Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Tukano

Family: Tukanoan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: tuo
Location: 0.58°, -69.58°
Notes
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

Sorry, we have no imagery here.

Data Sources: Chacon, Thiago. 2014. A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification. International Journal of American Linguistics 80.3: 275-322. Ramirez, Henri. 1997a. A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa. Tomo 1: Grámatica. Manaus: Inspetoria Salesiana Missionária da Amazônia, CEDEM. Ramirez, Henri. 1997b. A fala tukano dos Ye'pâ-masa. Tomo 2: Dicionário. CEPLA Working Papers in Amerindian Linguistics. Guajará-Mirim: UNIR. Rodriguez, José Vicente, compiler, and others. 1995. Mamíferos colombianos: sus nombres comunes e indígenas. Bogotá: Conservation International, Fundación Mario Santo Domingo. Welch, Betty & Birdie West. 2004. Gramática pedagógica del Tucano. 1st ed. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia: Fundación para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

Copy CSV

Search:

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar	ʉ̃sã́	ɨ̃sã́	inheritance	at least Branch 2, E Tuk		See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	mãrĩ́	mãrĩ́	inheritance	E-W Tuk	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	yʉ'ʉ́	jɨ'ɨ́	inheritance	E-W Tuk	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	mʉsã́	mɨsã́	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	mʉ'ʉ́	mɨ'ɨ́	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	ná	ná	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	cṹ, có (ella)	kṹ/ kó	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location	buʔî	buʔ î	unique	loan w/ Hup - Tukano source?		See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			missing			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	peʔti, niî peʔti	peʔti, niî peʔti	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
and	y	e	grammar			missing			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	dɨʔpô diʔi-, jẽkâgɨ kua	dɨʔpô diʔi-, jẽkâgɨ kua	unique; unknown			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	kẽeka	kẽeka	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	nohâ	nohâ	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location			missing			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	sẽʔêma	sẽʔêma	unique			See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality	ña' asé	ña' asé, jãʔâro (bad/evil)	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	caséro	kaséro	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	páága	páága	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location			missing			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	pacasé	pakasé	inheritance			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	kũʔrí	kũʔrí	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	ñisé	ñisé	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	diî (hr)	diî (hr)	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	putí	putí	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body			missing			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	õ'á	õ'á	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	cutíro	kutíro	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	ehêri mii	ehêri mii	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	ɨ̃hɨ̂	ɨ̃hɨ̂	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	jaʔgé	jaʔgé	inheritance	Branch 2, E Tuk		See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	wĩ'magʉ́~, wĩ'mʉ̃	wĩ'magɨ́~, wĩ'mɨ̃	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion			missing			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	õʔbẽ-kurá-ri	õʔbẽ-kurá-ri	unknown			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	yʉsʉá (hr)	jɨsɨá (hr)	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	aʔtî	aʔtî	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	do'á (HR 97)	daʔrâ baʔari tũku; doʔá (HR 97)	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	waro	waro	unique			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	baʔpâ keo	baʔpâ keo	unique			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	utî	utî	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	dɨtê	dɨtê	inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	nùmà	nùmà	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	wẽrĩsé	wẽrĩsé	inheritance			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	seʔê	seʔê	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	ũʔîro, ũʔîri	ũʔîro, ũʔîri	inheritance	Carib		See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental			missing			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	sĩ'rí (hr)	sĩ'rí (hr)	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	bopô (gr)	bopô (gr)	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	ɨsojohá-ti (H&R)	ɨsojohá-ti (H&R)	missing			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	diʔta poʔka	diʔta poʔka	missing			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	o'mépero	o'mépero	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	di' tá	di' tá	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	ba'a	ba'a	inheritance	Andoke		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	dié (hr)	dié (hr)	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	capéa	kapéa	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body			missing			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	bɨrɨ̂	bɨrɨ̂	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	joâ	joâ	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	ʉ'sê (hr)	ɨ'sê (hr)	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	pakɨ	pakɨ	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	uî	uî	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	poâro	poâro	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	seero (hr)	seero (hr)	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	me'e	me'e	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	wa'î	wa'î	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion	sipî	sipî	unique			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	oʔôro	oʔôro	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	wʉʉ́	wɨɨ́	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	õʔbẽ́	õʔbẽ́	missing			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	dʉ'pócã	dɨ'pókã	inheritance	E Tuk, at least Branch 2		See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	dɨká, juki dɨká	dɨká, juki dɨká	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	añusé	añusé	inheritance	Branch 2, E Tuk		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	ya' sasé	ja' sasé	inheritance			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	bɨkɨâ, masá	bɨkɨâ, masá	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	poári	poári	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	ómócã (arm, hand)	ómó kã (arm, hand)	inheritance	E Tuk; compare similar forms to amo in some Carib lgs		See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	dʉpóa	dɨpóa	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	tù'osé	tù'osé	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	ejéripõ'rã	ehéripõ'rã	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	nɨkɨ̂	nɨkɨ̂	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	nɨó	nɨó	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	paâ, kẽê	paâ, kẽê	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	kɨo	kɨo	inheritance			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	asisé	asisé	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	deʔró	deʔró	inheritance	Branch 2, E Tuk		See Language page
