Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)
- Category
- Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability
- Notes
- 'my-leg' but *leg
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | examples given of inalienable body-part terms, but no mention of whether all kin terms are inalienable | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 20 | |||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 59 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | no info | Overall 2007:261-2 | more likely no | |||
| Alyawarr | yes | 118-9 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | yes | Landaburu 1979: 133 | ||||
| Apurinã | yes | Facundes, 2000: 154 | ||||
| Arabana | no? | 95-6 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 150 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Mihas 2010:123 | ||||
| Añun | yes | Patte 1989:53 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | To indicate the possession of body parts, a noun or pronoun is directly followed by the term for the body part. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | yes | Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007: p119 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | yes | 4.7 | 1 | |||
| Biri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:64 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no info | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77-92 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 135 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | body parts (ex. Head) can be used with the alienable possesion marker but it is more common to promote the owner as one of the major grammatical elements | Miller 1999, p. 48 | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 138; 140 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes? | 124 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 199 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 99 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 105 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no info | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Payne 2012:74 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | yes | 25 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 261 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 308 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | n/a | 33 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:55-7 | ||||
| Ingá | no info | |||||
| Jaru | yes | 194 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | no info | x | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | either with possesive marker, or with proclitic when indefined possesor | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
| Kalkatungu | no info | x | ||||
| Karajarri | Yes | 309 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296, 303-4 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 295 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no info | Vallejos 2010:274-276 | ||||
| Kokatha | Yes | 57 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.18-25 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 197 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 428 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 38 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 37; cf 35, 2.29 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 325 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | Carson 1982: 58 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | most likely not | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 | |||
| Marrgany | yes | 308 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | no info | x | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 77 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.9 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 299 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | 65 | x | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 41 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 31-2 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 230-232 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:156 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez, p.55 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | yes | Launey 2003:78 | ||||
| Panyjima | no info | x | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:85-7 | ||||
| Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:15 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Galindo, 2002: 93 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 14 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 197 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p176 | ||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | more likely yes | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | Allin, 1976: 166 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 232 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: p. 128 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000: 294-298 | ||||
| Siona | no | Body parts are treated no differently than other nouns when it comes to possession marking. | Wheeler - 1987:121-125 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.66-67 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 127 | ||||
| Thanggati | maybe | 86-7 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | No info | 26 | x | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Montes 2005:133 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 227-228 | as evidenced by examples | |||
| Uradhi | Yes | 378 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:331-41 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 48 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | no info | x | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos 2006:102 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | yes | 898 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 23 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 76 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 646 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | yes | Mejía 2000:90 | ||||
| Wayuu | yes | Captain, David and Linda Captain. 2005. Diccionario Básico Ilustrado: Wayuunaiki-Español Español-Wayuunaiki. Bogotá: Editorial Fundación para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 34 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no info | FO 127 | x | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | maybe | 64 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | ms13.1 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Body parts are usually possessed but they need not be | Duff-Tripp 1997:31 | |||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 117-119 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 4 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 143-144 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 506 | 1 | |||
| Yine | yes | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 57 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47 | ||||
| Yulparija | Yes | 29 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 49 | 1 |
| Language |
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