Hunter-Gatherer Language Database

Baniwa

Family: Arawakan
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: bwi
Location: 2.18°, -67.77°
Notes: Related to Karutana and Kurripaco; not the same as Baniva of Guiana (bvv).
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information

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Data Sources: (A) Ramirez, Henri. 2001. Uma gramática do Baniwa do Içana. Universidade Federal do Amazonas. (B) Ramirez, Henri. 2001. Dicionário Baniwa-Português. Manaus: Editora da Universidade do Amazonas. Rodriguez, José Vicente, compiler, and others. 1995. Mamíferos colombianos: sus nombres comunes e indígenas. Bogotá: Conservation International, Fundación Mario Santo Domingo. Seifart, Frank. Comparative Arawakan word list.

Basic Vocabulary (192)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Etymology Code	Loan Source	General Notes	Source
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar			missing			See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	wháa	wháa	inheritance		no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	nhóa	nhóa	inheritance		For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar	hía	hía	inheritance			See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	phía	phía	inheritance			See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar	nháa	nháa	inheritance			See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar	lhía, rhóa	ɺhía, ɻhóa	inheritance			See Language page
above	encima, arriba	acima	location			missing			See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar			missing			See Language page
all	todo	todos	other	phiu-me (Ram2000)	phiu-me (Ram2000)	inheritance			See Language page
and	y	e	grammar	ñhéette	ɲhéet̪e	unique			See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body	koróda, hiipóko, -tawírhe, -thi	koróda, hiipóko, -tawírhe, -thi	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body	koaphimáka-ɺiko	koaphimáka-ɺiko	inheritance			See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment	wádzoɺe	wádzoɺe	doubtful loan, direction unknown	Yabarana Carib 'wastu', 'watsu'; not found in other Arawak or Carib languages in database		See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location	ɺiko	ɺiko	unique			See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body	ttáma	t̪áma	inheritance	cognate Tariana-Baniwa only		See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality			missing			See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	-ya	-ja	inheritance			See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	-xáda	-ʃáda	unique			See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location	áapirhe	áapirhe	unique			See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	maka-	maka-	unique			See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	mhoa	mhoa	unique; inheritance			See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	íitta	íit̪a (=smoke)	semantic shift			See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	-iiránaa	-iiɻánaa	inheritance			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body	phia	phia	inheritance			See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body	thia, eekóexeni	thia, eekóeʃeni	unknown			See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	-áapi, (i)ñaapi	-áapi, (i)ɲaapi	inheritance			See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	-kóda	-kóda	inheritance	similar to Arutani kotsa; possible loan Arawak > Arutani		See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body	híraa, kaaɺewa	híraa, kaaɺewa	unique; inheritance			See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment	mháita	mháita	inheritance	compare Northern Emberá "bhái"		See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body	ñhakóta	ɲhakóta	inheritance			See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human	ienipétti	ienipét̪i	inheritance			See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion	híra	híra	inheritance			See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment			missing			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	hápe	hápe	inheritance			See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	no	no	inheritance			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact	dzána	dzána	inheritance			See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality	háapee	háapee	inheritance			See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental	niwéeta	niwéeta	unique			See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental	íidza	íidza	inheritance			See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact	tákhaa, matáka, aakeapíta	tákhaa, matáka, aakeapíta	inheritance			See Language page
day	día	dia	time	heekóapi	heekóapi	inheritance			See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	malíome	maɺíome	unique			See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact	híka	híka	inheritance	compare similar inheritance forms in Carib; probably chance		See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna			missing			See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality	dowhénaa	dowhénaa	unique			See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental	tápoɺi	tápoɺi	inheritance			See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	-íira	-íiɻa	inheritance			See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	meétta	meét̪a	unique			See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality	memána	memána	unique			See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment	dáaphe	dáaphe	unique			See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	-héeni, -hináko-liko	-héeni, -hináko-ɺiko	inheritance			See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	híipai	híipai	inheritance			See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	-íiñha	-íiɲha	inheritance			See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	-éewhe	-éewhe	inheritance			See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	-thi	-thi	inheritance			See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body	íijha	íijha	inheritance			See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion	híwa, wéra	híwa, wéra	inheritance			See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality	yákaa	jákaa	inheritance			See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	-íitti	-íit̪i	inheritance			See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship	-hániɹi (hr01)	-hániɻi (hr01)	inheritance			See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental	káaro, whio	káaro, whio	inheritance			See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	-phe	-phe	inheritance			See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	-tsóta	-tsóta	inheritance			See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	ttídzee	t̪ídzee	inheritance			See Language page
fish	xx	xx	fauna	kóphe	kúpʰe	inheritance			See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion			missing			See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment	íiwi	íiwi	inheritance			See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	-áara	-áaɻa	inheritance			See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment	ittamána	it̪amána	inheritance			See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	-híipa	-híipa	inheritance			See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora	iináka, haikóthe	iináka, haikóthe	inheritance			See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	mátsia	mátsia	inheritance			See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	hípole	hípoɺe	inheritance			See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state	tawíiña	tawíiɲa	inheritance	possible loan into Ninam/Sanuma (Yanomam)		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	-tsíkole	-tsíkoɺe	inheritance			See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	-káapi	-káapi	inheritance			See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	-hiwída	-hiwída	inheritance			See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	-hima	-hima	inheritance			See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	-kaale	-kaaɺe	inheritance			See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality	hamíña	hamíɲa	inheritance			See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion	dawa	dawa	inheritance			See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact	ñaa	ɲaa	inheritance			See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other	kodapéta	kodapéta	inheritance			See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	hámo	hámo	inheritance			See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar	kóame	kóame	unique			See Language page