if	si	se	grammar			missing			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	poʔpeá, poʔpeápɨ	poʔpeá, poʔpeápɨ	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	ɨʔta-misí	ɨʔta-misí	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body			missing			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	wẽhé (hr)	wẽhé (hr)	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	masî (hr)	masî (hr)	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	ditâ-	ditâ-	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	buhí	buhí	inheritance	Branch 2, E Tuk		See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	pũrî	pũrî	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	kũû	kũû	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	dɨ'pô-kã	dɨʔpô-kã	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	etâ keʔa, ehâ keʔa; kãhĩ-	etâ keʔa, ehâ keʔa; kãhĩ-	doubtful loan (into protolg?)	Arawak		See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment	bɨpô jaʔbarí daa	bɨpô jaʔbarí daa	inheritance	cf. thunder		See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body	ni	ni	inheritance			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	ñe'meturí	ñe'meturí	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	joâ	joâ	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	i'i-	i'i-	inheritance		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	ehéribĩ-rĩ ahuro	ehéribĩ-rĩ ahuro	inheritance			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	ʉmʉ́	ɨmɨ́	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	di'í (hr)	di'í (hr)	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	mujĩ́ pũ	muhĩ́ pũ	inheritance	Branch 1, E Tuk		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	pakó	pakó	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	yehê (hr)	jehê (hr)	unique			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	ʉéro	ɨéro	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	wãmé	wãmé	loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	Boran, Witotoan, Tukanoan		See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	kãátɨ	kãátɨ	unknown			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	pɨʔto-ákã	pɨʔto-ákã	inheritance			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	wãbɨ̃́ta	wãbɨ̃́ta	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	wi'má (hr), mamá (inanimate)	wi'má (hr), mamá (inanimate)	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	ñámí	ñámí	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	bãrĩ-	bãrĩ-	inheritance			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	ẽ'kê (hr)	ẽ'kê (hr)	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	bɨkɨ-(animate), mehá	bɨkɨ-(animate), mehá	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
one	uno	um	number	ni'cṹ	ni'kṹ	inheritance	Branch 2, E Tuk		See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	pãâ	pãâ	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	apĩ, apé-	apĩ, apé-	inheritance	Arawak		See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	doʔâti	doʔâti	unique			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	masṍ (fem.), masʉ́~	masṍ (fem.), masɨ́~	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact			missing			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	akô ('water')	akô ('water')	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	sõ' á-	sõ'á-	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	diakhɨ̃́	diakhɨ̃́	inheritance			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	ma'á	ma'á	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	nʉ'kô (hr)	nɨ'kô (hr)	inheritance	Andoke		See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	boa-	boa-	inheritance			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	nukû-pori (hr)	nukû-pori (hr)	unique	cf. Ticuna?		See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental	dĩ-	dĩ-	inheritance			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	jãʔké, bɨá jãʔke	jãʔké, bɨá jãʔke	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	ĩ'yâ	ĩ'jâ	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	ɨsojohá-	ɨsojohá-	inheritance			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	doké	doké	unknown			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	ɨʔmɨáti	ɨʔmɨáti	unknown			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	ako-poró	ako-poró	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental			missing			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	duhi-	duhi-	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	caséro	kaséro	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	ɨ̃ʔmɨ̂se	ɨ̃ʔmɨ̂se	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	cãrĩsé	kãrĩsé	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	cã' rõácã	kã'rõá kã	inheritance			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	o'mé	o'mé	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	wĩhî	wĩhî	inheritance	E Tuk	primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	ɨʔse putí	ɨʔse putí	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	pááwaʔa-	pááwaʔa-	inheritance			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	bipé	bipé	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	pĩʔô	pĩʔô	unknown			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	dũʔkũ-, mií wãʔko	dũʔkũ-, mií wãʔko	inheritance			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	ñocõáwâ	ñokõáwâ	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	jahá	jahá	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	jukɨ́	jukɨ́	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	ʉ̃tá (hr)	ɨ̃tá (hr)	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	uhû	uhû	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	mujĩ́ pũ	muhĩ́ pũ	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	asi tuú u'a	asi tuú uʔa	inheritance?			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	bipiá waʔa, doke dɨpó	bipiá waʔa, doke dɨpó	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	baasé	baasé	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	pĩkṍ-rõ	pĩkṍ-rõ	inheritance			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	sí	sí	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	ɨ̃se bɨtí	ɨ̃se bɨtí	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	ɨ̃se mirí	ɨ̃se mirí	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	tɨʔó jãʔa	tɨʔó jãʔa	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	a'tí, a'té	a'tí, a'té	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	i'tiár'ã	i'tiár'ã	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	wamɨ̂-pee	wamɨ̂-pee	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	kõʔâ	kõʔâ	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	bɨpô	bɨpô	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	diʔo	diʔo	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	ñe'mérõ	ñe'mérõ	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	upíca	upíka	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	mahâmi	mahâmi	inheritance	E Tuk	may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	pʉárã	pɨárã	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	etoá	etoá	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	wa'a	wa'a	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	ocó	okó	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	puû	puû	unique			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	yẽéʔ (hr)	jẽéʔ (hr)	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	deʔró niikã́	deʔró niikã́	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	noʔó	noʔó	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	butisé	butisé	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	noáʔ (hr)	noáʔ (hr)	inheritance	E Tuk, at least Branch 2		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	nɨmó	nɨmó	inheritance	E Tuk, at least Branch 2		See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	wiʔ̃ró	wiʔ̃ró	inheritance	E Tuk		See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	wɨɨró, wɨɨrí dɨpɨ	wɨɨró, wɨɨrí dɨpɨ	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	númíó	númíó	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	daʔrá	daʔrá	inheritance	Branch 2, E Tuk		See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	jaʔâritihi	jaʔâritihi	inheritance	E-W Tuk		See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	sõ' á-	sõ'á-	unknown	shared form in Tuyuca		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)

Copy CSV

Search:

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	mosâ	mosâ, bũsã́		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	buû	buû, bú		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	ɨsó	ɨsó		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	akó-puti-sité-ro [water-blow-scatter-NMZ]	akó-puti-sitéro		inheritance		or calque?	Shared at least between Tuyuca, Tukano, Wanano, who all intermarry				relative clause	water-blow-scatter-NMZ	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	ɨ'sê	ɨ'sê		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	diâ-u'tî'karo ['water-ceremonial.cigar']	pĩ́rṍ (H&R), diâ-u'tî'karo ['water-ceremonial.cigar']		unique			Calqued into Hup? Also pĩ́rṍ (H&R)				phrase	'water-ceremonial.cigar'	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	ãhu-	ãhu-		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	bẽkã́-wɨ̃	bẽkã́-wɨ̃		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	bɨkô	bɨkô		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	pamô	pã́bṍ, pamô		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum	ãrɨ̃́	ãrɨ̃́		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Compare Witoto kaní				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	ũyû	ũjû		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	mipî	mipî		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	ohô	ohô		semantic shift?	Proto-Tukanoan	Chacon 2013: markedness shift from sororoca	Likely family-wide semantic shift from 'bastard plantain' (wild banana look-alike)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	osó (h&r)	osó (h&r)		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		bĩrĩkɨ̃́	bĩrĩkɨ̃́		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	pi'î-kãro	piʔî-kãro		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	jumû	jumû		inheritance	East Tukanoan		Same term also means 'seje palm'				uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	bekoá-wɨ̃, mɨtê-po'ro	bekoá-wɨ̃, mɨtê-po'ro		inheritance	East Tukanoan		Also bõã́rã-wɨ̃				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	wesé-ko'tero	wesé-ko'tero		unique							relative clause	one who waits in the manioc field'	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	wahá ('cuia', 'Crescentia cujete', Ramirez dict)	wahá ('cuia', 'Crescentia cujete', Ramirez dict)		inheritance	East Tukanoan					Broader (also means squash)	uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	sêe-, seuniami (R95)	sêe-		inheritance	East Tukanoan		seuniami (R95)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata				missing							missing		See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	momôro	momôro		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	diâ-wekɨ	diâ-wekɨ		inheritance	East Tukanoan						phrase	river-tapir' (calqued into Hup)	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	ya'mû 'generic (there are other names for several species)	ja'mû 'generic (there are other names for several species)		inheritance			Same as 'yam '			Broader (also means yam)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	sõrâ	sõrâ		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	misî	misî		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	paâtu	paâtu, pátu		loan direction unknown - WW		%patu	Wanderwort; shared Arawak (also various others)	WW	%patu		uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	kasi-	kasi-		inheritance	East Tukanoan, Branch II						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	yesê-bu'ru	jesé-buʔru		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	mipí	mipí		inheritance							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	yutâ bu'sa	jutâ bu'sa		semantic shift	East Tukanoan	original meaning kapok	busa is kapok, so this must refer to kapok cotton			Narrower (kapok cotton)	uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	ãpɨ̂	ãpɨ̂		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	kii-puú-wihiro	kii-puú-wihiro		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana	wapɨ	wapɨ		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	wã'rôpĩ	wã'rôpĩ, wãʔrṍphĩ		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	yamâ	jã́bã́, jamâ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		yamâ	jamâ		inheritance									See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	diâyɨ	diáji, diâjɨ		semantic shift/calque/loan w/in ET?	East Tukanoan	from jaguar + ?					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		diâyɨ	diâjɨ		inheritance									See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	diâ-kata, diâ-koma (there are more species)	diâ-kata, diâ-koma (there are more species)		inheritance	East Tukanoan		Also diâ-koma and other species terms			Narrower (one type)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	keró	keró		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	East Tukanoan, Branch II	%kute					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		wa'î	wa'î		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	ehû	ehû		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	dɨ̃ʔkõẽ́-wɨ̃	dɨ̃ʔkõẽ́-wɨ̃ (h&r)		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	we'é	weʔé		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	diâ-yo'o	diájo, diâ-jo'o		inheritance	East Tukanoan						phrase	river-?	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	tá	tá		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	tɨ̃ɨ̂tɨ̃	tɨ̃ɨ̂tɨ̃		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	bosô	bosô		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	katâ-kaa-õ'aro, wagaró	katâ-kaa-õ'aro, wagaró, katákasõʔrõ (H&R)		inheritance	East Tukanoan		Also wagaró, katákasõʔrõ (H&R)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola	wîho	wîho											See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	kapi	kapí		loan - WW		%kaapi	Wanderwort; e.g. Nadahup, Kakua-Nukak, Guahiban, North Arawak	WW	%kapi		uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	aâ	aâ		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	mumiâwɨ̃, mumîkɨ̃, mumɨ̂ -bɨkɨ	mumiâwɨ̃, mumîkɨ̃, mumɨ̂ -bɨkɨ, bũbĩã́-wɨ̃ (H&R)		inheritance	East Tukanoan		Also mumîkɨ̃, mumɨã -bɨkɨ,				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	biâ	biâ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	emô; seunimi (R95)	ẽbṍ, emô		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Doubtful loan into Piaroa (imú). Also seunimi (R95)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	mimî	mimî, bĩ́bĩ́		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Compare Arawak, e.g. Baniwa pími				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	joasṍ (h&r)	joasṍ (h&r)		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.	