -ibi- (I) -ibi- (I) inheritance
dry seco seco quality wijool wijul inheritance
dust polvo poeira environment burdararra XXngl dust storm, cloud of dust burdararra XXngl dusd sdorm, cloud of dusd inheritance
ear oreja orelha body nilaba(ba) nilaba(ba) inheritance
earth/soil tierra terra environment buru buru inheritance
eat comer comer body -li- -li- inheritance
egg huevo ovo fauna gambiy XXgl egg, uterus kambiy loan Mangarla
eye ojo olho body nimildarr XXngl also `face' nimildarr inheritance
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body guly XXngl excrete (v); give birth to kuly inheritance
fall caer cair motion -jalgV- [ma-j.algen] -jalkV- [ma-j.alken] inheritance
far lejos longe quality gunabid; gunabalabalarr kunabid; kunabalabalarr unique
fat/grease grasa gordura body lagaba lakaba inheritance
father padre, papá pai kinship ibala ibala inheritance
fear miedo medo mental wadji waji inheritance
feather pluma pena fauna jalmarra jalmarra inheritance
fire fuego fogo environment joongkoo jungku inheritance
fish xx xx fauna jakany jakany unique
flow fluir fluir motion ily ily inheritance
flower flor flor environment booboo bubu inheritance
fly volar voar motion ngirinyi ngirinyi inheritance
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment jaboorr jaburr inheritance
foot pie body kardijina kardijina inheritance
fruit fruta fruta flora inheritance
good bueno bom quality maboo mabu inheritance
grow crecer crescer state -kani- (A/P) -kani- (A/b) unique
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body jagarra jakarra inheritance
hand mano mão body nimarrangga nimarrangka inheritance
head cabeza cabeça body nalma; marru nalma; marru inheritance
hear oír ouvir mental -likarra- -likarra- inheritance
heavy pesado pesado quality durn durn unique
hide esconder esconder motion jidu XXngl hide behind jidu inheritance
hit golpear, pegar bater impact -alka- (I) -alka- (I) inheritance
hit (with hand) xx xx impact -alga- -alka- inheritance
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other -bardi- XXngl to hold onto something for someone. -bardi- inheritance
how? como como grammar missing
if si se grammar ngaloo ngaloo ngalu ngalu loan Pama-Nyungan
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location jimbin XXngl covered up jimbin inheritance
intestines intestinos intestinos body djilbidi jilbidi inheritance
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body dinga dinga dinka dinka unique
kill matar matar impact mug; -bu-; nyag muk; -bu-; nyak inheritance
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental nila nila inheritance
lake lago lago environment galwarawilinj kalwarawiliny unique
laugh reír rir mental -gama- [ma-gaman] -kama- [ma-kaman] inheritance
leaf hoja folha environment wirriny; warnjal XXngl latter are tea leaves wirriny; warnjal inheritance
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body baldjaraŋ baljaraŋ loan Marrngu
leg/foot pierna perna body midi midi inheritance
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion ma-djalgen ma-jalken inheritance
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment gabarlawurru kabarlawurru inheritance
liver hígado figado body yookoola yukula unknown
long largo comprido, longo quality iwal iwal inheritance
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna linyjarr linyjarr inheritance
lung pulmón pulmão body wangalwangal wangalwangal inheritance
man/male hombre homem human wamba wamba inheritance
meat/flesh carne carne fauna nilany nilany inheritance
moon luna lua environment rdardarda rdardarda inheritance
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship kooya kuya inheritance
mouth boca boca body nilirr nilirr inheritance
name nombre nome human nilawal nilawal inheritance
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body burda burda inheritance
near/close cerca de perto quality biliga bilika unique
neck cuello pescoço body missing
new nuevo novo quality missing
night noche noite time bayin bayin unknown
no/not no não grammar marlu marlu inheritance
nose nariz nariz body ngunijina ngunijina inheritance
old viejo velho quality kirwa kirwa inheritance
one uno um number wanyjarri wanyjarri inheritance
open/uncover abrir abrir other balaṛ balaṛ unique
other otro outro grammar warany warany inheritance
pain/painful/sick dolor, doloroso, enfermo dor, doloroso, doente body binbal binbal inheritance
person/human being persona pessoa human mabardoo mabardu loan
pimple xx xx body jara jara inheritance
rain lluvia chuva environment wila wila inheritance
red rojo vermelho colour bilyi bilyi inheritance
right/right hand derecha direita location/body djoron_g jorrongk inheritance
road/path camino caminho manufacture magurr makurr inheritance
roof xx xx manufacture [absent] missing
root raíz raiz flora ninyji ninyji unknown
rotten podrido podre quality janngu janngu unique
sand arena areia environment walyarra walyarra unique
say decir dizer mental -I- -I- inheritance
scratch rascar rasgar impact laboorr laburr unique
see ver ver mental -ba- [ma-ban / ma-bar%an] (tr) -ba- [ma-ban / ma-bar%an] (dr) inheritance
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality jalirr jalirr unique
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact bany bany semantic shift
short corto curto quality wanggurda wangkurda inheritance
shoulder hombro ombro body gurndijina; golir XXngl latter blade kurndijina; kolir inheritance
sit sentar(se) sentar state mijala; -ni-, -nga- mijala; -ni-, -nga- inheritance
skin piel pele body baj baj inheritance
sky cielo céu environment gurruwal kurruwal inheritance
sleep dormir dormir body ma-molgan, ma-molgen, ma-molgon ma-molkan, ma-molken, ma-molkon inheritance
small pequeño pequeno quality uba uba inheritance
smell (tr/intr) xx xx body ma-bandjon ma-banjon inheritance
smoke humo fumaça environment ngururn; bugurru ngururn; bukurru inheritance
spit escupir cuspir body missing
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact lar XXgl take off skin lar inheritance
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact dooly duly inheritance
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact jirrb jirrb inheritance
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state yalgu yalku inheritance
star estrella estrela environment larn larn inheritance
steal robar roubar other missing
stone piedra pedra environment dambal XXngl smallish river stone dambal unique
suck chupar chupar body djonj jony inheritance
sun sol sol time barra; burangu; walga barra; burangu; walka inheritance