if	si	se	grammar	kádaa	kádaa	unique			See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location	wáwa	wáwa	unique			See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body	xápi	ʃápi	inheritance			See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body	oopáta	oopáta	unique			See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	-íinoa	-íinoa	inheritance			See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	-áanhee	-áanhee	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment	kaɺítta	kaɺít̪a	inheritance			See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental	íkaa	íkaa	unknown; inheritance			See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	panáphe	panáphe	inheritance			See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body	kádaa, máka, páattoli??	kádaa, máka, páat̪oli??	unique	also páattoli?? - this one could be inheritance (root pa ?) or loan from Mapoyo Carib paasori		See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body	kawa	kawa	inheritance			See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion	rhóa (in the floor), -koa (in the hammock)	rhóa (in the floor), -koa (in the hammock)	inheritance			See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment			missing			See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body			missing			See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	-xópana	-ʃópana	inheritance			See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality	yápi	jápi	unique			See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna	towída	towída	unique		order Phtiraptera	See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body	ttáattani	t̪áat̪ani	unique			See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	atsíanli, newíki	atsíanɺi, newíki	inheritance			See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	-íipe	-íipe	inheritance			See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	kéeri	kéeɻi	inheritance			See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship	-hádoa	-hádoa	inheritance			See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	hidzápa	hidzápa	inheritance			See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	-nóma	-nóma	inheritance			See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	-iipítana	-iipítana	inheritance			See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body	hoowhéda	hoowhéda	unique			See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality	tsóome	tsóome	unique			See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body	nóoro	nóoro	inheritance			See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	éemi	éemi	inheritance			See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	déepi	déepi	inheritance			See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar	ñáme	ɲáme	inheritance			See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	-hitáko	-hitáko	inheritance			See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality	pedália (person), opi- (thing)	pedáɺia (person), opi- (thing)	inheritance			See Language page
one	uno	um	number	a(a)pa-	a(a)pa-	inheritance			See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other	mheéta	mheéta	inheritance			See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar	a(a)pa-	a(a)pa-	inheritance			See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body	dzáami, káiwhia, hiwiathítta	dzáami, káiwhia, hiwiathít̪a	unique; inheritance			See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	newíki	newíki	inheritance			See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact	nãa, kháama, tãime	nãa, kháama, tãime	inheritance			See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment	íidza	íidza	inheritance			See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	íirai	íiɻai	inheritance			See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body	mátsia, madzákani, whittíta, dzeekéma???	mátsia, madzákani, whit̪íta, dzeekéma???	inheritance			See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	inípo, -aapówa, -aapowánaa	inípo, -aapówa, -aapowánaa	inheritance			See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	-pali	-paɺi	inheritance			See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality	pa, mokóme	pa, mokóme	inheritance; unknown			See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	káida	káida	inheritance			See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental			missing			See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact	tshawa	tshawa	inheritance			See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	-kápa	-kápa	inheritance			See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality	kemána	kemána	inheritance			See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact	tolóka	tolóka	inheritance?			See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality	mádoa, ttómo, tsóo	mádoa, t̪ómo, tsóo	inheritance			See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body	ttéda	t̪éda	unique			See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental	kakaroniíte	kakaroniíte	unique			See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state	oówhaa	oówhaa	inheritance			See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	-ya	-ja	inheritance			See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment	éeno	éeno	semantic shift	thunder		See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	-ímaa	-ímaa	inheritance			See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	-eeni, tsóo, tíki	-eeni, tsóo, tíki	inheritance			See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	íitta	íit̪a	inheritance			See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body	eémia	eémia	inheritance		primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body	hiwítta	hiwít̪a	inheritance			See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact	keéta, matáka	keéta, matáka	inheritance			See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact	hípoa, tsíoka	hípoa, tsíoka	unique; doubtful loan	Ocaina tsaaka		See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact	ttólhoa	t̪ólhoa	unknown			See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state	hiníko, hótshome, éema	hiníko, hótshome, éema	unknown			See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	hiwírhi	hiwíɻhi	inheritance			See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other	ñaíto	ɲaíto	inheritance	West Tukanoan		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora	háiko	háiko	inheritance			See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	hiipada	hiipada	inheritance			See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body	péro, tsóotso	péro, tsóotso	unknown; inheritance	widespread onomatopoeic forms w/ tso, tsu		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	kámoi	kámoi	inheritance			See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body	iiñápe	iiɲápe	inheritance			See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body	íixa	íiʃa	inheritance			See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	-aáxaa	-aáʃaa	inheritance			See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body			missing			See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	lhíerahã	ɺhíeɻahã	inheritance			See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality	hipánda, maka-	hipánda, maka-	inheritance			See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality	haɺettápe	haɺet̪ápe	inheritance			See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental	wapiñeeta	wapiɲeeta	inheritance			See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	lhíehe	ɺhíehe	inheritance			See Language page
three	tres	tres	number	madali-	madaɺi-	inheritance			See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body	weéda ɺiko	weéda ɺiko	unique			See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact	kakólha, peéko	kakólha, peéko	inheritance			See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment	éeno	éeno	inheritance			See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact	oowéta, páraa	oowéta, páraa	inheritance, inheritance			See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	-eenéne	-eenéne	inheritance			See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	-eétsha	-eétsha	inheritance			See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other	kapokóita	kapokóita	inheritance		may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	dzáma- (hr01)	dzáma- (hr01)	inheritance			See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body	kátha	kátha	inheritance			See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion			missing			See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	óoni	úuni	inheritance			See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality	póotsia	póotsia	inheritance			See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	kóaka	kóaka	inheritance			See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar	koame kawálhi?	koame kawálhi?	unknown			See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar	kálhe?	kálhe?	unique			See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	háale	háaɺe	inheritance			See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	kóaka	kóaka	inheritance	same as 'what'		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship	-íino	-íino	inheritance			See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment	káwaaɺe	káwaaɺe	inheritance			See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body	náphe	náphe	inheritance			See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	íinaro	íinaɻo	inheritance			See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other	déeñhi	déeɲhi	unique			See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body	tshawa nóma	tshawa nóma	unknown			See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	éewa	éewa	loan (into protolg?), direction unknown	E. Tukanoan		See Language page


