Pemon
- Family
- Cariban
- Region
- South America
- ISO 639-3
- aoc
- Location
- 4.97°, -61.40°
- Notes
- Features
-
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
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- Data Sources
- Armellada, R. P. Cesareo. 1948. Gramática y Diccionario de la lengua Pemon (Arekuna, Taurepan, Kamarakoto) (Familia Caribe). Caracas: C. A. Artes Gráficas. Armellada, Cesáreo and M. Gutiérrez Salazar. 1981. Diccionario Pemón. Caracas: Ediciones CORPOVEN. Edwards, Walter F. 1977. Some aspects of the grammar and phonology of Akawaio and Arekuna. In W.F. Edwards (comp.), An introduction to the Akawaio and Arekuna peoples of Guyana. Amerindian Language Project, University of Guiana. Georgetown. Edwards, Walter F. (ed.) 1980. A short grammar and dictionary of the Akawaio and Arekuna languages of Guyana. Georgetown: University of Guyana. Mosonyi, E.E. and Jorge C. Mosonyi. 2000. Manual de lenguas indígenas de Venezuela, I-II. Caracas: Fundación Bigott. Pessoa, Katia Nepomuceno. 2006. Fonologia Taurepang e comparação preliminar da fonologia de línguas do grupo Pemóng (Família Caribe).
Basic Vocabulary (192)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|
English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1pl.excl | nosotros (exclusivo) | nós (exclusivo) | grammar | inna (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| 1pl.incl | nosotros (inclusivo) | nós (inclusivo) | grammar | yuurönokon, yuuröto (M2000) | inheritance | no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted | See Language page | |||||||||
| 1sg | yo | eu | grammar | yuurö (E1980); yuurö (E1980) | yuurö (E1980) | inheritance | For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms | See Language page | ||||||||
| 2pl | ustedes | vocês | grammar | amörönokon (M2000) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | |||||||||
| 2sg | xx | xx | grammar | yure (A1981); a- (reduced form of [amörö]) (E1980); amörö (M2000) | ʎʊrɛ (A1981); a- (reduced form of [amörö]) (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| 3pl | ellos/ellas | eles/elas | grammar | tok (E1980); mi'yamörö (ellos) (M2000) | tɔk (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| 3sg | el/ella | ele/ela | grammar | muere, mesere, michinek (just mean 'esto, esto, aquel' but not he or she) (A1981); mkrörö (E1980); mü'rörö (el) (M2000) | mueɾe, meseɾe, mitʃinek (A1981); mkrörö (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| above | encima, arriba | acima | location | katua (A1981); iiteepoi (E1977) | katua (A1981); itɛpɔi (E1977) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| again | de nuevo, otra vez | de novo | grammar | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| all | todo | todos | other | tukare, t-etaweren (A1981); tu'karö (M2000) | tukaɾe, tetaweɾen (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| and | y | e | grammar | nere, kanan, -re, dare, pa (A1981); nerö (M2000) | neɾe, kanan, ɾe, daɾe, pa (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| ankle | tobillo | tornozelo | body | pɨrakuung (E1980) | pɨrakuŋ (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| armpit | axila, sobaco | axila | body | yewata (A1981) | dʒewata (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| ash | ceniza(s) | cinzas | environment | werunapue (A1981); weruna'pö (M2000) | weɾunapue (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| at | en, a | em, a | location | piak (A1981) | piak (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| back | espalda | costas | body | yeda, mpakunta, mpai (A1981); inkai (M2000) | dʒeda, mpakunta, mpai (A1981); iŋ'kai (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| bad | mal | mal | quality | auwakrö (E1980) | aʊwaʔrö (E1980) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| bark | corteza | casca | environment | yeei piikpö (E1980); ipi'pö (M2000) | ʎeɪ piʔpö (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| belly | barriga | barriga | body | ven (A1981); eewang (E1980); ewanto (M2000) | ven (A1981); ewaŋ (E1980); eβan'to (M2000) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| below | abajo, debajo | abaixo | location | non bo (A1981); yoknoo (E1977) | non bo, (A1981); ʎɔʔnɔ (E1977) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| big | grande | grande | quality | tanno (A1981); tanno (M2000) | tano (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| bite | morder | morder | body | eka, kurunka, pitika (A1981); e'ka (M2000) | eka, kuɾunka, pitika (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| black | negro | preto | colour | iikkɨrɨng, rɨi (E1980); itarikutun (M2000) | iʔkɨrɨŋ, rɨɪ (E1980) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| blood | sangre | sangue | body | yeei piikpö (E1980); mün (M2000) | muen; mɨŋ (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| blow | soplar | soprar | body | puma, taremba, muima (A1981); ipuma (M2000) | puma, taɾemba, muima (A1981) | inheritance | puma cognate Macushi | See Language page | ||||||||
| boil/pimple | espinilla, granos | espinha, borbulha | body | ite (A1981) | ite (A1981) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| bone | hueso | osso | body | yeei piikpö (E1980); ite'pö (M2000) | dʒepue; ɛʔpö (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| breast | pecho, seno | peito | body | manak (A1981); puete | manak (A1981); puet | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| breathe | respirar | respirar | body | yarewik ewo-nepui (A1981); darewü'to (M2000) | dʒaɾewik ewonepui (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| burn | quemar | queimar | environment | kika, ya-nepui, akoro (A1981); iki'ka (M2000) | kika, dʒanepui, akoɾo (A1981) | unique; inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| chew | masticar, mascar | mastigar | body | apo, chakauchakauma (A1981) | apo, tʃakautʃakauma (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| child | niño, niña | criança | human | mɨree (E1980); müre (M2000) | mɨre (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| climb | subir | subir | motion | enku, emaika / yuma (A1981) | enku, emaika / dʒuma (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| cloud | nube | nuvem | environment | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| cold | frío | frio | quality | komi, koko (A1981); komiikkeenak (E1980); komik (M2000) | komi, koko (A1981); kɔmiʔkenak (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| come | venir | vir | motion | yepui (A1981); ye'nö (M2000) | dʒepui (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| cook | cocinar | cozinhar | impact | tuma rintetok (A1981) | tuma ɾintetok (A1981) | inheritance | cognate Macushi | See Language page | ||||||||
| correct/true | verdad, de veras | verdade | quality | dairen (A1981); suraipan (M2000) | daiɾen (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| count | contar | contar | mental | kupui (A1981); ikupü (M2000) | kupui (A1981) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| cry | llorar | chorar | mental | karauk, karaun (A1981) | kaɾauk, kaɾaun (A1981) | inheritance | cognate Macushi | See Language page | ||||||||
| cut/hack | cortar | cortar | impact | aketi, kitiuma, charamo, ewanka (A1981); akütü (M2000) | aketi, kitiuma, tʃaɾamo, ewanka, (A1981) | inheritance; unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| day | día | dia | time | wei (also means sol, espacio solar, and verano) (A1981); weeinai (E1980); wei (M2000) | wei (A1981); weɪnaɪ (E1980) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| die/be dead | morir | morrer | state | e-tika (A1981); eri'nö (M2000) | etika (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| dig | cavar | cavar | impact | aka, putuma (A1981); nonnaka (M2000) | aka, putuma (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| dingo/wolf | fauna | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| dirty | sucio | sujo | quality | aware, narik, piron saru, ekepasak, apimuman, tavapan (A1981); ye'ko'pasak (M2000) | awaɾe, naɾik, piɾon saɾu, ekepasak, apimuman, tavapan (A1981) | unique; inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| dream | soñar | sonhar | mental | wenepueti, wenepue ena (A1981) | wenepueti, wenepue ena (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| drink | beber, tomar | beber | body | eenɨ (E1980); enü (M2000) | enɨ (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| dry | seco | seco | quality | akmuung (A1981); akunnu (M2000) | akmuŋ (A1981) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| dull/blunt | sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo | maçante, desamolado, não afiado | quality | puntukuipan, kiriupan, puntukuyu, poti puen, potaka (A1981); puntuku'yu (M2000) | puntukuipan, kiɾiupan, puntukudʒu, poti puen, potaka (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| dust | polvo | poeira | environment | kutu, kutukutupan (A1981); kutu'pan (M2000) | kutu, kutukutupan (A1981) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| ear | oreja | orelha | body | pana (A1981) | pana (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| earth/soil | tierra | terra | environment | non (M2000) | noŋ (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| eat | comer | comer | body | entaknang (E1980); enta'nan (M2000) | ɛntaʔnaŋ (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| egg | huevo | ovo | fauna | pumoi (A1981); iikmoi (E1980); pumoi (M2000) | pumoi (A1981); iʔmɔɪ (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| eye | ojo | olho | body | enu (A1981); itenu (M2000) | enu (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| faeces | heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol | fezes | body | watö (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | ||||||||||
| fall | caer | cair | motion | ena, esuruka, etiririnka, ataremo (A1981); enan (M2000) | ena, esuɾuka, etiɾiɾinka, ataɾemo (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| far | lejos | longe | quality | amincha, mincha (A1981); miingcha (E1977); amincha (M2000) | amintʃa, mintʃa (a1981); miŋtʃa (E1977) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| fat/grease | grasa | gordura | body | kasek, porin (A1981); ikasek (M2000) | kasek, poɾin (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| father | padre, papá | pai | kinship | yun, potori (A1981); yeepootoori (E1980); yun (M2000) | dʒun, potoɾi (A1981); ʎepotorɪ (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| fear | miedo | medo | mental | narikenak, narik, tesenarimasen (A1981); narik (M2000) | naɾikenak, naɾik, tesenaɾimasen (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| feather | pluma | pena | fauna | pok (A1981); chiipok (E1980); toron chi'pok (M2000) | pok (A1981); tʃipɔk (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| fingernail | uña | unha | body | yenna pipue (A1981); eenya puukpö (E1980) | dʒena pipue (A1981); enʎa puʔpö (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| fire | fuego | fogo | environment | apok (E1980); apok (M2000) | apɔk (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| fish | xx | xx | fauna | morok; morok | moɾok | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| flow | fluir | fluir | motion | katun (M2000) | katun | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| flower | flor | flor | environment | yariku (A1981); yari'ku (M2000) | dʒaɾiku (A1981) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| fly | volar | voar | motion | ariwon; ariitang (E1980); yaarinta (M2000) | aɾiwon; aritaŋ (E1980) | inheritance | cognate Macushi | See Language page | ||||||||
| fog | niebla, neblina | nevoeira, bruma, neblina | environment | katuru non porom, katuru aicharuru (A1981); katu'ruk nonporon (M2000) | katuɾu non poɾom, katuɾu aitʃaɾuɾu (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| foot | pie | pé | body | ta (A1981); pɨta (E1980); putato (M2000) | ta (A1981); pɨta (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| fruit | fruta | fruta | flora | eperu, i-te, enapue (A1981) | epeɾu, ite, enapue (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| good | bueno | bom | quality | waki, mori (also mean 'hermoso') (A1981); mata, müta (M2000) | waki, moɾi (A1981) | inheritance; inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| green | verde | verde | quality | choko (also means 'maduro'), rora (also means 'blue') (A1981); chookoorɨ (E1980); rora (M2000) | tʃoko, ɾoɾa (A1981); tʃokorɨ (E1980) | inheritance; inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| grow | crecer | crescer | state | yariman (A1981) | dʒaɾiman (A1981) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| hair (of head) | cabello | cabelo | body | pok (A1981); puupö (on head), chiikpok (on skin) (E1980); chi'pok (M2000) | pok (A1981); pupö, tʃiʔpɔk (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| hand | mano | mão | body | yenna (A1981); enya (E1980); yenna (M2000) | dʒena (A1981); ɛnʎa (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| head | cabeza | cabeça | body | pai (A1981); puukpai (E1980); pu'pai (M2000) | pai (A1981); puʔpaɪ (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| hear | oír | ouvir | mental | eeta (E1980); eta (M2000) | eta (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| heart | corazón | coração | body | ewan enapue (A1981); yeewang yenakpö (E1980); yewanto, yena'pö (M2000) | ewan enapue (A1981); ʎewaŋ ʎɛnaʔpö (E1980); jeβanto:jenah'pə (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| heavy | pesado | pesado | quality | avenek, teipan (A1981); awe'nek (M2000) | avenek, teipan (A1981) | unique | shared Akawaio | See Language page | ||||||||
| hide | esconder | esconder | motion | donan, wapute, noponte, murunte (A1981) | donan, wapute, noponte, muɾunte (A1981) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| hit | golpear, pegar | bater | impact | kitama (A1981); ikita'ma (M2000) | kitama (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| hold | correr, asegurar, sostener | segurar | other | apiichii (E1980); e'sepu'to (M2000) | apitʃi (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| hot | caliente | quente | quality | anek, kui-nan (A1981); a'nek (M2000) | anek, kuinan (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| how? | como | como | grammar | warante, -pe, tukai, warai (A1981); ö'tukaik (M2000) | waɾante, pe, tukai, waɾai (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| if | si | se | grammar | inna, sa, inna-pe, inna warai, inna kru, inna wi sane (A1981) | ina, sa, inape, ina waɾai, ina kɾu, ina wi sane (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| in/inside | dentro, adentro | dentro | location | itau, dau, yak, wak (A1981); yau (E1977); po, itau (M2000) | itau, dau, dʒak, wak, (A1981); ʎaʊ (E1977) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| intestines | intestinos | intestinos | body | wenepue (A1981) | wenepue (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| itch | hormiguear, sentir comezón | coçar | body | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| kill | matar | matar | impact | iiwö (A1981); wö (M2000) | iwö (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| know/be knowledgeable | saber, conecer | saber, conhecer | mental | iipuutuu (E1980); iputu (M2000) | iputu (E1980) | inheritance | cognate Macushi | See Language page | ||||||||
| lake | lago | lago | environment | kupue-ima (A1981); ku'püimö (M2000) | kupueima (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| laugh | reír | rir | mental | atarika (A1981); eta'ri'kan (M2000) | ataɾika (A1981) | doubtful loan, direction unknown | Pumé aȩrĩkjiá | See Language page | ||||||||
| leaf | hoja | folha | environment | dare (A1981); taadare (M2000) | daɾe (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| left/left hand | izquierdo | esquerdo | location/body | kamueyakan, kami yak (A1981); kmü'yakan (m2000) | kamuedʒakan, kami dʒak (A1981) | unique | shared Akawaio | See Language page | ||||||||