mene	mene		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Probable loan into Hup				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	yaî	jaî, jáí		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown		Arawak (Chacon reconstructs); cf. TG *jawar	Compare similar Arawak forms				uncoded		See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura	ba'tî	ba'tî		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	bu'sá	bu'sá		inheritance	East Tukanoan, Branch II						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	sãrâ	sãrâ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	bia-põrá, bo'koro-, dɨpó-tĩ'a-, duhûsa, jamîkã	bia-põrá, bo'koro-, dɨpó-tĩ'a-, duhûsa, jamîkã		inheritance		cf. Wanano	Also bo'koro-, dɨpó-tĩ'a-, duhûsa, jamîkã			Narrower (no generic)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	mahâ	mahâ, bãhã́		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan	Guahiban	Proto-Guahiban; e.g. Macaguan máha				uncoded		See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	ohôka	ohôka		semantic shift (in protolg?)	East Tukanoan	from banana; cf. Hup, Bora					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	iki	iki		inheritance	East Tukanoan, Branch II						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kií (generic)	kí, kií (generic)		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Compare Arawak forms w/ ka			Broader (generic manioc)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kií	kií		missing	Proto-Tukanoan		Possible semantic shift?			Broader (generic manioc)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	ne'ê	ne'ê		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	bɨ̃tẽ́ã-wɨ̃	bɨ̃tẽ́ã-wɨ̃		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	bi'î	bi'î, biʔí (H&R)		inheritance	East Tukanoan					Broader (rat and mouse)	uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	[no generic], eheka' [type]	[no generic], eheka' [type]		unknown						Narrower (no generic)	uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	diátibĩ	diátibĩ		inheritance	East Tukanoan		Means both giant otter and small otter across various ET languages; not clear which meaning may have been original				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	oá	oá		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	East Tukanoan	Tikuna	Tikuna öwa				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	bɨpɨ̂-pako	bɨpɨ̂-pako		doubtful loan into protolg - WW? onomatopoeic?	East Tukanoan	%pupu					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	semê	sẽbé̃, semê		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	muhî	muhî		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Same morpheme found in 'sun/moon'; probable cognate in Orejon				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	wekó	wekó		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	watá	watá		unknown							uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	~ɨde	~ɨde	pupunha palm	inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		Chacon 2014: Appendix A	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	sẽrá	sẽrá		inheritance	East Tukanoan	possibly from TG nana?					uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	bɨ'ɨ̂	bɨ'ɨ̂, bɨʔɨ́		inheritance	East Tukanoan, Branch II						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	wa'tô	wa'tô		doubtful loan (into protolg?)	East Tukanoan	Carib, cf. Wai Wai waaro, also Yukuna walo					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	yãpî	jãpî		inheritance	East Tukanoan					Broader (potato)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	yãpî	jãpî		inheritance	East Tukanoan					Broader (also means cara)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.				missing							missing		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	kutîpa	kutîpa		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	yumû	jumû		inheritance	East Tukanoan		Same term also means 'black palm'				uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	wɨ̃rɨ̂	wɨ̃rɨ̂		inheritance	East Tukanoan, Branch II						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	sɨ̃'ɨ̃	sɨ̃'ɨ̃		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		pĩrô	ã́jã́, pĩrô		inheritance			In other ET languages, this means boa/anaconda. Also ã́jã́ (cognate with other Tuk)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	ãyâ	sõʔkṍ seʔero, ãjâ		inheritance			Also sõʔkṍ seʔero				uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	oreró	oreró		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	bɨpɨ̂	bɨpɨ̂		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.	wahá-ro	wahá-ro		missing	East Tukanoan					Broader (also means bottle-gourd)	uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	dɨ'tɨ̂	dɨ'tɨ̂		unique							uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	ãyâ	ãjâ		semantic shift	East Tukanoan, Branch II	from poisonous snake					uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	kapô	kapô, jãʔbṹ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	wekɨ̂	wekɨ̂		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	butu-	butu-, butuá-wɨ̃		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	tẽhẽ	tẽhẽ		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	doê	doê		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae				missing							missing		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	taárokɨ	taárokɨ, taʔrókɨ		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	mɨ'rô	mɨ'rô, bɨ̃ʔrṍ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	ûhuri	ûhuri		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		Not entirely certain; other forms are uu or guu/kuu				uncoded		See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	dasê	dasê		doubtful loan into protolanguage	Proto-Tukanoan	North Arawak	See e.g. Mandawaka da:se, Baniwa dzatte				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		yucà	jukà, jukɨ́-gɨ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	akê-yĩi-; akenisame (R95)	aké, akê-jĩi-		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan		akenisame (R95)				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	pupiâ	pupiâ		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	yukâ	jukâ		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	uti-	uti-		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	masa-aké; seupeupunimi (R95)	masa-aké		unique			seupeupunimi (R95)				phrase	people-capuchin' (?)	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus	u'kuâ-	waʔú, u'kuâ-		inheritance			Also waʔú				uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	yesê-sɨtigí	jesé siti-gɨ́		inheritance	East Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	kõré	kõré		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan						uncoded		See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

