Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)
- Category
- Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability
- Notes
- 'my-leg' but *leg
| Language |
Feature Status |
Grammatical Notes |
Source |
Etymology Notes |
General Notes |
Phylogenetic Code |
| Cahuilla |
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| Cupeño |
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| Luiseño |
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| Serrano |
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| Kitanemuk |
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| Kawaiisu |
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| Timbisha |
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| Western Mono |
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| Chemehuevi |
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| Southern Paiute |
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| Southern Ute |
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| Shoshone |
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| Comanche |
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| Idaho Shoshone |
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| Northern Paiute |
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| Gabrielino |
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| Achagua |
yes |
examples given of inalienable body-part terms, but no mention of whether all kin terms are inalienable |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 20 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976: 166 |
|
|
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| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 93 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006:102 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Captain, David and Linda Captain. 2005. Diccionario Básico Ilustrado: Wayuunaiki-Español Español-Wayuunaiki. Bogotá: Editorial Fundación para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 127 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 154 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Mihas 2010:123 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:24 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
Body parts are usually possessed but they need not be |
Duff-Tripp 1997:31 |
|
|
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| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
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| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p119 |
|
|
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| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 299 |
|
|
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| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:15 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Launey 2003:78 |
|
|
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| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:53 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:64 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 288-289 |
|
|
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| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982: 58 |
|
|
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| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Payne 2012:74 |
|
|
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| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999: 13 |
|
|
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| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
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| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:55-7 |
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| Kogi |
no info |
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| Cabecar |
no info |
|
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| Guaymí |
no info |
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| Damana |
no |
|
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| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000: 294-298 |
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| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
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| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
Overall 2007:261-2 |
|
more likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
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| Waorani |
no info |
|
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| Ingá |
no info |
|
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| Matses |
no info |
|
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| Mapudungun |
no info |
most likely not |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 |
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| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
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| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
more likely yes |
|
|
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| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:133 |
|
|
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| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:331-41 |
|
|
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| Waunana |
yes |
|
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
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| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979: 133 |
|
|
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| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p176 |
|
|
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| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
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| Kakua |
yes |
either with possesive marker, or with proclitic when indefined possesor |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
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| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
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| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.9 |
|
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| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
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| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
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| Dâw |
no info |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
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| Desano |
no |
body parts (ex. Head) can be used with the alienable possesion marker but it is more common to promote the owner as one of the major grammatical elements |
Miller 1999, p. 48 |
|
|
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| Cubeo |
no info |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77-92 |
|
|
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| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 197 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40 |
|
|
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| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.18-25 |
|
|
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| Barasano |
no |
To indicate the possession of body parts, a noun or pronoun is directly followed by the term for the body part. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.66-67 |
|
|
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| Siona |
no |
Body parts are treated no differently than other nouns when it comes to possession marking. |
Wheeler - 1987:121-125 |
|
|
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| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 227-228 |
|
as evidenced by examples |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 117-119 |
|
|
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| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.55 |
|
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| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: p. 128 |
|
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| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
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| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296, 303-4 |
|
|
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| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:156 |
|
|
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| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:85-7 |
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| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Kokama |
no info |
|
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
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| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
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|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no info |
|
|
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|
x |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
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|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
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|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms13.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
25 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
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| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
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| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
143-144 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
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| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
maybe |
|
64 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 34 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
378 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
197 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
230-232 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
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| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
308 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
325 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
428 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
194 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
261 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
105 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
199 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
138; 140 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no? |
|
95-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
118-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
maybe |
|
86-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
295 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
31-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
37; cf 35, 2.29 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
308 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
FO 127 |
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
506 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
41 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
150 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
309 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 14 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
232 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
76 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
898 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes? |
|
124 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
4.7 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
65 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No info |
|
26 |
|
|
x |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
646 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
