Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Achagua | no info | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
Aché | no info | |||||
Adnyamathanha | ||||||
Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:269-72 | ||||
Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
Andoke | no info | |||||
Apurinã | yes | seems to be limited to a certain set of nouns, but no information on the size of that set; classificatory nouns are incorporated in an anaphoric way | Facundes, 2000: 298 | |||
Arabana | no info | x | ||||
Arrernte | No | 113 | 0 | |||
Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Mihas 2010:96 | ||||
Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
Bandjalang | yes | 84 | 1 | |||
Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.25 | Barasano has only one verb with an incorporated object that does not occur with marked objects and is considered to be instransitive. | |||
Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
Bare | no info | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
Batyala | no info | x | ||||
Baure | yes | Incorporation of nouns into verbs is present, however, it is unclear if this process yields an intransitivized verb | Danielsen 2007: p98-100 | |||
Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
Biri | no | 0 | ||||
Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:62-65 | ||||
Bularnu | yes | 63 | 1 | |||
Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
Cabecar | no info | |||||
Cahuilla | ||||||
Central Aymara | no info | |||||
Chemehuevi | ||||||
Comanche | ||||||
Cubeo | yes | The direct object of a verb may be incorporated into the verb. (the incorporated noun appears in generic form) | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 70-72; Chacón 2012:202 | While the incorporated noun does not carry any inflectional affixes, it may bear a derivational affix such as a classifier. | ||
Cupeño | ||||||
Damana | yes | |||||
Darkinyung | no | 38 | 0 | |||
Desano | no | Nouns are considered to be incorporated when they form one stress group with the verb and when nothing comes between the noun and the verb. | Miller 1999, p. 108 | The change in meaning and the fact that this process is no longer productive indicates that noun incorporation has been lexicalized in Desano. | ||
Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
Dharuk | ||||||
Diyari | no | 161 | 0 | |||
Djabugay | ||||||
Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
Djinang | No | 169 | 0 | |||
Duungidjawu | no | 85-88 | 0 | |||
Dyirbal | No | 246 | 0 | |||
Dâw | no | Some noun classification but generally appears to be minimally productive | Martins 2004:182 | |||
Eñepa | no | There is object incorporation into the verb in Panare but the resulting verb remains transitive, it does not become intransitive | Thomas Payne 1995:299, 2012:330 | |||
Gabrielino | ||||||
Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
Githabul | No | 22 | 0 | |||
Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:99-145 | ||||
Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
Gumbaynggirr | no | 319 | 0 | |||
Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
Gunya | No | 329 | 0 | |||
Gupapuyngu | ||||||
Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 105 | 0 | |||
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 89-91 | 0 | |||
Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
Ika | no | However, it seems that some nouns have been incorporated into verbs of "putting" (Frank 1989:24-25 | Frank 1985:60-104 | |||
Ingá | no | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | ||||
Jaru | no | 221 | 0 | |||
Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
Kaingang | no | not likely since verb does not have many morphemes | Silva 2011 | |||
Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
Kalkatungu | no info | x | ||||
Karajarri | No | 114 | 0 | |||
Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:223-95 | ||||
Katthang | no | 73 | 0 | |||
Kaurna | No | 14 | 0 | |||
Kawaiisu | ||||||
Kinikinau | no info | |||||
Kitanemuk | ||||||
Kogi | no info | |||||
Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
Kokatha | No | 40 | 0 | |||
Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.79-80 | verbalizer on noun creates a verb | |||
Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2007:242 | ||||
Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 405 | 0 | |||
Kuku Yalanji | no | 100 | 0 | |||
Kunjen | No | 113 | 0 | |||
Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 11 | 0 | |||
Luiseño | ||||||
Macaguan | yes | example: wi-kán, "meat-eat", "eat meat" | Buenaventura - 1993:51 | |||
Maipure | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
Makiritare | no | "While noun incorporation occurs in De'kwana, it does not appear as a currently productive process." | Hall 1988: 323 | |||
Makuna | no info | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43-47 | ||||
Makushi | yes | Carson 1982:105 | ||||
Mapudungun | yes | Salas 1992, p.195-6 | The object is attached right after the verb and then verbal morphology is atached as in a "normal" verb. | |||
Marrgany | No | 314 | 0 | |||
Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
Mathi-Mathi | yes | 99-101 | 1 | |||