Copy CSV

Search:

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	bɨe-khɨ́, ãrɨ̃́ (h&r)	bɨe-khɨ́, ãrɨ̃́ (h&r)		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan				Also: ãrɨ̃́	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	komé	komé		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan							especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	ãhú	ãhú		unknown						Simplex		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	siíõ'a	siíõ'a		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	baá			Unknown						Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	baá	baá		inheritance									See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material				missing									See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	yãkê	jãkê		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material	kãri-pesáro	kãri-pesáro		unknown		calque?				Phrase			See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	kumu	kumu		loan - WW		%kumu	WW	%kumu	Signal drum: Bora, Muinane, Resigaro, Yucuna, (Paez?); bench: ET: Macuna, Tukano, Tanimuca, Bará, Waimaja (also means 'benzador' in some of these lgs; definitely related to 'canoe', may derive from tree sp.?); canoe: ET: Bará, Carapana, Macuna, Yuruti, Si	Simplex			See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	bupu-wɨ́ (h&r) ['paxiuba']	bupu-wɨ́ (h&r) ['paxiuba']		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan				May derive from Iriartella palm, also possibly related to 'blow'	Derived	bupu, “juputi”; -wi derivational affix	currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	garáfa	garáfa		missing									See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing								if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	biɨê'ka tẽhe	biɨêʔka tẽhe		inheritance					from bui 'shoot'?	Other complex	biɨê'ka, unclear; tẽhe “arc-shaped”	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	o'arí boka	o'arí boka		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan				Prob. from 'sweep'	Phrase	unclear, boka is “to throw out”		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	yukɨ̂sɨ	jukɨ-̂sɨ		inheritance?		sem shift?			Derived from 'tree', but similar forms in Piratapuyo and Tuyuca - calquing, inheritance, or parallel innovation?	Derived	jukɨ, “wood”		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	pisána	pisána		loan - WW		%pisana	WW	%pisana	probably originally from Port bicho 'small animal'; compare E. Tukano, (e.g. Desano pisana); Arawak (e.g. Tariana pisána); Carib (Makushi pisana; Pemon pitʃana); Kakua pitʃina. But note Quechua 'broom' pitʃana	Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kãrêkẽ'	kãɾêkẽʔ		loan - WW		%karaka	WW	%karaka	Probably Arawak origin (see Nordenskiold 1922). Tukanoan, e.g. Wanano karaka; Arawak, e.g. Baniwa kaláka; Yanomamo, Nadeb; Macaguan takra, Sikuani wakara	Simplex	separate terms for male and female chickens		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	sɨ'ôri niig´ɨ, wiogɨ (HR)	siʔôɾi niig´ɨ, wiogɨ (HR)		unique					From verb 'lead'. Also: wiogɨ				See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	su'tí	su'tí		inheritance									See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
coca			narcotics	paâtu			Doubtful loan		Local	WW	%patu	Nheengatu ipadu; Arawak (e.g. Tariana hipatú); Carijona ihatu; E. Tukano (e.g. Bará 'pátu); Daw	Simplex			See Language page
cook food			food	doʔá			inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan				Also: daʔrâ baʔari tũku	Simplex			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology	boraró	boraró		unknown					Also found Wanano			malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	basâ			inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool				missing								hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	õ'akɨ̃hɨ	õ'akɨ̃hɨ		calque, direction unknown		North Arawak? 'Bone-Son'				Compound	õ'a-kɨ̃hɨ 'Bone-?'	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing									See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	kẽ'ê (v.)	kẽʔê (v.)	dream (v.)	unknown									See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	toʔátɨ	toʔátɨ		loan - WW		%toto (onomatopoeic?)							See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing								Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	wẽrîro	wẽrîro		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan				Compare similar terms in Carib			esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	bu'sâ	bu'sâ		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	sã'rî-ro	sã'rî-ro		inheritance		shared Tuyuka				Simplex		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	peêru	peêru		loan (into protolanguage?) - WW		%pajaru						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology	bará	bará		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing									See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	pekâ	pekâ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	po'o	poʔo		inheritance						Simplex			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	wehé	wehé		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	ehû			inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	dîi daa, weherí daa (HR 97)	dîi daa, weheɾí daa (HR 97)		unique					Also: weheri daa	Compound	dii 'meat, fat'??; daa 'string, line'		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	ãhû	ãhû		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	po'ká	poʔká		inheritance/sem shift	Proto-East Tukanoan	from 'powder'				Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	buuaeɨˊ, mawáku, yamâ-dɨpoa	buuaeɨˊ, mawáku, jamâ-dɨpoa	type of flute	unknown						Simplex		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	wa'îkɨ	waʔîkɨ		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan				Does not include fish, but contains wa'i 'fish'.	