| leg/foot | pierna | perna | body | piechi'to (M2000) | piechi'to (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| lie down | acostarse, echarse | deitar | motion | at-aponte (A1981) | ataponte (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| lightning | rayo, relámpago | relampago | environment | waranapi (A1981) | waɾanapi (A1981) | semantic shift | thunder | See Language page | ||||||||
| live/be alive | vivir | viver, morar | body | e-pueti, kowama, ichi (A1981); ko'wamü (M2000) | epueti, kowama, itʃi (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| liver | hígado | figado | body | eereerɨpö (E1980); yere (M2000) | ererɨpö (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| long | largo | comprido, longo | quality | nosan, nosanipue, musan (A1981); nosan (M2000) | nosan, nosanipue, musan (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| louse | piollo, piojo | piolho | fauna | adan; ayang (E1980); adan (M2000) | adan (A1981); aʎaŋ (E1980) | inheritance | order Phtiraptera | See Language page | ||||||||
| lung | pulmón | pulmão | body | darurupue (A1981) | daɾuɾupue (A1981) | unique | shared Akawaio | See Language page | ||||||||
| man/male | hombre | homem | human | warato, kurai (A1981); pemon (M2000) | waɾato, kuɾai (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| meat/flesh | carne | carne | fauna | yeei piikpö (E1980); ipun (M2000) | pun; ipuŋ (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| moon | luna | lua | environment | kapui (A1981); kapɨii (E1980); kapüi (M2000) | kapui (A1981); kapɨi (E1980) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| mother | madre, mamá | mãe | kinship | amai (also means 'aunt'), dan (also means 'aunt'), san (A1981); amai (M2000) | amaɪ, dan, san (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| mountain/hill | montaña, colina, loma, cerro | morro, serra | environment | mota (hombro, colina), wük (M2000) | mota (A1981); wɨk | unique; inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| mouth | boca | boca | body | nta, muta (A1981); mïtatoo (E1977); mata, müta (M2000) | nta, muta (A1981); mïtato (E1977) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| name | nombre | nome | human | esek (A1981); esek (M2000) | esek (A1981); e'sek (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| nape | base del cuello, nuca | nuca | body | pupai noyi (A1981) | pupai nodʒi (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| near/close | cerca de | perto | quality | piau, amincha mare, ako-pe (A1981); akkoopee (E1977); amincha ma're (M2000) | piau, amintʃa maɾe, akope, (A1981); aʔope (E1977) | unique; inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| neck | cuello | pescoço | body | pue, pu-mue (A1981); I'mö (M2000) | pue, pumue (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| new | nuevo | novo | quality | menak (A1981); ameennak (E1980); amennak (M2000) | menak (A1981); amennak (E1980) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| night | noche | noite | time | warupue (A1981); waarüpö (M2000) | waɾupue (A1981) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| no/not | no | não | grammar | ake, ake kru, ake nekan, ake rua, pra -puen (A1981); a'ke (M2000) | ake, ake kɾu, ake nekan, ake ɾua, pɾa, puen (A1981) | unique; inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| nose | nariz | nariz | body | yeuna (A1981); eeuuna (E1980); yeuna (M2000) | dʒeuna (A1981); euna (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| old | viejo | velho | quality | pennato, pennato-pue, poyi-pue (A1981); penatoo (E1980); penato (M2000) | penato, penatopue, podʒipue (A1981); pɛnato (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| one | uno | um | number | teukin (A1981); töukiing (E1980); töukin (M2000) | teukin (A1981); töʊkiŋ (E1980) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| open/uncover | abrir | abrir | other | warau-ka, arakam-bu-ka, chi-ri-mo, charamo, aranka, apu-ka (A1981) | waɾauka, aɾakambuka, tʃiɾimo, tʃaɾamo, aɾanka, apuka (A1981) | inheritance; inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| other | otro | outro | grammar | iyaren, tiaren, tuaren, ponaren, tonaren (A1981) | idʒaɾen, tiaɾen, tuaɾen, ponaɾen, tonaɾen (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| pain/painful/sick | dolor, doloroso, enfermo | dor, doloroso, doente | body | enek-pe, te-paran-ke (A1981); e'nek (M2000) | enekpe, tepaɾanke, (A1981); eʔ'nek (M2000) | inheritance | cognate Macushi | See Language page | ||||||||
| person/human being | persona | pessoa | human | pemon (M2000) | inheritance | cognate Macushi | See Language page | |||||||||
| pound/beat | machacar, golpear | bater | impact | ame, tatama, pichaka, kichouka (A1981) | ame, tatama, pitʃaka, kitʃouka (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| rain | lluvia | chuva | environment | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| red | rojo | vermelho | colour | chuyu, chaviyu (A1981); chuuwiiyuu (E1980); chuuyu (M2000) | tʃudʒu, tʃavidʒu (A1981); tʃuwiʎu (E1980) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| right/right hand | derecha | direita | location/body | emadono, merunte (A1981); meruntö winün (M2000) | emadono, meɾunte (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| road/path | camino | caminho | manufacture | eima (A1981); e'ma (M2000) | eima (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| root | raíz | raiz | flora | kara (A1981); yöikara (E1980); kara (M2000) | kara (A1981); ʎöɪkara (E1980) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| rotten | podrido | podre | quality | itekasak, ike (A1981); ikö (M2000) | itekasak, ike (A1981) | inheritance; inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sand | arena | areia | environment | osko, wasaka (A1981); wösök (E1980); ö'sökö (M2000) | osko, wasaka (A1981); wösök (E1980); əssə'kə (M2000) | unknown | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| say | decir | dizer | mental | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| scratch | rascar | rasgar | impact | kararika (A1981); ikoriripütü (M2000) | kaɾaɾika (A1981); iko:ɻoɻi:pɨ'tɨ (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| see | ver | ver | mental | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| sharp | afilado, filudo, filoso | afiado | quality | etesak, te kenak (A1981) | etesak, te kenak (A1981) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| shoot | tirar, disparar, balear | atirar | impact | pote, tiuka, iriuka (A1981) | pote, tiuka, iɾiuka (A1981) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| short | corto | curto | quality | chiapue, dokopairen, atupaki, atupayek (A1981); chi'ya'pö (M2000) | tʃiapue, dokopaiɾen, atupaki, atupadʒek (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| shoulder | hombro | ombro | body | mota (A1981) | mota (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| shy/ashamed | tímido, vergonzoso | timido, com vergonha | mental | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| sit | sentar(se) | sentar | state | ereuta (A1981); ereutan (M2000) | eɾeuta (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| skin | piel | pele | body | yeei piikpö (E1980); ipi'pö (M2000) | pipue; piʔpö (E1980); ipiʰpə (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sky | cielo | céu | environment | kak (A1981); kak (M2000) | kak (A1981); 'kak (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sleep | dormir | dormir | body | eknunnö (E1980); iwe'nunpa (M2000) | eʔnunnö (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| small | pequeño | pequeno | quality | chirike, chiapue, damik-pue (A1981); chiikrɨkö (E1980); chi'rü'kö (M2000) | tʃiɾike, tʃiapue, damikpue (A1981); tʃikrɨkö (E1980) | inheritance | shared with Macushi | See Language page | ||||||||
| smoke | humo | fumaça | environment | apok keresen (A1981); iiköröching (E1980); ikörechin (M2000) | apok keresen (A1981); ikörtʃɪŋ (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sniff/smell | olfatear, oler | cheirar | body | transitive: kuika, intransitive: kenuma, ikenuma, keneta (A1981); ikui'ka (M2000) | kuika, kenuma, ikenuma, keneta (A1981) | unique | primarily transitive | See Language page | ||||||||
| spit | escupir | cuspir | body | etakuta (A1981); etakutan, etaputan (M2000) | etakuta (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| split | partir, dividir | rachar, dividir, partir | impact | pantaka, ratoika, piraka, akituka, koroika, amorika, charamo, sarauka, mo (A1981); iwürüuka (M2000) | pantaka, ɾatoika, piɾaka, akituka, koɾoika, amoɾika, tʃaɾamo, saɾauka, mo (A1981); iβɨ:ɻɨu'ka (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| squeeze | estrujar, exprimir | espremer | impact | akire, epa, asuka, pichaka, ame (A1981) | akiɾe, epa, asuka, pitʃaka, ame (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| stab/pierce | apuñalar, acuchillar | apunhalar | impact | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| stand | estar de pié | ficar em pé | state | ekmɨsakkang (E1980) | ɛkmɨsaʔkaŋ (E1980) | unique | shared Akawaio | See Language page | ||||||||
| star | estrella | estrela | environment | chirike (A1981); chirikö (M2000) | tʃiɾike (A1981); tʃiɻi:'kə (M2000) | inheritance | loan to Yanomami, other yanomam lgs, "ʃiɾikaɾi" | See Language page | ||||||||
| steal | robar | roubar | other | amama (A1981) | amama (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| stick/wood | palo | pau, vara | flora | yei, taikapu (A1981); dök, yök, yöi (M2000) | dʒei, taikapu (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| stone | piedra | pedra | environment | etek (A1981); tök (E1980) | etek (A1981); tök (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| suck | chupar | chupar | body | kuka, kuchika, kukuma, yuna (A1981); iku'ka (M2000) | kuka, kutʃika, kukuma, dʒuna (A1981) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| sun | sol | sol | time | wei (A1981); wei (M2000) | wei (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| sweat | sudar | suor, suar | body | eramuta (A1981) | eɾamuta (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| swell | hincharse | inchar | body | awita, awota, koveita (A1981); aworüka (M2000) | awita, awota, koveita (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| swim | nadar | nadar | motion | puenun (A1981); atawa (M2000) | puenun (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| tail | cola, rabo | rabo | body | darena (A1981); dare'nö (M2000) | daɾena (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| that | ese/esa | esse | grammar | mörö (E1980); mö'rö (M2000) | mörö (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| thick | grueso, gordo, espeso | grosso | quality | kaiwan, kasetipan (A1981); pukan (M2000) | kaiwan, kasetipan (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| thin | delgado | fino | quality | karavapan, sewampan, sewanketeipan, ewanakayu, ewan keteru (A1981); karawa'pan (M2000) | kaɾavapan, sewampan, sewanketeipan, ewanakadʒu, ewan keteɾu (A1981) | unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| think | pensar | pensar | mental | eeseenuumeenhkang (E1980); esenumenka (M2000) | esenu'meŋkaŋ (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| this | este/esta | este | grammar | see (E1980); seenök (M2000) | se (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| three | tres | tres | number | eseurau, eseurawe-nan (A1981); seeuurawöknee (E1980); esearau (M2000) | eseuɾau, eseuɾawenan (A1981); seurawöʔne (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| throat | garganta | garganta | body | mue, pu-mue, mue wayi, sen (A1981) | mue, pumue, mue wadʒi, sen (A1981) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| throw | tirar, lanzar | atirar, jogar | impact | pakama, choroka, enum-pueti (A1981); ichoroka (M2000) | pakama, tʃoɾoka, enumpueti (A1981) | inheritance?, unique | See Language page | |||||||||
| thunder | truenos | trovão | environment | waranapi, korume (A1981) | waɾanapi, koɾume (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| tie up/fasten | atar, amarrar | amarrar | impact | wate, auron-pueti (A1981); ewa'tö (M2000) | wate, auɾonpueti (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| tongue | lengua | lingua | body | yanii (E1980); danito (M2000) | ʎani (E1980) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| tooth | diente | dente | body | ye (A1981); deeto (M2000) | dʒe (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| turn | girar, volter, torcer | virar | other | ataime | ataime (A1981) | inheritance? | may be transitive or intransitive | See Language page | ||||||||
| two | dos | dois | number | sakne, saknan, sak, saare (all mean two) (A1981); asakrö (E1980); saakü'ne (M2000) | sakne, saknan, sak, sa:ɾe (A1981); asakrö (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| vomit | vomitar | vomitar | body | atarka-pueti (A1981); atarüka pönö (M2000) | ataɾkapueti (A1981) | inheritance? | See Language page | |||||||||
| walk | caminar, andar | andar | motion | etame (A1981); e'tamen (M2000) | etame (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| water | agua | agua | environment | tuna (A1981) | tuna (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| wet | mojado | molhado | quality | aikkuu (E1980) | aɪʔku (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| what? | que, qué | que | grammar | ök (E1980); ök (M2000) | ök (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| when? | cuando | quando | grammar | e daktai (A1981); okyatai (E1977); ö'da'tai (M2000) | e daktai, (A1981); okʎatai (E1977) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||
| where? | donde | onde | grammar | atente (A1981); atïngtö (E1977); atöntö (M2000) | atente, (A1981); atiŋto (E1977) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| white | blanco | branco | colour | aimu-tun, choramu-nan (A1981); aimuuknang (E1980); aimutun (M2000) | aimutun, tʃoɾamunan (A1981); aɪmuknaŋ (E1980); aimu'tuŋ (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| who? | quien, quién | quem | grammar | anök (E1980); anü (M2000) | anök (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| wife | esposa | esposa | kinship | nopue, weri (weri also means woman and female) (A1981);nopɨ (E1980); ino'pü (M2000) | nopue, wer (A1981)i; nɔpɨ (E1980) | inheritance | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| wind | viento | vento | environment | asitun, iroma (A1981); a'chitun (M2000) | asitun, iɾoma (A1981) | inheritance; unique | N Amaz subgroup | See Language page | ||||||||
| wing | ala | asa | body | dapueri (A1981); dapöri (M2000) | dapueɾi (A1981); ðapə:'ɻI (M2000) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| woman/female | mujer | mulher | human | weri (A1981); wörü (M2000) | weɾi (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| work | trabajar | trabalhar | other | esenekama, t-etawere, tuapuese (A1981) | esenekama, tetaweɾe, tuapuese (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| yawn | bostezar | bocejar | body | entakapina (A1981) | entakapina (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||
| yellow | amarillo | amarelo | colour | chara-men (A1981); chu'kupiyyu (M2000) | tʃaɾamen (A1981) | unique | See Language page |
| English |
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Showing 1 to 192 of 192 entries
Flora Fauna Vocabulary (138)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Linnean Name | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Range of Term | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | Classifier | Classifier Notes | Hypernym | Source | Association with Social Categories | Ritual/Mythologically Significant | Ritual Notes | Food Source | Food Notes | Medicinal | Medicinal Notes | How Collected | Who Collects | How Prepared | Psychotropic | Psychotropic Notes | Traded | Trade Notes | Distribution | Habitat | Dangerous | Ethnobiology Notes | Species Notes | General Notes |