sweat sudar suor, suar body nundurr XXngl warm nundurr inheritance
swell hincharse inchar body missing
swim nadar nadar motion jawu jawu inheritance
tail cola, rabo rabo body magarra makarra doubtful loan into protolanguage
that ese/esa esse grammar kamirri kamirri inheritance
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality missing
thin delgado fino quality -MANDI- -MANDI- unknown
think pensar pensar mental -barribarri- (I) -barribarri- (I) inheritance
this este/esta este grammar nya, nyatu nya, nyadu inheritance
three tres tres number gujarralayana kujarralayana inheritance
throat garganta garganta body langar langar inheritance
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact laj; jubug; laj; jubuk; inheritance
thunder truenos trovão environment djidama jidama inheritance
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact kid kid kid kid inheritance
tongue lengua lingua body niyangalany; jalany niyangalany; jalany inheritance
tooth diente dente body (nilirr) (nilirr) inheritance
true xx xx quality ngoodoo ngudu unique
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other birrb XXngl turn off, turn aside. birrb XXngl durn off, durn aside. unique
two dos dois number -jarra -jarra inheritance
vomit vomitar vomitar body gurrbug kurrbuk inheritance
walk caminar, andar andar motion missing
water agua agua environment wila wila inheritance
wet mojado molhado quality jagilya -ra- [j.agilja ng.a-ran] XXgl I'm wet jakilya -ra- [j.akilja ng.a-ran] inheritance
what? que, qué que grammar ngana ŋana inheritance
when? cuando quando grammar bana bana inheritance
where? donde onde grammar jana jana inheritance
white blanco branco colour dub dub inheritance
who? quien, quién quem grammar yanggi ~ yangi yangki ~ yangi inheritance
wife esposa esposa kinship wango wango inheritance
wind viento vento environment wangal waŋal inheritance
wing ala asa body dyalban jalban loan into protolanguage Pama-Nyungan
woman/female mujer mulher human marnin marnin loan Ngumpin-Yapa
work trabajar trabalhar other marrgamgay, murrgul marrkamkay, murrkul inheritance
yawn bostezar bocejar body yalidja yalija unique
yellow amarillo amarelo colour kardara kardara unique


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (139)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
agile wallaby, river wallaby flora-fauna Macropus agilis garabolo inheritance 0 1 0 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae jurru jurru inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian pelican flora-fauna Pelecanus conspicillatus mayarda mayarda loan areal WW WW %mayarta underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian snubfin dolphin flora-fauna Orcaella heinsohnii missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
baler shell flora-fauna Melo amphora missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
bandicoot flora-fauna Peramelemorphia narlku narlku loan into protolanguage 0 0 0 0 0
barn owl flora-fauna Tyto alba dyoli dyoli unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
barramundi flora-fauna Lates calcarifer mirangoo mirangoo unknown underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp ngaraminyaminya ngaraminyaminya loan Karajarri WW %minyaminya compound 0 1 0 0 0 no
bindii, caltrop flora-fauna Tribulus terrestris kirli kirli loan Bunuba prickle word - could be WW WW %kirli underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna bandalmada bandalmada loan Karajarri WW %bandalmarda compound 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-breasted buzzard flora-fauna Hamirostra melanosternon tyanun tyanun loan Mangala missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-faced cuckoo-shrike flora-fauna Coracina novaehollandiae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-headed python flora-fauna Aspidites melanocephalus baninybooroo baninybooroo inheritance underived 0 2 0 0 0 no
black-soil yam flora-fauna Ipomoea diamantinensis kityi kityi unique missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bloodwood flora-fauna Eucalyptus (Corymbia) bleeseri gādjo gādjo inheritance underived 0 1 1 0 0 no
blowfly maggots flora-fauna Diptera, Sarcophagidae bininy bininy inheritance WW %pirniny underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
blue-tongue lizard flora-fauna Tiliqua species bilirrimarda bilirrimarda loan Karajarri WW %pilirri compound 0 1 0 0 0 no
blue-winged kookaburra flora-fauna Dacelo leachii kalkaroorr kalkaroorr loan direction unknown Mangala unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
bluebone flora-fauna Choerodon cyanodus iŋalwa iŋalwa loan direction unknown WW %ingalwa underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
brolga flora-fauna Grus rubicunda koorrarka koorrarka unique underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
brown goshawk flora-fauna Accipiter fasciatus karrkija karrkija semantic shift cf oystercatcher underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
brush-tailed possum flora-fauna Trichosurus vulpecula kirriwi kirriwi unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush cockroach flora-fauna (many species) birral birral birral birral unique reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
bush stone-curlew flora-fauna Burhinus grallarius windookoo windookoo loan into protolanguage WW %wintuku underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
bush tobacco flora-fauna Lobelia quadrangularis yalabardangoo yalabardangoo unique unknown 0 0 0 1 0 no
bush turkey, Australian bustard flora-fauna Ardeotis australis kooramarrka kooramarrka loan direction unknown unknown 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush yam flora-fauna Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata missing missing 0 1 2 0 1 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera bindabinda bindabinda inheritance reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
carpet snake flora-fauna Morelia spilota pinyunku pinyunku loan Karajarri 0 1 0 0 0
caterpillar flora-fauna Lepidoptera mandajakoo mandajakoo unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
catfish flora-fauna (many species) barooloo barooloo inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna Chilopoda, Myriapoda kanbarr kanbarr loan Karajarri WW %kanparr underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
channel-billed cuckoo flora-fauna Scythops novaehollandiae balkarakara unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
crested pigeon flora-fauna Ocyphaps lophotes balkarakara balkarakara unknown reduplicated partial 0 0 0 0 0 no