Other complex	Contains wa'i 'fish'	Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology	weʔé			inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	wẽrî'kɨ wãti	wẽrî'kɨ wãti		inheritance									See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	wahá	wahá		inheritance						Simplex			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	sõkôro	sõkôro		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan					Simplex		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	masâ pee	masâ pe:		Calque					common among Vaupes languages, different forms in ET	Compound	person hole		See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	kasâ-wa	kasâ-wa		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan, Eastern branch				Similar form in Wanano; see also Kakua kâyaʔ	Simplex			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	ata	ata		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan					Simplex		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	peka-wɨ	peka-wɨ		calque		from 'fire'			from wood/fire; possible calque - common complex form among Vaupes languages				See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	pũûgɨ	pũûgɨ		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	sapéa (HR 97)	sapéa (HR 97)		loan		Port chapeu			Possibly via Arawak; Baniwa tsapéwa; Pemon sapewa	Simplex			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				inheritance								Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics	peêru yukɨ̂sɨ, peêruwɨ	peêru jukɨ̂sɨ, peêruwɨ		Calque		Local			Also: peêruwɨ	Compound	peêru, “caxiri,” jukɨ̂sɨ, “canoe”		See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	mumî	mumî		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan							only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	wi'í	wi'í		inheritance		E-W Tuk							See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	desû, nɨrɨˊ	desû, nɨrɨʔ		unknown					Also: nɨrɨˊ	Simplex			See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	di'pĩhí	diʔpĩhí		inheritance		shared Piratapuyo			Likely inherited with loss of first syllable	Simplex			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	wasôro (HR 97)	wasôɾo (HR 97)		unknown						Simplex			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material				missing									See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	dikekɨhɨˊ	dikekɨhɨʔ		inheritance?		cf. Arawak, other toka terms			Based on verb 'pound' or noun 'log'; similar form in Tuyuka		can also use “pamôga dikekɨhɨˊ”		See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	waha-pĩhi	waha-pĩhi		inheritance									See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology													See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	wẽôpa'a, wãrí pa'ma, karísu; weherí wãso (HR 97)	wẽôpa'a, wãrí pa'ma, karísu, weheɾí wãso (HR 97)		unknown					Also in Tukano and in regional Port; not clear whether a loan or native Tukanoan. Also: wãrí pa'ma, wẽôpa'a	Compound	weherí, “fish,” wãso, some sort of shape classifier?		See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation	papéra	papéɾa		loan		Span/Port 'papel'	WW	%papera	Spanish/Portuguese > Nheengatu > others? Ninam liplo (metathesis); Arawak (e.g. Yucuna papera); Macaguan papéna; Tukanoan (Cubeo papela, Wanano papera pû, Tukano papéra); Nheengatu papera; Yanomam, papʰeo	Simplex			See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	pamôga dikekɨhɨˊ	pamôga dikekɨhɨʔ		unique						Compound	dikekɨhɨʔ, “mortar”		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing									See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing									See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	bapá, paa	bapá, paa		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan, Eastern branch 2				Also: paa	Simplex			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing									See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	kiipútɨ, kometɨˊ	kiipútɨ, kometɨˊ		inheritance		cf. Siriano			Also: kometɨˊ				See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	kitió	kitió, jãsã́ (h&r)		unique; inheritance					Also: jãsã́	Simplex			See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	opê	opê		inheritance						Simplex			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	(dɨʔterí) daa, pṹ-dɨ̃bõ da	(dɨʔterí) daa, pṹ-dɨ̃bõ da		inheritance		Branch 2, E Tuk							See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	moâ' (HR 97)	moâʔ (HR 97)		inheritance/sem shift?					original meaning 'salt plant'	Simplex			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation	bu'eri wi'i	bu'eri wi'i		missing									See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	jáí	jáí	shaman	semantic shift		from 'jaguar'			Also means 'jaguar' b/c of belief that shamans turn into jaguars	Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress				missing									See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material				missing									See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	surára	suɾáɾa		loan - WW		%surara	WW	%surara	Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu	Simplex			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology	basâmo (HR 97)	basâmo (HR 97)		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan					Derived	bâsa, “to sing”		See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	jõsẽ-rĩ́ phĩ́	jõsẽ-rĩ́ phĩ́		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan				Or maybe family-internal loan				See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing									See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	wetá	wetá		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing									See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation	ãrɨ̂ 'cane'	ãrɨ̂ 'cane'		missing									See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	yumúka	jumúka		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan				Doubtful: found in 3 intermarrying ET languages and Tariana; loan Tuk > Tariana?	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing									See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	muhî	muhî		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan					Simplex			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	wãtî-kẽ'e	wãtî-kẽʔe		inheritance	Proto-East Tukanoan				Doubtful, only attested Desano and Tukano (contact)		looks like it should be compound, but the parts aren't identifiable	word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	bɨ̃ʔrṍ			inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan				Also: mɨ'rô	Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing								use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool	yamâ ['deer']	jamâ ['deer']		Calque, direction unknown		North Arawak			deer=tripod occurs in all regional ET and where attested in Arawak lgs	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	nimá	nimá		inheritance	Proto-Tukanoan	cf. %namo				Simplex		hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	mumi ɨ̂'ta (HR 97)	mumi ɨ̂ʔta (HR 97)		unique						Compound	bee excrement'		See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	tõhôpaha	tõhôpaha		unknown								agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology				missing								a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