|---|
English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Linnean Name | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Etymology Notes | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Range of Term | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | Classifier | Classifier Notes | Hypernym | Source | Association with Social Categories | Ritual/Mythologically Significant | Ritual Notes | Food Source | Food Notes | Medicinal | Medicinal Notes | How Collected | Who Collects | How Prepared | Psychotropic | Psychotropic Notes | Traded | Trade Notes | Distribution | Habitat | Dangerous | Ethnobiology Notes | Species Notes | General Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| achiote, anatto | achiote | urucum | flora-fauna | Bixa orellana | anonte (A1981); anontö (E1980) | anonte (A1981); anɔntö (E1980) | inheritance | Proto-Carib | See Language page | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | no | shrub | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti) | Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado | cutia | flora-fauna | Dasyprocta spp. | akuurii (E1980) | akuri (E1980) | loan into protolg, direction unknown | Northern Carib? | Tupi-Guarani | Mello (2000) reconstructs for Proto-TG. Occurs widely in Carib; but loan into (?) Piaroa /æk'uri/; Nheengatu /akuti/; Achuar agutí | WW | %akuti | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| alligator, black caiman | babilla; cachirre | jacaré | flora-fauna | Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp. | akaree (E1977) | akare (E1977) | loan (into protolg?) | Venezuelan subgroup? (shared Akawaio, Pemon, Makushi, maybe Waimiri-Atroari) | Tupi-Guarani | *yakaré reconstructed for Proto-Tupi-Guarani (Schleicher 1998) | WW | %jakare | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Throughout Amazonia | no? | Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Amazon dolphin | bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco) | boto cor-de-rosa | flora-fauna | Inia geoffrensis | missing | See Language page | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amazon tree-grape | uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.) | cucura | flora-fauna | Pourouma cecropiifolia | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times | no | a tree; not a true grape | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| anaconda | anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande | sucuri | flora-fauna | genus Eunectes | aura (E1980) | aʊra (E1980) | unknown | Akawaio, Pemon | Shared Akawaio | See Language page | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| angleworm | lombriz | minhoca | flora-fauna | order Opisthopora | moto, sapaiprau (lombriz de tierra muy grande), patiri (lombriz muy grande) (A1981) | moto, sapaipɾau, patiɾi (A1981) | large earthworm' | inheritance | Also moto; patiɾi (large worm) | Narrower (large type) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ant (generic) | hormiga | formiga | flora-fauna | Formicidae | missing | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| anteater | oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus | tamanduá | flora-fauna | Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater) | kochirima (A1981); kochiiriimö (E1980) | kotʃiɾima (A1981); kɔtʃirimö (E1980) | unknown | Akawaio, Pemon | shared Akawaio | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonian lowlands | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| armadillo | armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo) | tatu | flora-fauna | family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri | mauraiö (giant) (A1981); kaikang (giant) (E1980) | maʊraɪö, kaɪkaŋ (E1980) | giant armadillo | inheritance | Venezuelan subgroup (Akawaio, Pemon, Makushi, Eñepa) | Also kaɪkaŋ 'giant armadillo' (E1980) | Narrower (giant) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread in Amazonia | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| arrow cane, wildcane | caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana | cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio | flora-fauna | Gynerium sagittatum | missing | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | tropical regions, especially river banks | no | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| avocado | palta, aguacate | abacate | flora-fauna | Persea americana | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | no | tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| açai palm | huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia) | açaí | flora-fauna | Euterpe sp. | wanakapi (Pessoa2006) | wanakapi (Pessoa2006) | missing | See Language page | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| banana, plantain | banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano | banana | flora-fauna | Musa sp. | paruru, kurantana (plantain) (A1981); erupa (A1981); erpa (E1980), meʔkerentǝ (Pessoa) | paruru, kurantana (plantain) (A1981); erupa (A1981); erpa (E1980), meʔkerentǝ (Pessoa) | inheritance? | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bat | murciélago | morcego | flora-fauna | Chiroptera spp. | maripak (A1981); marpak (E1980) | maɾipak (A1981); marpak (E1980) | unknown | Akawaio, Pemon | shared Akawaio | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| beans | frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas) | feijão | flora-fauna | Phaseolus spp. | akupichi (A1981) (prob. Vigna sesquipedalis) | akupitʃi (A1981) (prob. Vigna sesquipedalis) | unknown | Akawaio, Pemon | prob. Vigna sesquipedalis | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bird | pajaro, ave | passaro | flora-fauna | torong (E1997) | tɔrɔŋ (E1977) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bitterwood | tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru) | envira | flora-fauna | Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala | missing | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | secondary forests, native to Brazil | no | tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| black palm | bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá | bacaba | flora-fauna | Oenocarpus bacaba | missing | See Language page | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon | no | may be confused in some entries with O. bataua | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blowfly/housefly | mosca | mosca | flora-fauna | Diptera | werwee (E1977) | wɛrwe (E1977) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | cf. Tacanan *we(ře)we(ře), West Tuk were | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| boa | boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura | jiboia | flora-fauna | family Boidae, subf. Boinae | wi (A1981); amang (E1980) | wi (A1981); amaŋ (E1980) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | Possible loan into Quichua: amaru. Also wi (Armellada & Gutiérrez); cognate with 'anaconda' in other lgs | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree) | calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara | cabaça | flora-fauna | Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine) | arapö (E1980) | arapö (E1980) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | indigenous gardens | no | plant; tree | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| brazil nut | castaña | castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis) | flora-fauna | Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia'] | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua. | no | tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| brown woolly monkey | Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt | macaco barrigudo | flora-fauna | Lagothrix lagothricha | missing | iwarka 'generic monkey' (E1977) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant | conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro | tocandira | flora-fauna | Paraponera clavata | irak (A1981); kangkaruuma (E1980) | iɾak; kaŋkaruʔma (E1980) | inheritance | Also kaŋkaruʔma (E1980) | See Language page | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| butterfly, moth | mariposa | borboleta | flora-fauna | order Lepidoptera | wakau (A1981) | wakau (A1981) | unknown | Akawaio, Pemon | shared Akawaio | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| capybara | Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco | capivara | flora-fauna | Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris | paruuweena (E1980) | paruwena (E1980) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cará tuber, purple or white | camote, sachapapa | cará roxo, branco | flora-fauna | Dioscorea sp. | napöɪ (red; E80), prisaʔ (long/white; Pessoa2006) | napöɪ (red; E80), prisaʔ (long/white; Pessoa2006) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings | no | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cashew | anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) | caju | flora-fauna | Anacardium occidentale / giganteum | eeroi (E1980) | erɔɪ (E1980) | inheritance - WW | Northern Carib? | %eroi | Broader (wild and domesticate) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens | no | tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| cashew | anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela) | caju | flora-fauna | Anacardium giganteum | eeroi | erɔɪ | inheritance | Northern Carib? | Likely loan into Hodï | Broader (wild and domesticate) | uncoded | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| centipede | ciempiés | centopéia | flora-fauna | class Chilopoda | manairak (scolopendra mursitans), okoi-pase (both mean centipede) (A1981); ököipasee (E1980); ködöri (M2000) | manaiɾak, okoipase (A1981); ököɪpase (E1980); kədə:ri (M2000) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | Also manairak (scolopendra mursitans); kədə:ri (M2000) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cicada | cigarra, chicharra | cigarra | flora-fauna | super fam. Cicadoidea | kata (especie de cigarra), anarva (especie de cigarra: quesada gygas) (A1981); ariiktö (E1980) | kata, anaɾva (A1981); ariʔtö (E1980) | cicada species | inheritance | Unknown (attested Akawaio, Pemon, Makiritari) | Also anaɾva (especie de cigarra: quesada gygas) (A1981); ariʔtö (E1980) | Narrower (cicada type) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cipó vine | tamishi, bejuco, yare | cipó | flora-fauna | Heteropsis spp. | missing | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | secondary forest, floodplain | no | vine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| coca | coca | coca | flora-fauna | Erythroxylum coca | missing | See Language page | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes | no | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cockroach | cucaracha | barata-do-mato | flora-fauna | order Blattaria | masarva (cucaracha pequeña) (A1981); kororii (E1980) | masarva (A1981); kɔrɔri (E1980) | inheritance | Unknown (Akawaio, Pemon, maybe Yukpa and Eñepa) | possible link? Carib (*)masarawa, TG *taraBe | Possible loan into Koreguaje: koʔroro. Also masarva (cucaracha pequeña) (A1981) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| collared peccary | sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar | caititu, caetitu | flora-fauna | Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu | pakiira (peccary) (E1980) | pakira (E1980) | peccary | inheritance | Northern Carib? | Likely loan Carib > Wapishana bakɨɽ; see also Piaroa maquíra, Cofan saquira | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cotamundi, coatimundi | Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache | quati | flora-fauna | genus Nasua | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cotton | algodón | algodão | flora-fauna | Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers) | ketewak (A1981); kötökkwak (E1980) | ketewak (A1981); kötöʔkwak (E1980) | inheritance | Pemongan group (attested Pemon, Akawaio, Makushi, prob. Eñepa) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | secondary scrub vegetation | no | plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| crab | cangrejo | caranguejo | flora-fauna | infraorder Brachyura | makwai (E1980) | maʔwaɪ (E1980) | unknown | Akawaio, Pemon | Shared Akawaio | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cricket | saltón, grillo | grilo | flora-fauna | family Gryllidae | kricha (A1981); kiiriikcha (E1980) | kɾitʃa (A1981); kiriʔtʃa (E1980) | inheritance | Pemongan group (Akawaio, Pemon, Mkushi, Eñepa) | Also kiriʔtʃa (E1980) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cunuri (tree) | cunuri | cunuri | flora-fauna | Cunurea spruceana | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Amazonia | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| curassow | mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini) | mutum | flora-fauna | Crax sp., Nothocrax sp. | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Amazonia | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| deer | venado | veado, cariacu | flora-fauna | family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus | waikin (odocoileus gymnotis: venado sabanero), kariauki (virginianus cariacu: venado montañero) (A1981); giant savannah deer (as opposed to bush deer): waikiiniimö (E1980) | waɪkinimö (E1980); kariauki (virginianus cariacu: venado montañero) (A1981) | virginianus cariacu: venado montañero | inheritance | Also waikin (A1981), waɪkinimö (E1980) (odocoileus gymnotis: giant savannah deer, as opposed to bush deer) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| deer | venado | veado, cariacu | flora-fauna | waikin (odocoileus gymnotis: venado sabanero), kariauki (virginianus cariacu: venado montañero); giant savannah deer (as opposed to bush deer): waikiiniimö | waɪkinimö | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (camp, domestic) | perro | cachorro | flora-fauna | Canis famililaris | arimaraka (A1981); arinmaraka (M2000) | aɾimaɾaka (A1981); aɻimmaɻ a:'ka (M2000) | unknown | shared Makushi; prob. loan into Wapishana | Probably a loan into Arawak Wapishana: aɽimaɽak; similar form occurs in Pemon, Akawaiao; Simpson 1941 claims that these words are of Carib origin. Also pero (from Spanish) | Broader (wild and domesticated) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Not native; widespread | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (camp, domestic) | perro | cachorro | flora-fauna | aɾimaɾaka; aɻimmaɻ a:'ka | loan direction unknown | Arawak | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dog (wild; bush dog) | sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta | cachorro-do-mato | flora-fauna | Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis | pero, arimaraka (A1981) | peɾo, aɾimaɾaka (A1981) | unknown | Probably a loan into Arawak Wapishana: aɽimaɽak; similar form occurs in Pemon, Akawaiao; Simpson 1941 claims that these words are of Carib origin. | Broader (wild and domesticated) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dove | paloma | pomba | flora-fauna | family Columbidae | weeruuchii (E1980), mada (A1981) | weeruuchii (E1980), mada (A1981) | doubtful loan | Akawaio/Wapishana | Also werutʃi (E1980) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| duck | pato | pato, marreco | flora-fauna | Anatidae family | maiwak (A1981); maikwak (E1980) | maiwak (A1981); maɪkwak (E1980) | inheritance | N Amazonian subgroup | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil) | suri, mojojoy | larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá | flora-fauna | Rhynchophorus sp. | piiriimok (E1977) | pirimɔk (E1977) | unknown | Akawaio, Pemon | shared Akawaio | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| electric eel | anguila eléctrica | poraquê | flora-fauna | Electrophorus electricus | kariimuura (E1980) | karimura (E1980) | inheritance | Venezuelan subgroup (Akawaio, Pemon, Makushi, Eñepa) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| firefly, lightning bug | lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin) | vagalume | flora-fauna | fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae | mateu (coleóptero nocturno con los ojos muy brillantes que suele venir al fuego, donde se precipita) (A1981) | mateu (A1981) | unknown | Compare mateu (coleóptero nocturno con los ojos muy brillantes que suele venir al fuego, donde se precipita) (A1981) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish (generic) | pez | peixe | flora-fauna | morok (A1981) | moɾok (A1981) | inheritance | Northern Carib? (Akawaio, Makushi, Mapoyo, Pemon) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish (large type) | paiche, pirarucú o arapaima | pirarucu | flora-fauna | Arapaima gigas | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | big rivers only | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish poison, barbasco | barbasco, matapez (Colombia) | timbó | flora-fauna | Lonchocarpus spp. | ara (Pessoa2006) | ara (Pessoa2006) | inheritance | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation | yes [used to poison people] | shrub/tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| flea | pulga | pulga | flora-fauna | order Siphonaptera | chipuen (A1981) | tʃipuen (A1981) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| genipap | jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico | genipapo, jenipapo | flora-fauna | Genipapa americana | rukuʔ (Pessoa2006) | rukuʔ (Pessoa2006) | unknown | See Language page | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | widespread lowland SA | no | shrub | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| giant otter | Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria | ariranha | flora-fauna | Pteronura brasiliensis | aparuuwa (Lutra macrodus) (E1980) | aparuwa (E1980) | Lutra macrodus (but this is apparently incorrect; an old name for Asian otter) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | No info | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| grass | hierba, pasto | capim, grama | flora-fauna | (generic) | wanak (M2000) | wanak (M2000) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gray-winged trumpeter | Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris | jacamim | flora-fauna | Psophia crepitans | namai (A1981) | namai (A1981) | inheritance | Unknown (shared Pemon, Eñepa) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| great egret | Garza Blanca, Guyratî | Garça-Branca-Grande | flora-fauna | Ardea alba | savivi (especie de garza) (A1981); onoree (Ardea cocoi) (E1980) | savivi (A1981); ɔnɔre (E1980) | egret species | inheritance | Also ɔnɔre (Ardea cocoi) (E1980) | Narrower (egret type) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread South America | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| green acouchi | Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo | cutiara | flora-fauna | Myoprocta pratti | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| guan | pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru) | jacu | flora-fauna | Penelope sp. | wora, wokira (A1981) | woɾa, wokiɾa (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Different types have different localized ranges | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hallucinogenic snuff | vilca, cebil, yopo | paricá, yopo | flora-fauna | Anadenanthera sp. or virola | See Language page | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca | ayahuasca, yage | ayahuasca, caapi | flora-fauna | Banisteriopsis caapi | missing | See Language page | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW | no | vine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hawk | halcón, gavilán | gavião | flora-fauna | family Accipitridae | ariiyak (E1980); seneik (especie de galvilán) (A1981) | ariʎak (E1980); seneik (A1981) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | Also seneik (hawk species) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| honeybee | abeja | abelha | flora-fauna | Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis | wan (A1981); töuusang (E1980); tousanyun (M2000) | wan (A1981); töusaŋ (E1980); tousaŋ'jun (M2000) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | Also wan (A1981) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| horse | caballo | cavalho | flora-fauna | Equus caballus | missing | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hot pepper | ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru) | pimenta | flora-fauna | Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens | pömɨii (pepper) (E1980) | pömɨi (E1980) | inheritance | Proto-Carib | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden | no | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| howler monkey (red-handed) | mono aullador, mono coto (Peru) | guariba | flora-fauna | Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.] | arauta (E1980); iwaraka: generic monkey (M2000) | araʊta (E1980) | inheritance | Likely loan Carib > Arawak: Piapoco, Achagua àlawàta; see also Guayabero /árow-at/. Also iwarka 'generic monkey' (E1977) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hummingbird | colibrí, picaflor (Peru) | beija-flor | flora-fauna | family Trochilidae | tukui, wada-wada (especie de colíbri o tucusito, de tamaño grande) (A1981); tuukuuik (E1977) | tukui, wadawada (A1981); tukuɪk (E1977) | inheritance | Loan Carib > Hodï: tu'kudi. Also wada-wada (especie de colíbri o tucusito, de tamaño grande) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| iguana | iguana, garipiares (Colombia) | camaleão | flora-fauna | Iguana sp. | wayamaka (E1980) | waʎamaka (E1980) | WW (source?) | Northern Carib? (attested Akawaio, Pemon, Yukpa) | %wajamaka | Likely loan into Nadëb: wajãam | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| inga | guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru) | inga | flora-fauna | Inga spp. | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia) | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| insect (generic) | insecto | insecto | flora-fauna | generic | missing | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| jaguar | yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru) | onca | flora-fauna | Panthera onca | tɨmenneng (E1980) | tɨmɛnnɛŋ (E1980) | inheritance | Northern Carib? (attested Pemon, Akawaio, Eñepa, maybe Waimiri-Atroari) | See Language page | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| japurá | oreja de murcielago | japurá | flora-fauna | Erisma japura | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | large tree | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kapok | ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.) | sumaumeira | flora-fauna | Ceiba pentandra | missing | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas | no | tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kingfisher | martín pescador, catalan (Peru) | martim-pescador | flora-fauna | family Alcedinidae | sakaikka (A1981) | sa'kaiʔka (A1981) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| leaf-cutter ant | Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse | saúva | flora-fauna | Atta sp. | kaiwak(A1981); kiiawok (E1980) | kaiwak; kiawɔk (E1980) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| macaw | ara, guacamaya | Arara | flora-fauna | family Psittacidae; Ara sp. | wayara (E1980) | waʎara (E1980) | doubtful loan into protolg - WW | Akawaio, Pemon | %arara | WW | %ara | See Language page | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Widespread Amazonia | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| maize, corn | mazorca, maiz | milho | flora-fauna | Zea mays | aknaik (A1981) | aʔnaɪk (A1981) | inheritance? | Proto-Carib | possible loan into proto-Carib, cf. Arawak mariki and TG aBati | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | widespread, esp. in river floodplains | no | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manatee | vaca marina, manatí | peixe-boi | flora-fauna | Trichechus sp. | uuruuktuuruu (E1977) | uruʔturu (E1977) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mandi catfish | maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish) | mandi | flora-fauna | Auchenipterus sp. | wara (large catfish) (A1981); eerekkö (small catfish) (E1980) | wara (A1981); erɛʔkö (E1980) | small catfish' (unclear what type) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | No info | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manioc (bitter or generic) | yuca brava | mandioca | flora-fauna | Manihot esculenta | kesera (A1981); kɨsee (E1980) | keseɾa (A1981); kɨse (E1980) | inheritance | May be source of Pt macaxeira (sweet manioc); may also be related (old loan?) to Arawak kani- forms. Also keseɾa (A1981) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition. | no | Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manioc (sweet) | yuca, caribe | macaxeira | flora-fauna | Manihot esculenta | kanari (A1981); kaknarii (E1980) | kanaɾi (A1981); kaʔnari (E1980) | doubtful loan | Akawaio, Pemon | Arawak; shared Akawaio | Likely relationship to Arawak kani- forms; e.g. Achagua ké:niru. Also kaʔnari (E1980) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere | no | No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| miriti palm | moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti | buriti | flora-fauna | Mauritia flexuosa | missing | See Language page | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps | no | trunks contain sago-like starch | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mosquito | mosquito, zancudo | mosquito, carapana | flora-fauna | Anopheles sp. | masak (E1977) | masak (E1977) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| moth | mariposa nocturna, polilla | mariposa | flora-fauna | order Lepidoptera | sape (A1981) | sape (A1981) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mouse, rat | ratón | camundongo, rata | flora-fauna | Mus musculus | mumpue (A1981); sarkang (E1980) | mumpue (A1981); sarkaŋ | rat' | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | Broader (probably rat in general) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| mushroom | champiñón, hongo | cogumelo | flora-fauna | (any edible generic) | eenuura (cream colored), kwarang pana (dark brown), korköpiicha (fluffy), akuupana (tiny), kara-kara (white) (E1980) | enura, kwaraŋ pana, kɔrköpitʃa, akupana, kara-kara (E1980) | tiny mushroom species | unknown | Unknown ('pana' shared Pemon, Eñepa) | Also enura (cream colored), kwaraŋ pana (dark brown), kɔrköpitʃa (fluffy), kara-kara (white) | Narrower (mushroom sp.) | Complex | probably ? + pana | See Language page | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | prioritize generic term that includes any edible species | |||||||||||||||||||||
| neotropical otter (small) | Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia) | lontra | flora-fauna | Lontra longicaudis | aparuuwa (Lutra macrodus) (E1980) | aparuwa (E1980) | doubtful loan, direction unknown | Yucuna apatuhmé; shared Akawaio? | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| opossum | zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo | mucura | flora-fauna | family Didelphidae | avare (A1981); awaree (E1980) | avare (A1981); aware (E1980) | inheritance - WW | Northern Carib? | %jawari | Likely loan Carib > Wapishana /jawari/; Hodï /yowale/; Yanomami /awaɾe/, Piaroa yäväre | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| owl (large) | búho, lechuza | corujão | flora-fauna | order Strigiformes | wona (A1981); töpoik (general), kuuk-kuuk (great horned) (E1980); porotoiko (M2000) | wona (A1981); töpɔɪk, kuk-kuk (E1980); poɻo:toi'ko (M2000) | generic owl? | unique | Akawaio, Pemon | Also wona (A1981); kuk-kuk 'great horned owl' (E1980); poɻo:toi'ko (M2000) | Broader (generic?) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| paca (lowland) | Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana) | paca | flora-fauna | Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.) | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pacu fish | palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru) | pacu | flora-fauna | Mylossoma sp. | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| palm for roof thatch | pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná | caraná | flora-fauna | Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana | missing | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests | no | palm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| parrot | loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib) | papagaio | flora-fauna | Amazona amazonica | kavak (A1981); kawak (E1980) | kavak (A1981); kawak (E1980) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | May be onomatopoeic | See Language page | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Widespread | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| paxiuba palm | pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba | paxiuba | flora-fauna | Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea | araʔ (Pessoa2006) | araʔ (Pessoa2006) | unknown | cf. Bora | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no | palm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| peach palm, pejibaye palm | chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol) | pupunha | flora-fauna | Bactris gasipaes | təpiɾi [təˈpəːˈɾi] | təpəːɾi | pupunha | doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW | Arawak loan - %pipiri? | Pessoa 2006: Anexo 7, p. 144 of PDF | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| peanut | maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete | amendoim | flora-fauna | Arachis hypogaea | anepu (A1981); mopa (E1980) | anepu (A1981); mɔpa (E1980) | inheritance | Pemongan group (attested Makushi, Pemon) | Also mɔpa (E1980) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pineapple | piña | abacaxi | flora-fauna | Ananas comosus | kaiwarak (ananas sativa) (E1980), kayuwara (Pessoa2006) | kaɪwarak (E1980), kajuwara (Pessoa2006) | ananas sativa | semantic shift? | Pemongan group (attested Pemon, Akawaio, Makushi) | caraua? | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pirana | piraña, caribe | piranha | flora-fauna | subfamily Serrasalmidae | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no [not in this region] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| porcupine | puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru) | cuandu, porco-espinho | flora-fauna | family Erethizontidae | aruu (E1980) | aru (E1980) | inheritance | Northern Carib? (attested Pemon, Akawaio, Makushi, Wai Wai) | East Tukanoan | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| potato | papa | batata | flora-fauna | Solanum tuberosum | chak (E1980) | tʃak (E1980) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | Broader (potato, sweet potato) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | secondary scrub vegetation | no | compare entries for sweet potato | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| potato, sweet potato | camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara | batata-doce | flora-fauna | Ipomoea batatas | ichak (A1981) | itʃak (A1981) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | Broader (potato, sweet potato) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| praying mantis, stick insects | mantis religiosa | louva-a-deus | flora-fauna | order Mantodea, family Mantidae | parantarai (E1980) | parantaraɪ (E1980) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| rubber tree (sorva) | caucho, siringa, shiringa | seringa, borracha | flora-fauna | Hevea sp. | missing | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no | tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| scorpion | escorpión; alacran | escorpião | flora-fauna | order Scorpiones | marite (A1981); mariitö (E1980) | marite (A1981); maritö (E1980) | inheritance | Unknown (Akawaio, Pemon, Makiritari) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| seje palm | ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá | patoá, patuá | flora-fauna | Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua | kuarumada (means seje) (A1981) | kuaɾumada (A1981) | seje | inheritance | Unknown (attested Pemon, Eñepa) | See Language page | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia | may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sloth | pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru) | macaco preguica | flora-fauna | Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp. | nupi (bradypus tridactylus), kuaran (choloepus didactylos) (A1981); kwarang (E1980) | nupi, kuaran (A1981); kwaraŋ (E1980) | choloepus didactylos | inheritance | Venezuelan subgroup? (shared Akawaio, Pemon, Eñepa) | Also nupi (bradypus tridactylus) (A1981) | Narrower (type) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| small lizard | lagartija | calango | flora-fauna | order Squamata | waimesa (cnemidophorus leminiscatus) (A1981) | waimesa (A1981) | cnemidophorus leminiscatus | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | Narrower (lizard type) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snail | caracol, churo (Peru) | caracol | flora-fauna | class Gastropoda | koime (A1981); kuuiwa (E1980) | koime (A1981); kuɪwa (E1980) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | Also kuɪwa (E1980) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snake (generic) | culebra, serpiente | cobra | flora-fauna | okoi; ököi (E1980); ököi (M2000) | oko (A1981)i; ököɪ (E1980) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake | víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara | jararaca | flora-fauna | Bothrops jararaca/atrox | sakasak (rattlesnake) (E1980) | sakasak (E1980) | rattlesnake' | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread South America | yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| speckled catfish | surubí, pintadillo | surubim, sorubim | flora-fauna | Pseudoplatystoma sp. | wara (large catfish) (A1981); eerekkö (small catfish) (E1980) | wara (A1981); erɛʔkö (E1980) | large catfish' (unclear what type) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | No info | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| spider | araña | aranha | flora-fauna | Arachnidae, Araneae | arai (A1981) | aɾai (A1981) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| squash | calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru) | abóbora | flora-fauna | Cucurbita sp. | kawǝyuma (Pessoa2006) | kawǝjuma (Pessoa2006) | inheritance | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | plant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| squirrel | ardilla, danta (Ven) | serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo | flora-fauna | family Sciuridae | kari-kari (A1981); karii (E1980) | kari-kari (A1981); kari (E1980) | inheritance | Northern Carib? (Pemongan, Yukpa) | Likely loan Carib > Hodï kali. Also kari (E1980) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stingray (generic) | rayas látigo, raya | arraia | flora-fauna | Potamotrygon sp. | missing | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tannia, yautia | huitina (Peru), ñame | taioba branca | flora-fauna | Xanthosoma spp. | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tapir | sachavaca, danta | anta | flora-fauna | Tapirus terrestris | waira, maikuri (both are "tapirus terrestris") (A1981) | waiɾa, maikuɾi (A1981) | tapirus terrestris' | inheritance | Pemongan? (attested Pemon, Makushi, Yabarana, maybe Makiritare) | Also maikuɾi (tapirus terrestris) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| termites, white-ants | comején (Peru), termitas | cupim | flora-fauna | order Isoptera | chirima, chiripra (both mean: especie de comején comestible) (A1981); kuungwaik (E1980) | tʃirima, tʃiripra (A1981); kuŋwaɪk (E1980) | edible termite species' | unique | Also kuŋwaɪk (E1980) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tick | garrapata | carrapato | flora-fauna | superfam Ixodoidea | karimatex (ixodes) (A1981); koparii, kariikmatok (E1980) | kaɾimateks (A1981); kɔpari, kariʔmatɔk (E1980) | ixodes | inheritance; loan | Pemongan group (attested Makushi, Pemon) | Arawak | Also kɔpari, kariʔmatɔk (E1980) | Narrower (termite sp.) | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| tigerfish | taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru) | traíra | flora-fauna | Hoplias sp. | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tinamou | tinamu, perdiz, gallineta | inambu, inhambu | flora-fauna | family Tinamidae | supara | supaɾa | 'gallina' | missing | Also kaɾivina, kaɾataka, glossed 'gallina' | No info | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toad | sapo | sapo | flora-fauna | order Anura | pereteku (A1981); ampak (frog), chiinau (toad) (E1980) | peɾeteku (A1981); ampak, tʃinaʊ (E1980) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | Also pereteku (A1981); ampak (frog) | See Language page | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tobacco | tabaco | tabaco | flora-fauna | Nicotiana tabacum | kavai, tamu (A1981) | kavai, tamu (A1981) | doubtful loan into protolanguage | Northern Carib? | possibly from Arawak 'kuwai' deity? Venezuelan Carib | Likely loan into Hodï: Hodï ʰkawoi. Also tamu | See Language page | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | no | plant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant) | tortuga, morrocoy, motelo | jabutí, tartaruga | flora-fauna | Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria | wadamori (A1981); wayamorii, peeituura (turtle) (E1980) | wadamori (A1981); waʎamɔri, peɪtura (E1980) | inheritance | Northern Carib? (attested Akawaio, Pemon, Makushi, Wai Wai) | Also peɪtura 'turtle' (E1980) | See Language page | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toucan | tucán, pinsha (Peru) | tucano | flora-fauna | Ramphastos sp. | kiarue, wa (especie de tucán muy pequeño) (A1981); kiiapok (E1980) | kiarue, wa (A1981); kiapɔk (E1980) | inheritance | Akawaio, Pemon | Also wa (especie de tucán muy pequeño) (A1981); kiiapok (E1980) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tree | árbol | arvore | flora-fauna | yei (A1981); yöi (M2000) | dʒei (A1981); 'jəi (M2000) | inheritance | Northern Carib? | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tufted capuchin monkey | mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero | macaco prego | flora-fauna | Cebus apella | ri-ku-tun (A1981); iwaraka: generic monkey (M2000) | rɪ-kʊ-tʊn (A1981) | unknown | iwarka 'generic monkey' (E1977) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ucuqui | yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru) | ucuqui | flora-fauna | Pouteria ucuqui | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions | no | other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vulture | buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru) | urubu | flora-fauna | family Cathartidae | angwana (E1977) | aŋwana (E1977) | unknown | Akawaio, Pemon | shared Akawaio | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread South America | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wasp | avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa | caba | flora-fauna | order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita | kankepan, tempi (both are 'especie de avispas') (A1981); tapiiyuuka (E1977) | kankepan, tempi (A1981); tapiʎuka (E1977) | wasp species | unknown | Also kankepan (A1981) tapiʎuka (E1977) | Narrower (wasp sp.) | See Language page | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-fronted capuchin | Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru) | Caiarara | flora-fauna | Cebus albifrons | missing | iwarka 'generic monkey' (E1977) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-fronted spider monkey | Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia) | macaco aranha, coatá, quatá | flora-fauna | Ateles belzebuth/paniscus | missing | iwarka 'generic monkey' (E1977) | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| white-lipped peccary | Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana | queixada | flora-fauna | Tayassu pecari | missing | See Language page | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| woodpecker | pájaro carpintero, carpintero | pica-pau | flora-fauna | family Picidae | sapeereetek (E1980) | saperetɛk (E1980) | unknown | Akawaio, Pemon | shared Akawaio | May contain sape 'moth' | See Language page | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Widespread Amazonia | no |
Showing 1 to 138 of 138 entries
Cultural Vocabulary (106)
| English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|
English | Spanish | Portuguese | Semantic Field | Part of Speech | Orthographic Form | Phonemicized Form | Gloss as in Source | Etymology Code | Proto-Form | Proto-Language | Loan Source | Wanderwort Status | Etyma Set | Etymology Notes | Word Structure | Word Structure Notes | General Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| afterworld, land of dead, Heaven | tierra do los muertos | terra dos mortos | culture-mythology | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| arrow | flecha | flecha | subsistence tool | pereu | pɨröʊ (E1980) | inheritance | Loan into Piaroa (p'oari)? | hunting, warfare | See Language page | |||||||||
| axe/stone axe | hacha (de piedra) | machado (de pedra) | subsistence tool | wakka (E1980) | waʔka (E1980) | inheritance | Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup | especially for clearing fields | See Language page | |||||||||
| bait for fishing | cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) | isca | subsistence tool | mosokoroi (E1977) | mɔsɔkɔrɔɪ (E1977) | Inheritance | Akawaio-Pemon | can refer to worms; more generic | See Language page | |||||||||
| basin/bowl | tazón, plato hondo, taza | tijela | culture-material | kamok (E1980) | kamɔk (E1980) | bowl made from calabash gourd | inheritance | Akawaio-Pemon | See Language page | |||||||||
| basket (general) | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto | culture-material | tʃaɾampue | Unknown | Alternate: wankotopue, waɪkarapö | See Language page | |||||||||||
| basket (general) | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto | culture-material | charampue (cesto grande y de tejido ralo), wankotopue (especie de cesto grande) (A1981);for carrying produce: akaik, waikarapö (E1980) | tʃaɾampue, wankotopue (A1981); akaɪk (E1980) | unknown (all) | see Akawaio | See Language page | ||||||||||
| basket, small | canasta, canasto, cesta | cesto pequeno, tampado | culture-material | charampue (cesto grande y de tejido ralo), wankotopue (especie de cesto grande) (A1981) | tʃaɾampue, wankotopue (A1981) | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||
| bead | abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar | miçanga | culture-material | kasuuruu (E1980) | kasuru (E1980) | loan - WW | Pemongan subgroup | %kasiru | See Language page | |||||||||
| bed | cama | cama | culture-material | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| bench, seat | banco, silla, asiento | banco | culture-material | aponok (A1981); daponto (M2000) | aponok (A1981); βapon'dto (M2000) | inheritance | Proto-Carib | Alternate: βapon'dto | See Language page | |||||||||
| blowgun | cerbatana, pucuna (Peru) | zarabatana | subsistence tool | kuuraik (E1980) | kuraɪk (E1980) | inheritance | Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup | Maybe Proto-Carib | currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region | See Language page | ||||||||
| boomerang/throwing stick (generic) | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||||
| bottle | botella | garrafa | acculturation | potoro | potoro | Loan | Spanish | See Language page | ||||||||||
| bottom grinding stone | manufacture | missing | if different word from top grinding stone | See Language page | ||||||||||||||
| bow | arco | arco | subsistence tool | rapa (A1981); uurapa (E1980); urapa (M2000) | rapa (A1981); urapa (E1980); uɻa:pa' (M2000) | inheritance | Proto-Carib | Alternate: rapa, uɻa:pa' | arco | See Language page | ||||||||
| broom | escoba | vassoura | culture-material | padasekkadok (E1980) | padasɛʔkadɔk (E1980) | inheritance | Akawaio-Pemon | See Language page | ||||||||||
| canoe | canoa | canoa | transport | kanau (E1980) | kanaʊ (E1980) | doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW | %kanawa | WW | %kanawa | WW occurs in e.g. Wapishana, khanawa; various Carib (kanau, kanawa, kanowa, kanáw); Guayabero, kanáw; Candoshi, kánó; Jivaro, kán; Matses, cano; Napo Lowland Quichua, kanu; Siriano, cũma; Yanomam (kanaw, kanae). Ultimate source sometimes claimed to be Car | See Language page | |||||||
| cat | gato | gato | acculturation | pichana (A1981) | pitʃana (A1981) | loan - WW | %pisana | WW | %pisana | probably originally from Port bicho 'small animal'; compare E. Tukano, (e.g. Desano pisana); Arawak (e.g. Tariana pisána); Carib (Makushi pisana; Pemon pitʃana); Kakua pitʃina. But note Quechua 'broom' pitʃana | See Language page | |||||||
| chicken | gallina | galinha | acculturation | supara, karivina, karataka (A1981); iimɨkararuu (with featherless neck) (E1980) | supara, karivina, karataka | unknown, loan, loan - WW | Span/Port 'gallina' (cf. Nordenskiold 1922:29); %kara | Compare Nheengatu sapukaja. Alternate: karivina, karataka, iʔmɨkararu (with featherless neck) | See Language page | |||||||||
| chief/leader | jefe, cacique | chefe | culture-mythology | eepuuruu (E1980); epuru, tusawa (A1981) | epuru (E1980) (A1981) | inheritance; loan - WW | Akawaio-Pemon | shared Akawaio; %tuʃawa | See Language page | |||||||||
| clothing | ropa | roupa | culture-mythology | pon (A1981); pontoo (E1980) | pon (A1981); pɔnto (E1980) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| club | garrote, cachiporra | clava, porrete | subsistence tool | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| coca | narcotics | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||||
| cook food | food | tuma řintetok | Unknown | Maybe shared Makushi | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| Curupira (spirit type) | Curupira, Madremonte | Curupira | culture-mythology | Missing | malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| dance (generic) | culture-mythology | manunnö | Inheritance | Pemongan subgroup | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| dart (blowgun) | dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru) | dardo, seta | subsistence tool | kuungwa (E1980) | kuŋwa (E1980) | Inheritance | Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup? | hunting and warfare | See Language page | |||||||||
| deity/powerful spirit/culture figure | dios(es), deidad | divinidade, figura mítica | culture-mythology | kate, potorito (means our father, god) (A1981); katɨ (E1980) | kate, potorito (A1981); katɨ (E1980) | inheritance; unknown | Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup? | Similar term Waiwai; maybe older. Alternate: potorito | In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc. | See Language page | ||||||||
| digging stick | subsistence tool | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||||
| digging stick | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||||