Matses | yes | Only for body part nouns. These nouns get reduced when incorporated into the verb | Fleck:342 | |||
Mayi-Yapi | No | 56-60 | 0 | |||
Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.29 | ||||
Mpakwithi | ||||||
Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | quite productive and complex incorporation | Weir 1984:272 | |||
Nanti | yes | Only inalienably-possessed nouns, and, of those, only “part” terms--no nouns for manufactured items (e.g., “bow.”). Happens with verbs, adjectives and numerals. | Michael, 2008. p. 327 | |||
Narungga | No | 73 | 0 | |||
Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
Ngaatjatjara | No | 71 | 0 | |||
Ngarinyeri | No | 42 | 0 | |||
Ngarinyin | ||||||
Ngayawang | No | 15 | 0 | |||
Ngiyambaa | no info | x | ||||
Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011: | ||||
Ninam | no info | I disagree with the way Goodwin-Gomez analyzes some constructions that could actually involve incorporation | ||||
Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:60 | Catío | |||
Northern Paiute | ||||||
Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
Panyjima | no | 153-156 | 0 | |||
Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Not sure if it is very productive | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:146 | |||
Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 262 | The suffixes ma, te and pa derive transitive verbs from nouns and other parts of speech | |||
Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 150-180, 235-268 | ||||
Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 7 | 0 | |||
Pitta-Pitta | No | 201 | 0 | |||
Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p244 | ||||
Páez | no info | |||||
Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:47-57, Perroud 1973:46-62 | ||||
Resígaro | no | The description of verb stems and roots do not contain a slot for a nominal root, although there are light-verb constructions that take a nominal complement. | Allin, 1976: 97, 105-109 | |||
Ritharrngu | No | 60-65 | 0 | |||
Sanumá | yes | doesn't intransitivize. Borgman analyzes this as "Verb Head compounds" (N and V compound). This structure is more or less identical to N incorporation in Yanomami | Borgman 1990: p.207-208 | |||
Serrano | ||||||
Shoshone | ||||||
Sikuani | yes | Can even be used in transitive clauses. | Queixalós 1998:191 | |||
Siona | no info | Wheeler 1987 | ||||
Southern Paiute | ||||||
Southern Ute | ||||||
Surui | no info | |||||
Tanimuca | yes | Sometimes objects and instruments are incorporated into the verb. The incorporated constituent directly precedes the verb root. | Strom 1992, p.100 | The incorporation of the object may can reduce the valence of the verb to make it grammatically instransitive. | ||
Tariana | no | The overview of predicate structure does not describe any incorporation processes. | Aikhenvald 2003: 253-254 | |||
Thanggati | no | 53-63 | 0 | |||
Tharrkari | No | 30 | 0 | |||
Tikuna | yes | Montes 2005:135 | ||||
Timbisha | ||||||
Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | no evidence of this | |||
Uradhi | No | 364 | 0 | |||
Urarina | no info | |||||
Wajarri | No | 91 | 0 | |||
Wakaya | yes | 10.2.3.2 | 1 | |||
Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
Waorani | yes | It is not clear if this process is productive but it is possible in the language | Holman:62-3 | |||
Wapishana | yes | Santos, 2006: 125 | ||||
Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
Warrgamay | No | 45 | 0 | |||
Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
Warumungu | No | 39 | 0 | |||
Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
Wathawurrung | no | 85 | 0 | |||
Waunana | no info | |||||
Wayuu | no | The verb template does not include a slot for incorporated elements. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800-801 | |||
Wemba-Wemba | no | H 48-50 | 0 | |||
Western Mono | ||||||
WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
Wirangu | No | 96 | 0 | |||
Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
Worrorra | no | ms11.4.1 | 0 | |||
Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:413 | ||||
Yalarnnga | no info | 53 | x | |||
Yan-nhangu | ||||||
Yandruwandha | yes | 174 | 1 | |||
Yanesha' | yes | But this is restricted to body-parts and nominal classifiers | Duff-Tripp 1997:171 | |||
Yanomami | yes | doesn't have the effect of intransitivizing | Ramirez 1994: p.221 | various examples of this and other incorporation of nouns throughout book. | ||
Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
Yavitero | no | No discussion of incorporation in chapter on verbs. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-69 | |||
Yawuru | ||||||
Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
Yindjibarndi | yes | 82-83 | 1 | |||
Yindjilindji | yes | 513 | 1 | |||
Yine | yes | Matteson 1965:78 | ||||
Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
Yir Yoront | ||||||
Yorta Yorta | no | 0 | ||||
Yugambeh | ||||||
Yukuna | no | No mention of incorporation processes. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521-524 | |||
Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
Yuwaalaraay | No | 59 | 0 |
Language |
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