Copy CSV

Search:

Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	General Notes
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	yes	NN compounding common and productive, but it's not clear if some compounds are free N + free N or free N + bound N/Classifier	Ramirez 1997	from various sections
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	no		Ramirez 1997: 95-96; 116
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	yes	serialized verb compounds; certain verbs must be part of a serialized verb compound (pp. 95-96)	Ramirez 1997: 95-96
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no		Ramirez 1997	no good evidence for this
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	yes	auxiliary used with verb 'to do/make' to indicate aspect (we'e), and to indicate going to do something (wa'a) or coming from doing something (eja)	West and Welch 2004: 36-37; Ramirez 1997: 112
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no		Ramirez 1997: 151	West and Welch analyze these as portmanteau, but Ramirez segments them. Tense/aspect and person/gender/animacy/number seem to be only two cases where categories are combined
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence of this
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes	tense, aspect, person/number/gender/animacy, evidentials, directionals, negation, and others	West and Welch 2004	inferred from examples
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997: 107	inferred from examples
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997: 107	inferred from examples
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997: 107	inferred from examples
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	no info		West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	no info		West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence of this
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence of this
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no		Ramirez 1997	evidence from examples throughout text
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	2+	locative -ro, referential (oblique) -re	Ramirez 1997: 204
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	yes		Ramirez 1997: 204
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes		Ramirez 1997	based on examples
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Ramirez 1997: various pages/examples
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Ramirez 1997: various pages/examples
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Ramirez 1997: various pages/examples
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Ramirez 1997: various pages/examples
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Ramirez 1997: various pages/examples
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	yes	classifier/dependent noun -me'ra	Ramirez 1997: 249
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no	there is a specific marker -ta used for emphasis, however (this very one, etc.)	Ramirez 1997: 222-223	no evidence for this
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no	no definite marker	Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no	not distinct from interrogative words	Ramirez 1997: 328-330
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	yes		West and Welch 2004: 19-20
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		West and Welch 2004: 25-26	inferred from examples
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	2		West and Welch 2004: 98-99
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		yes	visibility, time (if thing in question was in past)	West and Welch 2004: 98-99
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	yes	3: masc. animate, fem. Animate, inanimate	West and Welch 2004: various pages (37 in particular)
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	yes	3: masc. animate, fem. Animate, inanimate	West and Welch 2004: various pages (37 in particular)
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes	various based on form, function, other; "dependent noun" classifiers are a large (350+) open class.	West and Welch 2004: 85; Ramirez 1997: 234-6
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	yes		West and Welch 2004: various pages (37 in particular)
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		West and Welch 2004: various pages (37 in particular)
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes		West and Welch 2004: various pages (37 in particular)
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	yes		West and Welch 2004: 19-20; Ramirez 1997: 123
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		no		West and Welch 2004: 85
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes		West and Welch 2004: 85
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	yes	all inanimate count nouns can be used as "dependent noun" type classifiers	Ramirez 1997:237
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	no	classifier suffixes are commonly used with numerals, however	Ramirez 1997: 333
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	yes	especially with classifier suffix -sehé	Ramirez 1997: 282
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	yes	can be used with any animal that typically lives in groups. Plural number can also be marked on these nouns. Mass nouns can take partitive suffix -ro.	West and Welch 2004: 78; Ramirez 1997: 206, 210
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes		West and Welch 2004: 78; Ramirez 1997: 93, 204
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		West and Welch 2004: 78; Ramirez 1997: 93
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		West and Welch 2004: 78; Ramirez 1997: 93
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		West and Welch 2004: 78; Ramirez 1997: 93
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no		West and Welch 2004: 82-84
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Ramirez 1997: 322
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		West and Welch 2004: 64
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes		West and Welch 2004: 64
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		West and Welch 2004: 64
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		West and Welch 2004: 64
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	5 = one hand	Huber and Reed	based on comparing forms to other words listed in Huber and Reed Swadesh list
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no	numerals go up to 20	West and Welch 2004: 64
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no	numerals go up to 20	West and Welch 2004: 64
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence for this
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence for this
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes		West and Welch 2004: 19-20
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		West and Welch 2004: 19-20
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		West and Welch 2004: 19-20; Ramirez 1997: 123
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		West and Welch 2004: 19-20
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	yes	reflexive pronoun basi/basu	Ramirez 1997: 250
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes	Adjectives appear to be underived, but this is not stated outright	West and Welch 2004: 62-63
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	yes	animacy and number at least	West and Welch 2004: 62-63
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	yes	suffix -se derives N from V, plus many other forms for deriving different genders/animacies with reference to time (current, past or future)	West and Welch 2004: 69; Ramirez 1997: 114, 277-8
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes	suffix -se derives N from V	West and Welch 2004: 69; Ramirez 1997: 114
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	yes	suffix -se derives N from V	West and Welch 2004: 69; Ramirez 1997: 114
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	yes	suffix: -ti; usually means "to have N"	Ramirez 1997: 353
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	yes	coordination marked by juxtiposing nouns with rising intonation on each member, comitative (=instrumental) -me'ra	Ramirez 1997: 116, 250
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes	proclitic =yaá on head	Ramirez 1997: 324
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no	but sometimes clitic =yaá= connects dependent to head	Ramirez 1997: 324
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no		Ramirez 1997: 324
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes		Ramirez 1997: 324
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no		Ramirez 1997	there is no evidence for special forms for possession
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	yes	examples are all with pronominal possessors, marked with "referential" (to, of, toward, etc) suffix -re; this strategy can presumably also be used with some alienable relationships, but Ramirez only says that it is used as a marker of possession "especial	Ramirez 1997: 227-228
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	yes	clitic yaá=	Ramirez 1997: 324
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	no info
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes		Ramirez 1997: 227-228	as evidenced by examples
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes		Ramirez 1997: 227-228	as evidenced by examples
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	yes		West and Welch 2004: 4	pre-nasalized stops (voiced and voiceless) after nasal vowel
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence for this
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence for this
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence for this
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence for this
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence for this
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes		West and Welch 2004	glottal stop permitted as coda (Ramirez 1997: 39), Waterhouse, Viola G., editor. 1967. Phonemic systems of Colombian languages. -- reports CVC as syllable type
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence for this
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	3		Ramirez 1997: 68	these appear to be underlying tones, not surface tones
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence for this
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	yes		Ramirez 1997: 57	nasalization is a property of the morpheme. It's either all nasal or all oral.
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	yes		Ramirez 1997: 58, 61	Nasalization can spread from nasal lexical morpheme to its oral suffixes. A nasal suffix can also contaminate an oral vowel preceding it, but it will not change the entire word or morpheme nasal
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no		West and Welch 2004, Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this, except for nasal harmony/spreading
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no	nominative-accusative with neither full NP marked. Verbal agreement marks S of intrans and A of trans	Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no	nominative-accusative with neither full NP marked. Verbal agreement marks S of intrans and A of trans	Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no		Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		yes	often marked with 'referential' suffix	Ramirez 1997: from examples (like the one on p 313)
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Ramirez 1997: from examples (like the one on p 313)