| dream | sueño, soñar | sonho, sonhar | culture-mythology | emoron, wetun (A1981); weknetɨ, weknepɨnötok (E1980) | weʔnɛtɨ, weʔnɛpɨnötɔk | Inheritance | Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup | Alternate: weʔnɛpɨnötɔk, emoron, wetun | See Language page | |||||||||
| drum | tambor | tambor | culture-mythology | sambura (A1981); sampuura (E1980) | sambura (A1981); sampura (E1980) | loan | Spanish/Portuguese | Found widely in Carib, with some t-s correspondences (but apparently not regular). Also found Baniwa, Yavitero, Northern Emberá, Jivaro family, Cubeo, Nheengatu, Ninam | See Language page | |||||||||
| drum (large signal) | tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia) | tambor | culture | missing | Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| fan | abanico | abanador, abano | subsistence tool | asema (A1981); worii-worii (E1980) | asema (A1981); wɔri-wɔri (E1980) | unknown; inheritance | Proto-Carib | esp. for fanning a cooking fire | See Language page | |||||||||
| feather headdress | plumaje, corona de plumas | enfeite/capacete de penas | culture-mythology | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| fence, palisade | cerco | cerca | other | missing | may be related to defense/warfare? | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| fermented drink | masato, chicha | caxiri, chicha | culture | kachirí (bebida fermentada, hecha a base de puré de yuca amarga, maíz, bananos, casabe, guarapo de caña, etc. El nombre "kachirí" se reserva para la bebida de yuca mezclada o no con batata) (A1981) | katʃiɾi (A1981) | inheritance | prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made | See Language page | ||||||||||
| fetish, charm | fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga | feitiço, puçanga | culture-mythology | muurang (herbal), kuumii (used by kanaima) (E1980) | muraŋ, kumi) (E1980) | charm (herbal) | Inheritance | Akawaio-Pemon | Alternate: kumi (charm used by kanaima) | See Language page | ||||||||
| fireplace | hogar | lareira | other | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| firewood | leña | lenha | other | apok, keme, werke (A1981) | apok, keme, weɾke (A1981) | inheritance | Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup | Alternate: apok, weɾke | See Language page | |||||||||
| fish (with fish-poison) | pescar con barbasco, barbasquear | pescar com timbó; tinguijar | food | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| fish (with line) | anzuelear, pescar con linea | pescar (com linha) | food | moorok eema (E1980) | morɔk ema (E1980) | Inheritance | Akawaio-Pemon | See Language page | ||||||||||
| fish poison | barbasco, matapez (Colombia) | timbó | subsistence tool | ada | Inheritance | Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup | See Language page | |||||||||||
| fishing line | cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze | linha de pesca | subsistence tool | konoik yeepuu (E1980) | kɔnɔɪk jewa (E1980) | Inheritance | Pemongan subgroup | Compound | fishhook string' | See Language page | ||||||||
| fishtrap | trampa de peces, trampa | matapi, cacuri | subsistence tool | mooroik (E1980) | morɔɪk (E1980) | Inheritance | Akawaio-Pemon | See Language page | ||||||||||
| flat bread, cassava bread | pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe | beiju | food | eekeei (dried), akuusee (soft), eekeeikarautanösak (toasted) (E1980) | ekeɪ, akuse, ekeɪkaraʊtanösak (E1980) | flat bread (soft) | inheritance | Pemongan subgroup | Alternate:akuse, ekeɪkaraʊtanösak | usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits | See Language page | |||||||
| flour/meal from manioc | fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina | farinha | food | kïseerekna (E1977) | kɨserɛʔna (E1977) | unique | From 'manioc-meal'? Similar term in Wai Wai, but similarity may be in 'manioc' term. | agriculture | See Language page | |||||||||
| flute | flauta, quena (Peru) | flauta | culture-mythology | wosekpue (flauta hecha de tibia de animal, preferentement de venado), kaikra (nombre de la caña que se usa para hacer flautas y bodoqueras. La misma flauta) (A1981) | wosekpue, kaikɾa (A1981) | flute made of the tibia of an animal, preferably a deer | unknown | Alternate: kaikɾa | multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc. | See Language page | ||||||||
| game animal | caza, animal de caza | caça, animal de caça | food | woto | woto | inheritance | Proto-Carib? | Attested Wai Wai, Pemon | Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages | See Language page | ||||||||
| genipap | culture-mythology | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||||
| ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit | espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio | espirito | culture-mythology | orodan (A1981); kookoi (E1980); spirit: yaukkuarɨ (E1980) | oroda (A1981); kokɔɪ (E1980); ʎaʊʔkʊarɨ (E1980) | unknown; inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| gourd (dipper/bowl) | cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo | cuia | subsistence tool | arapö (E1980) | arapö (E1980) | gourd | unknown | Akawaio-Pemon | shared Akawaio | See Language page | ||||||||
| grater | rallador, rallo | ralador, ralo | subsistence tool | suumarii (E1980) | sumari (E1980) | inheritance | Proto-Carib | Probably Carib loan in Paresi tʃimjare | esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well | See Language page | ||||||||
| grave | tumba, sepultura, sepulcro | sepultura, sepulcro, cova | culture-mythology | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf) | barbacoa | jirau | subsistence tool | apok yeksek (glossed as 'three logs on which pot is placed for cooking') (E1980) | apɔk yɛʔsɛk (E1980) | unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||
| griddle for cooking flatbread | tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru) | forno para beiju | subsistence tool | tari | missing | Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup? | Attested Makiritare, Pemon | agriculture? | See Language page | |||||||||
| gun | arma, escopeta | espingarda, fusil | acculturation | rakte-pueti, juarima, dochima, ivereima (A1981); iiteemung (E1980) | rakte-pueti, juarima, dochima, ivereima (A1981); itemuŋ (E1981) | unique | Alternate: rakte-pueti, juarima, dochima, ivereima (rifle) | See Language page | ||||||||||
| hammock | hamaca, chinchorro | rede | culture-material | kaimi, karimi (A1981) | kaimi, kaɾimi (A1981) | unknown | Alternate: kaɾimi | See Language page | ||||||||||
| hat | sombero | chapéu | dress | arok, jaroko, sapewa (A1981); arok (E1980) | arok, jaroko, sapewa (A1981); arɔk (E1980) | semantic shift; loan | Venezuelan (N. Amazonian) subgroup | from 'headdress'; Port chapeu | Alternate:jaroko, sapewa | See Language page | ||||||||
| healer | curandero | benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) | culture-mythology | Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well. | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| hollow log/trough for beer-making | canoa para chicha | cocho de caxiri | narcotics | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| honey | miel | mel | food | töusang yeeuukuu (E1980) | töusaŋ jeuku (E1980) | unknown | Akawaio-Pemon | shared Akawaio | only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia? | See Language page | ||||||||
| house | other | tapui, yewik, (both mean house), aute (eute) (means 'casa' but also a type of wasp), waipa (casa de base circular y techo cónico, la más típica de estos indígenas, llamada también tukuchipan) (A1981) | tapui, dʒewik, aute (eute), waipa (A1981) | loan; unknown | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| hunt | cazar | caçar | food | wonun (A1981); wontïmang peknö (E1977); awonnö (M2000) | wonun (A1981); wɔntïmaŋ pɛknö (E1977) | Inheritance | Pemongan subgroup | Alternate: wɔntïmaŋ pɛknö | See Language page | |||||||||
| knife | cuchillo | faca | culture-material | tavara, maria (means small knife, pocket knife) (A1981); maraiia, tawara (E1980) | tavaɾa, maɾia (A1981); ma'ria, 'tawara (E1980) | inheritance; loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW | Pemongan subgroup | %marije | Alternate: maɾia (small knife, pocket knife) | See Language page | ||||||||
| loincloth | taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla | tanga, tapa-sexo | dress | rapu, wayiku, mosa (A1981) | rapu, wajiku, mosa (A1981) | Unknown | Alternate:wayiku(general cloth, loin cloth), mosa(feminine loin cloth) | See Language page | ||||||||||
| machete | machete | facão | culture-material | kasupara (A1981) | kasupaɾa (A1981) | loan - WW | %sipara/sapere | WW | %sapara | Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear) | See Language page | |||||||
| mortar | mortero | pilão | subsistence tool | akoo (E1980) | ako (E1980) | inheritance | Proto-Carib | See Language page | ||||||||||
| paddle/oar | remo | remo | transport | naire (A1981) | naiɾe (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| paint body, body paint | pintura corporal | pintura corporal | culture-mythology | akuuknatok (paint) (E1977) | akuʔnatɔk (E1977) | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| panpipe | carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora | caniço, flauta de pã | culture-mythology | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| paper | papel | papel | acculturation | kareta | kareta | loan | Span/Port 'carta' | Alternate: paperu | See Language page | |||||||||
| pestle | pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor | mão de pilão | subsistence tool | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| pipe for tobacco | pipa | cachimbo | other | tamu jen | Unknown | Alternate: paipa, katʃimbo, kavai jen | Phrase | tamu=tobacco; yen=container | See Language page | |||||||||
| pipe for tobacco | pipa | cachimbo | other | See Language page | ||||||||||||||
| plate | plato | prato | culture-material | praturu (A1981); parapii (E1980) | praturu (A1981); parapi (E1980) | loan; loan, direction unknown - WW | %parapi | Nheengatu parátu (from POR); see also Arawak (e..g Yucuna paɾatú); Carib (e.g. Makushi pɨratu); Jivaro (e.g. Aguaruna parátu); Hup padatu=b'ɔk | See Language page | |||||||||
| policeman | polícia | policía | acculturation | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| pot | olla, pote | panela, vasilha | subsistence tool | eine (olla de barro) (A1981); ainö (E1980) | eine (A1981); aɪnö (E1980) | inheritance | Proto-Carib? | Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches | See Language page | |||||||||
| rattle | matraca, maraca | marico, chocalho | culture-mythology | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| resin | resina, brea, copal | resina, brea, breu | subsistence tool | maruai (Romero) | maruai (Romero) | unknown | Alternate: i-vek | Compound | 'tree liquid' | See Language page | ||||||||
| ritual song cycle (kapiwaya) | kapiwaya | capiwaya | culture-mythology | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| rope/string | mecate, cuerda, soga | corda | culture | ewa, esewa (A1981); itewa (M2000) | ewa, esewa (A1981) | inheritance | See Language page | |||||||||||
| salt | sal | sal | food | pan, sararu (A1981); waiyoo (E 1980) | pan, sararu (A1981); waijoo (E 1980) | inheritance; loan | Akawaio-Pemon | Span/Port | Alternate: pan, sararu | See Language page | ||||||||
| school | escuela | escola | acculturation | esenupandok | Unique | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| shaman, healer | chamán, brujo | xaman, pajé, feiticeiro | culture-mythology | piasan (A1981); piiayasang (E1977) | pɪasan (A1981); piaʎasaŋ (E1977) | inheritance | Proto-Carib? | Attested Venezuelan + Guiana branches | In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv | See Language page | ||||||||
| shoes | zapatos | sapatos | dress | sapatu | Loan | Spanish/Portuguese | Tariana sapatu; Yanomam sapato; Hup capatu, Pemon sapatu | See Language page | ||||||||||
| skirt | falda, saya, fustan, pollera | saia | culture-material | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| soldier | soldado | soldado | acculturation | surara | missing | Carib? | WW | %surara | Port via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu | See Language page | ||||||||
| song (generic) | canción, canto | canção | culture-mythology | eremuk (A1981); | eremuk (A1981) | inheritance | Akawaio-Pemon | See Language page | ||||||||||
| spear | lanza | lança | subsistence tool | supari (A1981); supararii (E1980) | supari (A1981); sʊparari (E1980) | semantic shift - WW | see 'machete'; %sipara/sapere | WW | %sapara | Carib (e.g. Pemon kusupará); Urarina sa:beɽe; Iquito sáhuiri; Sikuani sipari (axe); Carib (spear) | See Language page | |||||||
| spearthrower | subsistence tool | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||||
| starch (tapioca, other) | almidón | goma de tapioca | food | imu (A1981); chiipiipa (E1980) | imu (A1981); tʃipipa (E1980) | inheritance; unknown | Pemongan subgroup | tʃipipa | See Language page | |||||||||
| stone for lighting fires | piedra para hacer fuego | pedra para acender fogo | culture-material | Missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| sugarcane/sugar | azúcar, caña de azúcar | açucar (de cana) | acculturation | kaiwarakun yeuku erintesak (A1981); chiikaruu (E1980) | kaiwarakun yeuku erintesak (A1981) | Inheritance | Akawaio-Pemon | Alternate: kaiwarakun jeuku erintesak | See Language page | |||||||||
| tapioca drink, mingau | cahuana, caguana | mingau | food | missing | agriculture | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| tattoo | tatuaje, tatu | tatuagem | culture-mythology | See Language page | ||||||||||||||
| thatch/roof | crisneja | palha, caraná | culture-material | missing | See Language page | |||||||||||||
| tipiti (manioc squeezer) | tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca | tipiti | food | missing | word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| tobacco (native) | narcotics | tamu | Inheritance | *tam(u/ï) | Proto-Carib | Reconstruction Meira p.c. | See Language page | |||||||||||
| top grinding stone | metate, mano; piedra de moler | metate, mano | manufacture | missing | use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone | See Language page | ||||||||||||
| tripod for washing manioc | trípode | tripé | subsistence tool | apok yeksek (glossed as 'three logs on which pot is placed for cooking') (E1980) | apɔk yɛʔsɛk (E1980) | Missing | agriculture | See Language page | ||||||||||
| venom for darts, poison | veneno | curare | subsistence tool | kumarwa (A1981) | kumaɾwa (A1981) | inheritance? | cf. Yukpa | hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?) | See Language page | |||||||||
| wax | cera | cera | other | morompue (A1981); maitakiing (E1980) (for rubbing on fishing rods) | morompue (A1981), maɪtakiŋ (E1980) | inheritance; unknown | Pemongan subgroup | shared Akawaio | Alternate:maɪtakiŋ (wax rubbed on fishing rods) | See Language page | ||||||||
| woven strainer/sieve | colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru) | peneira, cumatá | subsistence tool | panka, ainonkatok (both mean 'strainer') (A1981) | panka, ainonkatok (A1981) | inheritance; inheritance | Akawaio-Pemon | Alternate: ainonkatok | agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour | See Language page | ||||||||
| yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women) | yurupari | jurupari | culture-mythology | Missing | a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women. | See Language page |
Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries
Grammatical Data (226)
| Category | Grammatical Feature | Grammatical Feature: Notes | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Category | Grammatical Feature | Grammatical Feature: Notes | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive NN compounding | Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced | no info | |||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV serialization (without compounding) | Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection | no info | |||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Productive VV compounding | Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word | yes | de Armellada 1999: 138-9 | ||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions | There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' | no info | |||||
| Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs | Auxiliary verb(s) | There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs | yes | The author calls these verbs as auxiliaries but they do not seem to fit the definition of auxiliary verbs since they do not show any grammatical information not already present in the main verb; rahter, they seem to be a instance of verb serialization | de Armellada 1999: 27-9 | |||
| Morphology - General | Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) | Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] | no | de Armellada 1999: 105 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes | Stem change, tone | no | de Armellada 1999: 105 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) | Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word | yes | tense, aspect, relative clause, some modals | de Armellada 1999: 105-134 | |||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing | There are many more prefixes than suffixes | no | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing | There are many more suffixes than prefixes | yes | tense, aspect, relative clause, some modals | de Armellada 1999:105-134 | |||
| Morphology - General | Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred | The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different | no | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: full | The full morpheme is reduplicated | yes | de Armellada 1999: 271 | ||||
| Morphology - General | Reduplication: partial | Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated | no | de Armellada 1999: 271 | ||||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process | Verb contains nominal segment | yes | de Armellada 1999: 262 | The suffixes ma, te and pa derive transitive verbs from nouns and other parts of speech | |||
| Morphology - Incorporation | Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs | Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns | yes | can you say anything about which ones? It seems that postpositions can be added to verbs to form other verbs | de Armellada 1999: 260 to 262 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Adpositions mark core NPs | Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients | no | de Armellada 1999: 54 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: number of cases | Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun | 2 | de Armellada 1999: 54 | The ergative case is marked with the suffix ya (or it's allomorph da). The absolutive case doesn't seem to have its own morpheme. | |||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked | Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are | no | de Armellada 1999: 54 | Only the subject of a transivite verb seems to ever be obligatorily marked. | |||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: symmetrical | All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) | yes | de Armellada 1999: 16-25, 54-5 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: asymmetrical | Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates | no | de Armellada 1999: 16-25, 54-5 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: suffix or postpositional clitic | yes | de Armellada 1999: 54 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: prefix or prepositional clitic | no | de Armellada 1999: 54 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: infix or inpositional clitic | no | de Armellada 1999: 54 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: stem change | no | de Armellada 1999: 54 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: tone | no | de Armellada 1999: 54 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions | Case: comitative = instrumental | Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' | no | de Armellada 1999: 54 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Definite or specific articles | Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only | no | de Armellada 1999: 151 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives | Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness | no | de Armellada 1999: 151 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Indefinite or non-specific article | or marker | no | de Armellada 1999: 151 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals | Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you | yes | de Armellada 1999: 12 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) | yes | de Armellada 1999: 110 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) | Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system | 3 | sere, this (close); muere, that (farther); chinek, that over there (really far) | de Armellada 1999: 62 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity | Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) | no | de Armellada 1999: 62 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classes/genders | Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP | no | de Armellada 1999:48 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Number of noun classes/genders | Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders | no | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) | Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. | no | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates | Masculine, feminine, neuter | no | de Armellada 1999: 48 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates | no | de Armellada 1999: 48 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system | Animate/inanimate, human/non-human | no | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns | add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only | no | de Armellada 1999: 12 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates | no | de Armellada 1999 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates | no | de Armellada 1999 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | "Repeater" classifiers | Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" | no | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) | Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals | no | de Armellada 1999: 66, 67 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification | Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns | Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' | no | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Singular number may be marked on the noun | Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups | no | de Armellada 1999: 49 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural affix on noun | yes | de Armellada 1999: 50 to 52 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun | no | ||||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked by reduplication of noun | no | de Armellada 1999: 49 to 53 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural word/clitic | yes | de Armellada 1999: 49, 50 | This postposition is only used for animates. Though Pemon does not usually use plurals, dama is the most common morpheme for showing plurality. | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Plural marked on human or animate nouns only | yes | de Armellada 1999: 49 | |||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix | Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns | no | de Armellada 1999: 12 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Number | Unique associative plural marker | e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' | yes | These are postpositions | de Armellada 1999: 53 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-2 | At least some part of the system involves base-2 | no | de Armellada 1999: 66, 67 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-5 | At least some part of the system involves base-5 | yes | "A hand" is used for 5 and a "hand with a finger is 6 | de Armellada 1999: 66, 67 | |||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Base-10 | At least some part of the system involves base-10 | no | de Armellada 1999: 66, 67 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Other base (specify) | 4, 20, etc. | no | de Armellada 1999: 66, 67 | I think the base is four. After twenty though the numbers get really complicated. | |||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 | e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' | yes | sak-ne-ne "4" would come from sak-ne "2" as meaning two times 2 | de Armellada 1999: 67 | mia and yenna both mean hand | ||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 5 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | no | de Armellada 1999: 66, 67 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Numerals | Numerals do not go above 10 | 'Many' or some other non-exact term used | no | de Armellada 1999: 66, 67 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | no info | more likely not | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Other nominal | Person inflection on non-verbal predicates | i.e. nominal or adjectival | no info | more likely not | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3sg pronouns | no | de Armellada 1999: 12 | These are also demonstratives, and I think that's why there are two of them | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 3pl pronouns | no | de Armellada 1999: 12 | These are also demonstratives | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns | no | de Armellada 1999: 12 | There is a distinction drawn between exclusive and inclusive pronouns in 1st person plural pronouns (ina is excl. and (y)ure-to and (y)ure-nokon are both inclusive) | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Formal/informal distinction in pronouns | Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns | no | de Armellada 1999: 12 | ||||
| Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories | Reflexive pronouns | e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix | yes | is this really a pronoun (like 'himself') or a reflexive marker? If it's a PN, is te used for all persons as a kind of generic pronoun? | de Armellada 1999: 35 | This is actually a prefix, but my source calls it a pronoun. | ||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Underived adjectives | There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes | yes | de Armellada 1999: 253, 254 | Most adjectives, however, are derived from other parts of speech. | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Adjectives | Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP | There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco | no | de Armellada 1999: 253, 254 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) | There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb | no info | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) | There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb | yes | There are four suffixes (which each have a plural form as well as a singular one) that are used to create agents. Which one you use depends on the transitivity of the verb and its tense. | de Armellada 1999: 159 to 165 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) | There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb | no info | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Derivation | Productive verbalizing morphology | There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective | yes | de Armellada 1999: 260 to 263 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Other | NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently | 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' | no info | |||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N | alienable/inalienable? | yes | singular possession prefixes | de Armellada 1999: 14 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N | alienable/inalienable? | yes | plural inclusives are suffixes, 2nd and 3rd plural possessives are circumfixes | de Armellada 1999: 14 | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent | e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' | no | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head | e.g. 'the boy his-dog' | yes | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ri is usually the suffix that shows possession, but sometimes other morphemes are used instead | |||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession | Possessive classifiers | There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities | no | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of inalienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Morphological marking of alienable possession | Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed | An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of kin terms | 'my-father' but *father | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) | 'my-leg' but *leg | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability | Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed | Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Pre-/post-nasalized stops | Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. | no | Pessoa 2005 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Glottalized/ejective consonants | Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] | no | Pessoa 2005 | ||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Palatalized stops | Phonemic contrast | no | palatalization is not contrastive | Pessoa 2005 | |||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic vowel length | Does the language have long and short vowels? | yes | Pessoa 2005:58 | Tuarepang dialect | |||
| Phonology - Segmental | Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels | no | Pessoa 2005 | |||||
| Phonology - Segmental | Complex onsets | Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme | yes | CCV allowed | Pessoa 2005:67 | Tuarepang dialect | ||
| Phonology - Segmental | No codas | *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] | no | CVC and CCVC allowed | Pessoa 2005:67 | Only k or n (which sometimes assimilates and becomes an m) can be codas | ||
| Phonology - Segmental | Word-final coda required | Do all syllables end in a consonant? | no | Pessoa 2005 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive tones | Note how many contrastive tones | no | Pessoa 2005 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Contrastive stress | Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? | no | Pessoa 2005 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable | In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments | no | Pessoa 2005 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries | Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? | no | Pessoa 2005 | ||||
| Phonology - Suprasegmental | Vowel harmony | yes | Pessoa 2005 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative | Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative | Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive | Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker | yes | de Armellada 1999: 22 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite | Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive | Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | yes | de Armellada 1999:18- 22 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative | Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs | yes | Not clear what the condionintg factor is. However, it seems to be related to past tense | de Armellada 1999:114 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive | yes, no, mixed, other | yes | This seems to be the more general pattern | de Armellada 1999:16-25 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical | Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Alignment | Alignment of verbal person-marking: split | More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. | yes | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions | Grammaticalized verbal desiderative | Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) | yes | [-te] comes from the word for "chest" and puek is a postposition which has different meaning amog them dative and source | de Armellada 1999: 128 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: interrogative particle | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle | yes | de Armellada 1999: 145 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: verb morphology | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology | no | de Armellada 1999:143/49 145 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: word order | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) | no | de Armellada 1999:143/49 145 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Polar questions: intonation only | Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only | no | de Armellada 1999: 143 to 149 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Interrogatives | Content questions: word order differs from declaratives | Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a preposed element | Clausal negator is a preposed element | no | de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Clausal negator is a postposed element | Clausal negator is a postposed element | yes | de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: affix | Negatives: affix | no | de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: particle | Negatives: particle | yes | de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: auxiliary verb | Negatives: auxiliary verb | no | de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Negatives: double | Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' | no | de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' | no | de Armellada 1999: 237 to 240 | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Negation | Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' | Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase | no | de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Clause chaining | Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. | no | Each verb has its own person inflection | de Armellada 1999: 16-5, 105-226 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked switch-reference system | There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined | no info | more likely not | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Other | Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses | Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence | no info | more likely not | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: verbal | Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Predicate adjectives: nominal | Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible | Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) | yes | de Armellada 1999:178 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses | Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) | yes | de Armellada 1999:27 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause | Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. | no info | most likely not | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker | It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause | no | de Armellada 1999:175-94 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Relativizer is a verbal affix | no | This relativizer is usually used to introduced relative clause in which the subject of the main clause is co-referential with the object of the relative clause | de Armellada 1999:179 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Predication | Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer | The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) | no | de Armellada 1999:175-94, 252-9 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects | yes | de Armellada 1999:16-25 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) | yes | de Armellada 1999:16-7 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb | Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) | yes | Based on examples | de Armellada 1999:19 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host | Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 58-61, 95-104 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position | Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking on intransitive verbs | Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes | yes | de Armellada 1999:16-7 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers | yes | de Armellada 1999:20-1 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs | Transitive verbs take object (P) markers | yes | de Armellada 1999:20-1 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects | 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | no | First person singular in intransitive sentences can be zero-marked | de Armellada 1999:16-7 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects | 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Number can be marked separately from person on the verb | Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers | Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes | yes | Possessive affixes are the same as the absolutive verbal affixes | de Armellada 1999:18 | |||
| Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking | Gender distinguished in verbal person markers | For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: indirect object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: double object | In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice | Ditransitive constructions: secondary object | In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. | no | de Armellada 1999:40-265-6 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reflexive: dedicated morpheme | Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. | no | de Armellada 1999:40-265-6 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme | Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb | yes | de Armellada 1999:40-265-6 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Passive | Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Antipassive | Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing | Other intransitivizing morphology | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: benefactive | Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Applicative: other | Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: prefix | Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb | no | de Armellada 1999:262 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: suffix | Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb | yes | de Armellada 1999:262 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone | Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix | no | de Armellada 1999:262 | ||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: serial verb or analytical construction | Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' | Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Causative: dedicated sociative | Indicates that causer participates in event | no info | |||||
| Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing | Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) | There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency | no info | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated past marker(s) | Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere | yes | de Armellada 1999: 110 to 120 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. distant vs. recent past | no | There is, however, a distinction between simple past tense and the preterito perfecto, which indictates that an action is either complete or precedes another action, according to my source (pg. 119). | de Armellada 1999: 110 to 120 | |||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference | e.g. imminent vs. distant future | no | de Armellada 1999: 130 to 133 | Pemon has various suffixes that show that that an accion is imminent or intended, but my source says that this is not quite a verb form for indicating future | |||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) | no | de Armellada 1999: 130 to 133 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: prefix | no | de Armellada 1999: 110 to 136 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: suffix | yes | de Armellada 1999; 110 to 136 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut | no | de Armellada 1999; 110 to 136 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense | Tense-aspect suppletion | no | de Armellada 1999; 110 to 136 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Directionals | Directional elements affixed to the verb | There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. | no info | de Armellada 1999: 105-95 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized visual | Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized nonvisual | Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized inferential | Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized reportive | Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Grammaticalized quotative | Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Other evidential | Any other evidential values not represented above | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic | no info | de Armellada 1999 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: part of tense system | Includes portmanteau morphs | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: separate particle | no info | de Armellada 1999 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Evidentiality | Evidentiality: modal morpheme | no info | de Armellada 1999 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form | There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood | yes | de Armellada 1999: 9 | These are both suffixes and are used for simple imperatives. They can be combined with the infix tanë to indicate that the receiver must come to where the speaker is to do something. To indicate that the receiver should go somewhere and do something the s | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Polite imperative morpheme | There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) | no | de Armellada 1999: 9 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses | There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses | yes | de Armellada 1999: 123 | pra is used in one of the imperative examples on page 9 and then has a whole section on page 238 where it is used to negate declaratives | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) | as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' | yes | de Armellada 1999: 125 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: affix on verb | Inflectional marking of capacity to do something | no | de Armellada 1999: 129 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: verbal construction | no | can you state briefly how this works? The word poken follows the verb to show possibility. I guess maybe this isn't a verbal construction after all? | de Armellada 1999: 129 | The word poken follows the verb | |||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Situational possibility: other marking | no | de Armellada 1999: 129 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: affix on verb | Modal expressing hypothesis | yes | de Armellada 1999: 201, 202 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: verbal construction | yes | de Armellada 1999: 201, 202 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Epistemic possibility: other marking | no | de Armellada 1999: 201, 202 | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Marking of expected/unexpected action or result | There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected | no | de Armellada 1999: 121 to 136 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal frustrative | Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") | no | de Armellada 1999: 121 to 136 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Verbal habitual | Modal expressing habituality | yes | de Armellada 1999: 134 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Apprehensive construction | There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' | no | de Armellada 1999: 121 to 136 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Reality status marking on verbs | There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' | no info | de Armellada 1999: 121 to 136 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Mood | Affect markers (positive/negative) | Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative | no | de Armellada 1999: 121 to 136 | ||||
| Verbal Categories - Other | Social interaction markers | Note the type of interaction | no info | |||||
| Verbal Categories - Verbal number | Verbal number suppletion | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 105-70 | |||||
| Word Order | No fixed basic constituent order | no | de Armellada 1999: 23 | The basic order for transitive sentences is SOV, which alternates with OVS | ||||
| Word Order | VS in intransitive clauses | Verb precedes subject | no | de Armellada 1999: 16 | ||||
| Word Order | VS in transitive clauses | yes | de Armellada 1999: 23 | |||||
| Word Order | VO in transitive clauses | Verb precedes object | no | de Armellada 1999: 23 | ||||
| Word Order | OS in transitive clauses | Object precedes subject | no | de Armellada 1999: 23 | ||||
| Word Order | Preposition-Noun | no | de Armellada 1999: 71 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Postposition or case suffix | yes | de Armellada 1999: 71 | |||||
| Word Order | Gen-Noun | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) | yes | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Word Order | Noun-Gen | Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') | no | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Word Order | Adj-Noun | Adjective precedes the noun | no | de Armellada 1999: 58 | ||||
| Word Order | Noun-Adj | Adjective follows the noun | yes | de Armellada 1999: 58 | ||||
| Word Order | Dem-Noun | yes | de Armellada 1999: 62 | |||||
| Word Order | Noun-Dem | no | de Armellada 1999: 62 | |||||
| Word Order | Num-Noun | no info | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Num | no info | ||||||
| Word Order | Noun-Rel | Relative clause follows noun that it modifies | no info | |||||
| Word Order | Rel-Noun | Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies | yes | Based on examples | de Armellada 1999: 178 | |||
| Word Order | Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) | e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') | yes | de Armellada 1999: 175-94 | ||||
| Word Order | Relative clause is correlative or adjoined | e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' | no info | |||||
| Word Order | Question word is clause initial | 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause | yes | de Armellada 1999: 143 |
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