darter/cormorant flora-fauna Anhinga melanogaster, Phalacrocorax species nyimbiljiboor(oo) nyimbiljiboor(oo) unique compound 0 1 0 0 0 no
death adder, five-minute snake flora-fauna Acanthophis praelongus yooloorriny yooloorriny loan Mangala underived 0 0 0 0 0 yes
dingo flora-fauna Canis familiaris dingo koordidi koordidi inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris yila yila inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae mergenindjal mergenindjal unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
dugong flora-fauna Dugon dugong missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
earthworm flora-fauna Annelida, Oligochaeta bininy bininy inheritance WW %pirniny underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
emu flora-fauna Dromaius novaehollandiae karnanganyja karnanganyja loan areal WW %karnanganytya underived 2 1 2 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna ngama ngama ngama ngama unique reduplicated 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
flower flora-fauna (NA) booboo booboo loan direction unknown WW WW %pupu underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera ngirrinyi ngirrinyi loan Walmajarri NGURRINY earlier form WW %ngurriny underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
flying-fox (generic) flora-fauna (many species) ngarnakarra ngarnakarra loan Mangala underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus johnstoni kuwaniya kuwaniya loan Marrngu WW %kuwaniya underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater mussel flora-fauna Velesunio wilsoni kakaroo kakaroo unknown underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
freshwater prawn flora-fauna Macrobrachium rosenbergii jarramba jarramba loan direction unknown WW %tyarramba underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
frill-necked lizard flora-fauna Chlamydosaurus kingii koolamana koolamana inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna (many species) jiraki, jirrirri, kankarramal jiraki, jirrirri, kankarramal unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
galah flora-fauna Eolophus roseicapilla kilinykiliny kilinykiliny loan direction unknown WW %kulinykuliny 0 0 0 0 0
turtle (generic) flora-fauna (many species) kularrabulu kularrabulu semantic shift ‘western’ derived 0 1 0 0 0 no
ghost gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus papuana (Corymbia bella) koonooroo koonooroo inheritance underived 2 0 1 0 0 no
goanna (generic) or sand goanna flora-fauna Varanus spp barniy barniy loan direction unknown WW WW %paarni underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) woorroo woorroo unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Orthoptera moorrkoo moorrkoo unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
great bowerbird flora-fauna Chlamydera nuchalis joowi joowi loan Karajarri WW %tyurwirr underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
green ant flora-fauna Oecophylla smaragdina missing missing 0 2 2 0 0 no
green sea turtle flora-fauna Chelonia mydas missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
green tree snake flora-fauna Dendrelaphis punctulata kaljir kaljir inheritance underived 0 2 0 0 0 no
head/body lice flora-fauna Pediculus capitis, Pediculus humanus linyjarr linyjarr loan direction unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus yawarda yawarda loan areal WW WW %yawarta underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
humpback whale flora-fauna Megaptera novaeangliae lololo semantic shift missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic warnminy warnminy unknown underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
jabiru flora-fauna Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus lintalinta inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
jungle-fowl (scrub-fowl) flora-fauna Megapodius freycinet missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna Macropodidae marloo marloo loan Wati WW %marlu underived 2 1 0 0 0 no
land snail flora-fauna Gastropoda missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
magpie goose flora-fauna Anseranas semipalmata koorroolyoo koorroolyoo inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
military dragon flora-fauna Ctenophorus isolepis, Diporiphora spp., Lophognathus spp. janjoon janjoon unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera nilangkool nilangkool inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
mud wasp, hornet flora-fauna (many species) roorroo roorroo roorroo roorroo loan direction unknown WW %rurru reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
native bee flora-fauna (many species) ikaja ikaja unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
native cat flora-fauna Dasyurus missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
northern brown bandicoot flora-fauna Isoodon macrourus nudug nudug unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
northern kurrajong flora-fauna Brachychiton diversifolius kawoorrkawoorr kawoorrkawoorr inheritance reduplicated 0 1 no? 0 0 no
nut tree flora-fauna Terminalia grandifolia bandal bandal loan direction unknown underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
octopus flora-fauna Octopus australis gayor gayor unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
pandanus palm flora-fauna Pandanus spiralis jarrbira jarrbira unique underived 1 1 0 0 1 no
paperbark flora-fauna Melaleuca sericea, Melaleuca stenostachya karnboorr karnboorr inheritance underived 0 0 1 0 0 no
peaceful dove flora-fauna Geopelia placida djogo djogo djogo djogo inheritance reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
pearlshell flora-fauna Pinctada spp koowan koowan inheritance underived 1 1 0 0 1 no
peewee flora-fauna Gryllina cyanoleuca koodirrij koodirrij unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
pied butcherbird flora-fauna Cracticus nigrogularis koorrngabooroo koorrngabooroo loan direction unknown compound 0 0 0 0 0 no
pike eel flora-fauna Muraenesox arabicus patyalparra semantic shift missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna Mantodea jingarrki jingarrki unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
prickle bush flora-fauna Sclerolaena bicornis wiliny wiliny inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
quail (generic) flora-fauna Coturnix species, Turnix species missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