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Ramirez 1997
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Ramirez 1997
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Ramirez 1997
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	yes		Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		no		Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	yes	not a single dedicated suffix, but uses a combination of suffixes: gender/number-ti-'	Ramirez 1997: 167
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	no		Ramirez 1997: 143
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	yes		Ramirez 1997: 143
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Ramirez 1997: 143
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no	intonation is used, but in addition to -ti marking	Ramirez 1997: 143
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	yes	subject pronoun and verb are inverted	West and Welch 2004: 22
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	no		Ramirez 1997: 151
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	yes	suffix	Ramirez 1997: 151
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes		West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151-154
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	yes	negation can be encoded with a negative aux verb	West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151-153
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		yes		West and Welch 2004: 14
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	yes		West and Welch 2004: 17
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no	each of clauses with switch reference appears to have the same amount of verbal morphology	Ramirez 1997: 256-8
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	yes		Ramirez 1997: 115, 256-8
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no info		West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes		Ramirez 1997	examples from 4.5
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no		Ramirez 1997	examples from 4.5
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	no	copula: verb "to be, to say" obligatory [dĩî]	Ramirez 1997: 116
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	yes		Ramirez 1997: 279
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no	it's hard to tell which strategy is dominant, but it doesn't appear that this strategy is clearly more used than RCs with heads	Ramirez 1997: 279-285
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	yes	This is somewhat unclear since there are few examples of relative constructions and there are many repeater classifiers	Ramirez 1997: 279-285
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		yes		Ramirez 1997: 279-285	from examples
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	yes		Ramirez 1997: 279-285
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes		West and Welch 2004: 22; Ramirez 1997
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	no		West and Welch 2004: 10; Ramirez 1997
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes	often as a part of a portmanteau suffix	West and Welch 2004: 10, 22; Ramirez 1997
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		West and Welch 2004: 10, 22; Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		West and Welch 2004: 10; Ramirez 1997: 108, 120, 123
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes		West and Welch 2004: 10; Ramirez 1997: 108, 120, 123
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	no		West and Welch 2004: 10; Ramirez 1997: 108, 120, 123
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no	marked as part of tense/evidential/person marking system	West and Welch 2004: 10-11; Ramirez 1997: 120
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	yes	objects not marked	West and Welch 2004: 10-11; Ramirez 1997: 108, 120
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	no	possession is Pn N, not bound	West and Welch 2004: 28
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	yes		West and Welch 2004: 10; Ramirez 1997: 108, 120, 123
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	yes	recipient/beneficiary marked with "referential" -de	Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no		Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Ramirez 1997: 108
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no info		Ramirez 1997
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no	reflexive pronoun basi/basu or use of middle voice	Ramirez 1997: 250, 350
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	no info		Ramirez 1997	if distinct reciprocal marking does exist, it may not be morphological
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes	bound verb no'o	Ramirez 1997: 186-7
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	yes	middle voice verbal suffix -ti	Ramirez 1997: 350
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	yes	suffix: -bosa/basa	Ramirez 1997: 184-5
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	yes	suffix/ bound verb -duti "to send/order" someone to do something	Ramirez 1997: 184-5
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Ramirez 1997: 271
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes	suffix -o is most basic strategy, suffix: -kã́ is the same form as switch reference morpheme	Ramirez 1997: 271, 349
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Ramirez 1997: 271
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no		Ramirez 1997: 271
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	yes	applicative suffix/dependent verb -duti "to send/order someone to do something"	Ramirez 1997: 184-5
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes		West and Welch 2004: 12-13, 50
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	yes	at least 2: recent (minutes ago to 3 days ago) and distant (more than 3 days ago)	West and Welch 2004: 12-13, 50
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no	future tense markers have various aspectual and other distinctions, but not distance in time	West and Welch 2004: 111-115; Ramirez 1997: 166-168
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		no	future is expressed with blend of three suffixes marking person/number and non-present non-visual modal	Ramirez 1997: 166-168
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		West and Welch 2004: 10-11; Ramirez 1997: 151
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		West and Welch 2004: 10-11; Ramirez 1997: 151
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		West and Welch 2004: 10-11; Ramirez 1997: 151
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		West and Welch 2004: 10-11; Ramirez 1997: 151
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	yes		West and Welch 2004: 118-119; Ramirez 1997: 151, 160-162
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	yes	unmarked	Ramirez 1997: 120, 150
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	yes		Ramirez 1997: 120, 150
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	yes		Ramirez 1997: 120, 150
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	yes		Ramirez 1997: 120, 150
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Ramirez	no evidence for this
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no		Ramirez 1997: 120
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes		West and Welch 2004: 51-52; Ramirez 1997: 120
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	yes		West and Welch 2004: 51-52; Ramirez 1997: 120
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no		West and Welch 2004: 51-52; Ramirez 1997: 120
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no		West and Welch 2004: 51-52; Ramirez 1997: 120
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	yes	various forms, indirect used to report somone else's command	West and Welch 2004: 16, 120; Ramirez 1997: 145
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		West and Welch 2004	no evidence of this
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	yes		Ramirez 1997: 145, 151
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	yes		Ramirez 1997: 145, 147
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this as distinct from epistemic
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this as distinct from epistemic
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this as distinct from epistemic
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	yes	above all expresses uncertainty	West and Welch 2004: 25: Ramirez 1997: 159
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no	above all expresses uncertainty	West and Welch 2004: 25: Ramirez 1997: 159
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		no	above all expresses uncertainty	West and Welch 2004: 25: Ramirez 1997: 159
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	yes	unexpected action	Ramirez 1997: 155
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes		Ramirez 1997: 156-157
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes	habitual, durative, repeated	Ramirez 1997: 157
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	yes	used to express that one should prevent something from happening by taking care	Ramirez 1997: 145-146
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no		Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no info		Ramirez 1997
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no		West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997	no evidence for this
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		West and Welch 2004: 10-11, entire text	no evidence for this for any verbs
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		no		Ramirez 1997: 109, 367-9
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997: 109, 367-9	inferred from examples
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997: 109, 367-9	inferred from examples
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	no		West and Welch 2004; Ramirez 1997: 109, 367-9	inferred from examples
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Ramirez 1997: 109, 367-9
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		West and Welch 2004: 35
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		West and Welch 2004: 35
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Ramirez 1997: 324
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	no		Ramirez 1997: 324
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	no		West and Welch 2004: 62-63
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	yes		West and Welch 2004: 62-63
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		West and Welch 2004: 99
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		West and Welch 2004: 99
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		West and Welch 2004: 66
Word Order	Noun-Num		no		West and Welch 2004: 66
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	no		Ramirez 1997: 279-285	most common order; from examples
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	yes		Ramirez 1997: 279-285	most common order; from examples
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no		Ramirez 1997: 279-285	most common order; from examples
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Ramirez 1997: 279-285	most common order; from examples
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Ramirez 1997: 328-331

Showing 1 to 226 of 226 entries

Ethnographic Information

Copy CSV

Search:

Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
2000	medium	AG	medium	sedentary	Riverine	Linguistic exogamy	used as lingua franca

Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries