Reflexive pronouns
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories
- Notes
- e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | The pronouns can be intensified using -naa (nuyánaa: I, myself) | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 25 | |||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 80 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no info | Overall 2007:154-61, 311-13 | more likely no | |||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 167 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 510 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 116 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 208 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Only reflexive affixes. | Payne 1981:32 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 78 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding bãsu 'self' to the personal pronouns | Jones & Jones 1991, p.31 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no info | There is no evidence of reflexive pronouns in the section on reflexivity on pgs. 38-39 | Aikhenvald, 1995 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007: p262 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 106, 127 | 1 | |||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Use verbal affix instead. | Seifart - 2005: 59 | |||
| Bularnu | yes | 49 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Gomez 1992: 71, 72 | There is instead a verbal suffix that indicates that the action is reflexive | |||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | formed by the possive adjective follwed by the word "baxu" | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 81 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | data in spanish translates reflexives (i.e. se rie), but the Damana data doesn't seem to bear this out --> probably not direct translation | ||||
| Darkinyung | maybe | 37 | 1 | |||
| Desano | yes | formed by adding 'basi' self to personal pronouns | Miller 1999, p. 30 | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no info | x | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 54 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | No | 147 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 87 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 89-91 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Based on examples | Thomas Payne 1989:40 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | yes | 61-2c | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 15 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | The suffix /-ara/ is added to the personal pronouns to form the corresponding reflexive pronoun. | Alphonse 1956:9 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 345 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | a coreferential na particle appears before noun/pronoun | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | No | 304 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 96 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 81 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | However, the adjective kingui "same" is used after the subject to indicate reflexivity. This can be used with subject pronouns too. | Frank ?:25 | |||
| Ingá | no info | depending on the context, can be an infix [-ri-] or [-ra-] (noted in data) | ||||
| Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 86-7 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 234 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Based mainly on examples. It seems that reflexive verbs take the intrasive marker /-ɨ/ and the object marker in the verb is refers to the same person as the subject | Everett 2006:448 | |||
| Katthang | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 10 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:201-213 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993 31-33 | ||||
| Kotiria | no info | Stenzel 2004 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 398 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | yes | 93 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | no info | cf 223 | x | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 88 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no | there exists only a reflexive verbal prefix | Buenaventura - 1993:45 | |||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 282 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 | Macuna contains personal, interogative, demonstrative, indefinite, and reflexive pronouns. | |||
| Makushi | yes | Abbott 1991: 37, 85 | "expressed by means of the detransitivizer verb prefix"- Ex S on 85 shows a pre-position refl marker | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 303 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | cf (10.60), 256 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 99 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:240-1 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 53-54 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | The passive impersonal, or passive reflexive, may be indicated by certain suffixes. (chapter 18) | Minor and Minor 1982. p.10, 87 | There are six classes of pronouns in huitoto: the personal, the indefinite ones, the possessive ones, the demonstrativos, relative and the interrogatory ones. | ||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 150, 190-2 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | verbal prefix | Weir 1984:107 | |||
| Nanti | yes | The verbal person markers + -kiro are used to make reflexive pronouns. They don't have plural forms and can be in either topic or argument position. | Michael, 2008. p. 377 | |||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | yes | 1 reflexive pronoun | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 61 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 29 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 123, 126 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | reflexive prefix on verb | Cruz 2011:294 | |||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.47 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | does not seem likely | Launey 2003 | |||
| Panyjima | no | 160 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Ayala 1996:134-5 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | is this really a pronoun (like 'himself') or a reflexive marker? If it's a PN, is te used for all persons as a kind of generic pronoun? | de Armellada 1999: 35 | This is actually a prefix, but my source calls it a pronoun. | ||
| Piapoco | yes | The "middle voice" marker is attached to personal cross-referencing prefixes in true reflexive constructions. | Galindo, 2002: 259-261 | |||
| Pintupi | yes | 120-121 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 126 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 206 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | double person marker preceding the definite verb | Giron 2008: p231 | |||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | It seems that reflexive sentences are formed by not adding a object marker in the verb and the addition of the reflexive suffix. | Perroud 1972:116 | |||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 176-177 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 62 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990, p.43-44 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | only an affix is used | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:206 | |||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:141-142 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no | Van der Meer (?):2 | ||||
| Tanimuca | no | The only overt method to express a reflexive is to use poʔia 'body' as the object. | Strom 1992, p.133 | Overtyly marked reflexives are rare in Retuarã. Instead, when the subject receives he action of a verb that could be transitive, the absence of an object noun phrase makes the reflexive implicit. | ||
| Tariana | no | There is one morpheme that marks intransitivization, but reflexive interpretation is only found with three verbs. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 177, 266-267 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 52-3 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No info | 36 | x | |||
| Tikuna | yes | These are formed out of a pronoun plus a reflexive suffix /-gɨ/ on the pronoun | Montes 2004b:54 | |||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | reflexive pronoun basi/basu | Ramirez 1997: 250 | |||
| Uradhi | Yes | 374 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:213 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 81 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 103 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006:185 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | s163-4 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 867 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | No | 37 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 75 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 28 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes? | 521 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 82 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no | There are possessives and allatives pronouns but there are not reflexive pronouns | Mejía 2000:90 | |||
| Wayuu | no info | |||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 47 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no? | K85b 63 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 110-111 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 70 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | ms7, 105-6 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | a coreferential person marker on verb | Payne and Payne 1990:275 | |||
| Yalarnnga | no | 13 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 64-5 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Regular object pronouns are used | Duff-Tripp 199781, :61-8 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 101-105, 209-222 | no mention of reflexive pronoun in discussion | |||
| Yanyuwa | no | 123 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi identifies "reflexive" pronouns on page 41, but these seem to be emphatic possessive prefixes ('his own.') | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68-69 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 78 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | They are formed using regular pronoun and common element. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 297 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 20 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 83 | 0 |
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