| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
The pronouns can be intensified using -naa (nuyánaa: I, myself) |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 25 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 176-177 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no info |
There is no evidence of reflexive pronouns in the section on reflexivity on pgs. 38-39 |
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
The "middle voice" marker is attached to personal cross-referencing prefixes in true reflexive constructions. |
Galindo, 2002: 259-261 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
They are formed using regular pronoun and common element. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 297 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
Mosonyi identifies "reflexive" pronouns on page 41, but these seem to be emphatic possessive prefixes ('his own.') |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006:185 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
There is one morpheme that marks intransitivization, but reflexive interpretation is only found with three verbs. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 177, 266-267 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 510 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
Only reflexive affixes. |
Payne 1981:32 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-35 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
Regular object pronouns are used |
Duff-Tripp 199781, :61-8 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p262 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
The verbal person markers + -kiro are used to make reflexive pronouns. They don't have plural forms and can be in either topic or argument position. |
Michael, 2008. p. 377 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
does not seem likely |
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
Use verbal affix instead. |
Seifart - 2005: 59 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 282 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 37, 85 |
|
"expressed by means of the detransitivizer verb prefix"- Ex S on 85 shows a pre-position refl marker |
|
| Eñepa |
no |
Based on examples |
Thomas Payne 1989:40 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
is this really a pronoun (like 'himself') or a reflexive marker? If it's a PN, is te used for all persons as a kind of generic pronoun? |
de Armellada 1999: 35 |
|
This is actually a prefix, but my source calls it a pronoun. |
|
| Guna |
no |
a coreferential na particle appears before noun/pronoun |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
1 reflexive pronoun |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
However, the adjective kingui "same" is used after the subject to indicate reflexivity. This can be used with subject pronouns too. |
Frank ?:25 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
The suffix /-ara/ is added to the personal pronouns to form the corresponding reflexive pronoun. |
Alphonse 1956:9 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
data in spanish translates reflexives (i.e. se rie), but the Damana data doesn't seem to bear this out --> probably not direct translation |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
only an affix is used |
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:206 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
there exists only a reflexive verbal prefix |
Buenaventura - 1993:45 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
Overall 2007:154-61, 311-13 |
|
more likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
depending on the context, can be an infix [-ri-] or [-ra-] (noted in data) |
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:240-1 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
It seems that reflexive sentences are formed by not adding a object marker in the verb and the addition of the reflexive suffix. |
Perroud 1972:116 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
These are formed out of a pronoun plus a reflexive suffix /-gɨ/ on the pronoun |
Montes 2004b:54 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:213 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
There are possessives and allatives pronouns but there are not reflexive pronouns |
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 167 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
double person marker preceding the definite verb |
Giron 2008: p231 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Gomez 1992: 71, 72 |
|
There is instead a verbal suffix that indicates that the action is reflexive |
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
The passive impersonal, or passive reflexive, may be indicated by certain suffixes. (chapter 18) |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.10, 87 |
|
There are six classes of pronouns in huitoto: the personal, the indefinite ones, the possessive ones, the demonstrativos, relative and the interrogatory ones. |
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
verbal prefix |
Weir 1984:107 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
formed by adding 'basi' self to personal pronouns |
Miller 1999, p. 30 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
formed by the possive adjective follwed by the word "baxu" |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 81 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 |
|
Macuna contains personal, interogative, demonstrative, indefinite, and reflexive pronouns. |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993 31-33 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding bãsu 'self' to the personal pronouns |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.31 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
The only overt method to express a reflexive is to use poʔia 'body' as the object. |
Strom 1992, p.133 |
|
Overtyly marked reflexives are rare in Retuarã. Instead, when the subject receives he action of a verb that could be transitive, the absence of an object noun phrase makes the reflexive implicit. |
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:141-142 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
reflexive pronoun basi/basu |
Ramirez 1997: 250 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 101-105, 209-222 |
|
no mention of reflexive pronoun in discussion |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.47 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990, p.43-44 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Van der Meer (?):2 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
Based mainly on examples. It seems that reflexive verbs take the intrasive marker /-ɨ/ and the object marker in the verb is refers to the same person as the subject |
Everett 2006:448 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
reflexive prefix on verb |
Cruz 2011:294 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:134-5 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:201-213 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms7, 105-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
61-2c |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
s163-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
123 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
64-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
110-111 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 47 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
28 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
374 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
206 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
120-121 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
123, 126 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
150, 190-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
53-54 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
cf (10.60), 256 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
303 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
88 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
398 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
10 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
86-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
345 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
89-91 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
147 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
maybe |
|
37 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
106, 127 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
116 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
52-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
160 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
cf 223 |
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
93 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no? |
|
K85b 63 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
61 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
208 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
234 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 126 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
62 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
867 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
54 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No info |
|
36 |
|
|
x |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes? |
|
521 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
a coreferential person marker on verb |
Payne and Payne 1990:275 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