red river gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus camaldulensis libirrar libirrar unique underived 2 0 1 0 1 no
red-tailed black-cockatoo flora-fauna Calyptorhynchus banksi darriyal darriyal inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
riflefish, archerfish flora-fauna Toxotes chatareus marrbakoorl marrbakoorl unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
river mangrove flora-fauna Aegicera corniculatum majala majala unique underived 0 0 2 0 1 no
rock fig flora-fauna Ficus brachypoda jirribi jirribi unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
sacred kingfisher flora-fauna Todiramphus sancta loorn loorn loan Walmajarri underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
saltwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus porosus linykoorra linykoorra inheritance WW %linykurra underived 2 2 0 0 0 yes
saltwater mussel flora-fauna Mytilidae langkarri langkarri unknown underived 0 1 0 0 0 no
sawfish flora-fauna Pristis pectinata biyal biyal biyal biyal inheritance reduplicated 1 0 0 0 0 yes
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna Arachnida, Scorpiones barn barn loan into protolanguage WW WW %paarn underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
shark (generic) flora-fauna Selachimorpha ngankoo ngankoo loan Marrngu WW %nganku underived 0 0 0 0 0 variable
shell (generic) flora-fauna dilarr XXngl cf Bardi 'make a short and light sound' dilarr XXngl cf Bardi 'make a short and light sound' inheritance underived 0 1 0 0 1 no
short-beaked echidna flora-fauna Tachyglossus aculeatus kinanyji kinanyji loan direction unknown WW %kinanytyi underived 0 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna jilbidikoodanyoon jilbidikoodanyoon unique derived 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
snappy gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus brevifolia gonoro gonoro inheritance underived 0 0 1 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
spinifex flora-fauna Triodia species kinybirl kinybirl unique underived 0 0 2 0 0 no
spoonbills (yellow-billed spoonbill, black-billed spoonbill) flora-fauna Platalea flavipes, Platalea regia minala minala unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Dasyatidae baya baya loan Marrngu WW %paya underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
stripe-faced dunnart flora-fauna Sminthopsis macroura missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
sugarbag wax flora-fauna missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
sulphur-crested cockatoo flora-fauna Cacatua galerita banyjali, ngakalyalya banyjali, ngakalyalya unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
swamp eel flora-fauna Ophisternon gutturale missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
swamp leech flora-fauna Annelida, Hirudinea jinjool jinjool inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tawny frogmouth flora-fauna Podargus strigoides koolyood koolyood koolyood koolyood unique reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
termite mounds, ant hills flora-fauna Isoptera jilkarr jilkarr inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna (many species) biina biina semantic shift underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
ti-tree flora-fauna Melaleuca bracteata missing missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna Arachnida, Acarina boonda boonda unique underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tiger shark flora-fauna Galeocerdo cuvier missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 yes
torresian crow flora-fauna Corvus orru wangkarna wangkarna inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) baalu baalu inheritance underived 0 0 0 0 0 no
waterlily flora-fauna Nymphaea macrosperma lambirr lambirr lambirr lambirr unique reduplicated 0 1 2 0 0 no
wattle flora-fauna Acacia difficilis kalayan kalayan unique underived 0 0 1 0 1 no
wedge-tailed eagle flora-fauna Aquila audax kalboojakoo kalboojakoo unique unknown 1 0 0 0 0 no
willie wagtail flora-fauna Rhipidura leucophrys jindikirriji jindikirriji loan into protolanguage WW WW %tyintipirri underived 1 0 0 0 0 no
witchetty grub flora-fauna (many species) karrbija karrbija unique underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
woma flora-fauna Aspidites ramsayii missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna kid kid inheritance
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna jurru jurru semantic shift
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna bandalmada bandalmada inheritance
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna warnminy warnminy inheritance
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna gambura XXngl allusive kambura inheritance
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna woorroo wurru inheritance
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna balingga balingka inheritance
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna juru juru inheritance
spider araña aranha flora-fauna missing


Cultural Vocabulary (111)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing
armband dress wila loan Walmajarri
awl subsistence tool waraŋkatya inheritance
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool tyalay unique
bag (string) culture-material mataŋana inheritance
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool laŋar inheritance
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material missing
body feather decorations culture-mythology missing
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool tyipa inheritance
boomerang (number 7) subsistence tool warraka loan direction unknown
boomerang (small) subsistence tool missing
bowl (coolamon) culture-material malpulu semantic shift < ‘bag’
broom escoba vassoura culture-material missing missing
canoe canoa canoa transport kalpaya inheritance
cicatrice culture-mythology mukutal inheritance
clapsticks culture-mythology kanpak loan into protolanguage WW %karnpak
club (nulla-nulla) subsistence tool piya unique
cook food food -marra- inheritance
cook in earth oven food missing
damper food missing
dance (generic) culture-mythology purrp inheritance
digging stick subsistence tool kanany loan Marrngu WW %kanany1
dipper (small coolamon) subsistence tool missing
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology muruŋkurr CHECK
dreaming culture-mythology tyarriny loan Walmajarri
drone pipe culture-mythology pampu loan English WW %pampu
fire drill subsistence tool yanutany loan direction unknown
fire-saw other tyatya unique
fireplace hogar lareira other tampal loan Marrngu WW damper
firewood leña lenha other tyuŋku; ŋumal inheritance
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool pantyota inheritance
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing
fish (with spear) food walporpor unique
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool wiliwili loan Kriol WW %wilwili
fishtrap (permanent) subsistence tool missing
fishtrap (woven) subsistence tool missing
flour (European) food tup karaŋu semantic shift
flour (bush) food missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food warli unique
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology pilyorr inheritance
glue subsistence tool kurinypu unique
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology missing
grog food wila unique
hair belt dress wintirri unique
headband dress wantaŋku doubtful loan Worrorran or might be inheritance into eastern Nylnyulan and loan into bardi
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology tyalŋkaŋurru loan areal WW %jalngga
honey miel mel food tyikurrtyunu loan Marrngu
house (European) other missing
hunt cazar caçar food kartaty unique
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology loan direction unknown
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology ŋararr doubtful loan Marrngu means ‘prickly heat’ in Marrngu
knife cuchillo faca culture-material tyumparrarra loan Malay
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress minytyil loan Marrngu
love song culture-mythology kaltyenti unique
mangrove raft transport kalpaya inheritance
message stick culture-mythology terptyono unique
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool missing
nosepeg other missing
paddle/oar remo remo transport missing
ochre culture-mythology kumparri inheritance
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology ma-mapekantyen inheritance
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool missing
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other puna semantic shift
public song cycle culture-mythology missing
red paint culture-mythology pilyi unique
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool limirri, kanti inheritance
salt sal sal food tyinytyirr unique
shelter (native) other missing
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology nulu loan direction unknown areal probably loan into Nyulnyulan
song (for entertainment) culture-mythology missing
spear lanza lança subsistence tool tyinal loan areal WW %jinal WW tipped spear
spear (fighting) subsistence tool missing
spear (fishing) subsistence tool pilparli loan direction unknown Walmajarri
spearthrower subsistence tool ŋapaliny inheritance
speartip subsistence tool tyimpila loan direction unknown WW %tyimpila
string (from hair) culture-material pururu inheritance
string (from vine) culture-material missing
sugar acculturation rampala loan Marrngu fine sand
tea food warntyal loan Walmajarri ‘leaf’
tobacco (European) narcotics tyupak; kilala; ŋamari loan English
tobacco (native) narcotics kilala inheritance
spirit child culture-mythology rai loan direction unknown areal WW %raya
wax cera cera other wara doubtful inheritance
white paint culture-mythology maŋali semantic shift?
windbreak other missing
yandy (n) culture-material missing
school escuela escola acculturation missing
net subsistence tool missing
bottle botella garrafa acculturation missing
paper papel papel acculturation paŋarriy semantic shift paperbark
corpse food karrikan loan Marrngu
chicken gallina galinha acculturation missing
tree coffin culture-mythology karrpuku unique
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology palya unique
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress missing
medicine narcotics tyalŋkakurru loan direction unknown WW %jalngga
earth oven food missing
policeman polícia policía acculturation limpa, linytyu semantic shift
cat gato gato acculturation minyaw loan Kriol WW %minyaw
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation tyilimana, turlkurru loan Kriol WW %tyilaman
hat sombero chapéu dress tyaŋkurr inheritance
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture missing
bottom grinding stone manufacture [absent] missing
digging stick subsistence tool milgin milkin inheritance
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture joorradaj jurradaj unique
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture [absent] missing
spearthrower subsistence tool ngabaliny ŋabaliny inheritance
spear lanza lança subsistence tool jinal; mangul jinal; inheritance
house other missing


Grammatical Data (295)
Category Grammatical Feature Grammatical Feature: Notes Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Phonology - Segmental Pre-/post-nasalized stops Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. no 0
Phonology - Segmental Glottalized/ejective consonants Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] no 0
Phonology - Segmental Palatalized stops Phonemic contrast yes 1
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic vowel length Does the language have long and short vowels? no 0
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels no 0
Phonology - Segmental Complex onsets Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme no 0
Phonology - Segmental No codas *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] no 0
Phonology - Segmental Word-final coda required Do all syllables end in a consonant? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive tones Note how many contrastive tones no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive stress Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? no 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Vowel harmony no 0
Morphology - General Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] no 0
Morphology - General Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes Stem change, tone no 0
Morphology - General Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word yes 1
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing There are many more prefixes than suffixes no 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing There are many more suffixes than prefixes no 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different yes 1
Morphology - General Reduplication: full The full morpheme is reduplicated yes 1
Morphology - General Reduplication: partial Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated yes 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive NN compounding Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced no 0
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV serialization (without compounding) Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection no 0
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV compounding Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word no 0
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' yes 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Auxiliary verb(s) There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs no 0
Morphology - Incorporation Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process Verb contains nominal segment no 0
Morphology - Incorporation Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classes/genders Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Number of noun classes/genders Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates Masculine, feminine, neuter no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system Animate/inanimate, human/non-human no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification "Repeater" classifiers Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals no 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Singular number may be marked on the noun Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural affix on noun no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by reduplication of noun no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural word/clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked on human or animate nouns only no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Unique associative plural marker e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Definite or specific articles Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Indefinite or non-specific article or marker no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) no 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system yes 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3sg pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3pl pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Formal/informal distinction in pronouns Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Reflexive pronouns e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Adpositions mark core NPs Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: number of cases Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: symmetrical All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: asymmetrical Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: suffix or postpositional clitic yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: prefix or prepositional clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: infix or inpositional clitic no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: stem change no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: tone no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: comitative = instrumental Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-2 At least some part of the system involves base-2 yes 1
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-5 At least some part of the system involves base-5 no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-10 At least some part of the system involves base-10 no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Other base (specify) 4, 20, etc. no 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' yes 1
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 5 'Many' or some other non-exact term used yes 1
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 10 'Many' or some other non-exact term used yes 1
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no 0
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Person inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N alienable/inalienable? no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N alienable/inalienable? yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head e.g. 'the boy his-dog' yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Possessive classifiers There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of inalienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of alienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form n/a 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of kin terms 'my-father' but *father no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) 'my-leg' but *leg no 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) no 0
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Underived adjectives There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes yes 1
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco no 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb no 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb no 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb no 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive verbalizing morphology There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective no 0
Nominal Syntax - Other NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated past marker(s) Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. distant vs. recent past yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. imminent vs. distant future no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: prefix yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: suffix yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect suppletion no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Polite imperative morpheme There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: affix on verb Inflectional marking of capacity to do something no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: verbal construction no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: other marking yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: affix on verb Modal expressing hypothesis no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: verbal construction yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: other marking no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Marking of expected/unexpected action or result There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected yes 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal frustrative Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal habitual Modal expressing habituality no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Apprehensive construction There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Reality status marking on verbs There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Affect markers (positive/negative) Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative no 0
Verbal Categories - Directionals Directional elements affixed to the verb There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized visual Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized nonvisual Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized inferential Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized reportive Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized quotative Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Other evidential Any other evidential values not represented above no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: part of tense system Includes portmanteau morphs no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: separate particle no 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: modal morpheme no 0
Verbal Categories - Verbal number Verbal number suppletion no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Social interaction markers Note the type of interaction no 0
Word Order No fixed basic constituent order yes 1
Word Order VS in intransitive clauses Verb precedes subject yes 1
Word Order VS in transitive clauses yes 1
Word Order VO in transitive clauses Verb precedes object yes 1
Word Order OS in transitive clauses Object precedes subject yes 1
Word Order Preposition-Noun no 0
Word Order Noun-Postposition or case suffix yes 1
Word Order Gen-Noun Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) yes 1
Word Order Noun-Gen Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') yes 1
Word Order Adj-Noun Adjective precedes the noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Adj Adjective follows the noun no? 0
Word Order Dem-Noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Dem no 0
Word Order Num-Noun yes 1
Word Order Noun-Num no 0
Word Order Noun-Rel Relative clause follows noun that it modifies N/A 0
Word Order Rel-Noun Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies N/A 0
Word Order Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') no 0
Word Order Relative clause is correlative or adjoined e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' yes 1
Word Order Question word is clause initial 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs yes 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) no 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: split More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking on intransitive verbs Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take object (P) markers yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Number can be marked separately from person on the verb Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Gender distinguished in verbal person markers For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: indirect object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: double object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: secondary object In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reflexive: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Passive Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Antipassive Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Other intransitivizing morphology There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: benefactive Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: other Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: prefix Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: suffix Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: serial verb or analytical construction Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated sociative Indicates that causer participates in event no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a preposed element Clausal negator is a preposed element yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a postposed element Clausal negator is a postposed element no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: affix Negatives: affix no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: particle Negatives: particle yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: auxiliary verb Negatives: auxiliary verb no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: double Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' no 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase no 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: interrogative particle Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle yes 1
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: verb morphology Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology no 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: word order Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) no 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: intonation only Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only no 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Content questions: word order differs from declaratives Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: verbal Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position yes 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: nominal Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position yes 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) no info x
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relativizer is a verbal affix no 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) no 0
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions Grammaticalized verbal desiderative Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) no 0
Simple Clauses - Other Clause chaining Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. yes 1
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked switch-reference system There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined no 0
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence no 0
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have an iterative function? yes 1
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have a plural/pluractional function? yes 1
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘real’ X? no info x
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a distributive function? no info x
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a pluractional function? no info x
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have an iterative function? no info x
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘fake’ X? no info x
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘very’ X? no info x
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have ergative and instrumental syncretism? no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have a distinct genitive case? yes? 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is the locative related to the ergative with vowel change? no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on just one word in an NP? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on all (non-pronominal) words in an NP? no 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Are any subordinate verbs (or whole clauses) marked with case to indicate their function? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does ergative mark discourse functions of focus/unexpectedness? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Derivation Is there a evidence for derivational morphology being distinct from inflectional on nouns? yes to any of HG 95-97 entails yes to this; yep; this is more general but not just about derivation (would also include proprietive, for example, not necessarily derivation that changes word class) no? 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a minimal/augment system? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a unit augment system? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark dual on nouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark plural on nouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have group/collective nominal suffixes? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural verbs? no 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural adjectives? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language have bound pronouns? yes to any of HG 173-175 entails yes to this; not necessarily? - CB yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are the bound pronouns distinct from the free pronouns? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark moiety distinctions in pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark generational distinctions in pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are 'who' and 'what' distinct words? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the dual? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the plural? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there a gender distinction in third person dual pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there clitic pronouns? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there object clitic pronouns? yes 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there distinct possessive and IO pronouns? no 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories When there are both object and subject clitic pronouns, does the object pronoun follow the subject one? n/a 0
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a focus position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes yes 1
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a topic position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes yes? 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Is verbal negation a separate word? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 206-207 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Does the negative marker precede the verb? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 203 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there second position clausal clitics? yes 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Is tense marked on pronouns? no 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there predicative clitics (e.g. Darkinyung grammar p35) no 0
Simple Clauses - Tense Does the language have tense/mood/etc particles (free words)? no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is reflexive/reciprocal marked on the verb? =yes to any of HG 188-190; not necessarily; e.g. YN has a reflexive marker but it doesn’t go on the verb. yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Does reflexive/reciprocal change the conjugation class? yes 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is there a reflexive/reciprocal particle? no 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is the passive typically used only with adversative semantics? n/a 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there an inchoative suffix? no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a distinct present tense verbal suffix? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a continuous aspect suffix? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a punctual aspect suffix? no 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Can tense and aspect cooccur? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is tense marked on nouns? no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Do positive commands take the same morphology as negative commands? no 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Is a negative command formed from a nominalised verb (eg. "no talking!")? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is the verb ‘say’ the same as the verb ‘do’? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have body part compound verbs? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verbal agreement clitics? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a verb 'be'? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verb conjugation classes? yes 1
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a conjugation for uninflecting verbs? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a grammatical category of associated motion? no 0
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have kinship verbs? That is, are the words which designate kinship relations such as ‘mother’ and ‘father’ verbs in the language? no 0
Verbal Categories - VerbalNumber Does the language have suppletive plural nouns? no info x
Word Order Are there discontinuous NP constituents? no info x
Word Order Is word order fixed in noun phrases? yes? 1
Word Order Is word order fixed in verb phrases? no? 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: second position clitics Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. no 0
Phonology - Segmental Prestopped segments list which segments in the ‘form’ column no 0


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
large HG medium seasonal yes