1pl.excl
1pl.incl
1sg
2pl
2sg
3pl
3sg
above
again
all
and
ankle
armpit
ash
at
back
bad
bark
belly
below
big
bite
black
blood
blow
boil/pimple
bone
breast
breathe
burn
chew
child
climb
cloud
cold
come
cook
correct/true
count
cry
cut/hack
day
die/be dead
dig
dingo/wolf
dirty
dream
drink
dry
dull/blunt
dust
ear
earth/soil
eat
egg
eye
faeces
fall
far
fat/grease
father
fear
feather
fingernail
fire
fish
flow
flower
fly
fog
foot
fruit
good
green
grow
hair (of head)
hand
head
hear
heart
heavy
hide
hit
hold
hot
how?
if
in/inside
intestines
itch
kill
know/be knowledgeable
lake
laugh
leaf
left/left hand
leg/foot
lie down
lightning
live/be alive
liver
long
louse
lung
man/male
meat/flesh
moon
mother
mountain/hill
mouth
name
nape
near/close
neck
new
night
no/not
nose
old
one
open/uncover
other
pain/painful/sick
person/human being
pound/beat
rain
red
right/right hand
road/path
root
rotten
sand
say
scratch
see
sharp
shoot
short
shoulder
shy/ashamed
sit
skin
sky
sleep
small
smoke
sniff/smell
spit
split
squeeze
stab/pierce
stand
star
steal
stick/wood
stone
suck
sun
sweat
swell
swim
tail
that
thick
thin
think
this
three
throat
throw
thunder
tie up/fasten
tongue
tooth
turn
two
vomit
walk
water
wet
what?
when?
where?
white
who?
wife
wind
wing
woman/female
work
yawn
yellow

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Flora Fauna Vocabulary (139)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	Classifier	Classifier Notes	Hypernym	Source	Association with Social Categories	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Ritual Notes	Food Source	Food Notes	Medicinal	Medicinal Notes	How Collected	Who Collects	How Prepared	Psychotropic	Psychotropic Notes	Traded	Trade Notes	Distribution	Habitat	Dangerous	Ethnobiology Notes	Species Notes	General Notes

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Etymology Notes	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Range of Term	Word Structure	Source	Ritual/Mythologically Significant	Food Source	Medicinal	Psychotropic	Traded	Distribution	Dangerous	General Notes
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana	phiɾimáapa	pʰiɾimáːpa, phiɻi[máapa] (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	shrub
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.	phíitsi; puuto (H&R92)	phíitsi		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also puuto (H&R92)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.	kátshiri	kátshiɻi, kájhiɺi (FS)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Throughout Amazonia	no?	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis	amána	amána		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW	Central North Arawak	Ramirez reconstructs; cf. other Arawak source loans for dolphin					uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls	no
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia	kamhéro	kamhéɻo		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	no	a tree; not a true grape
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes	omáwali	omáwaɺi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	yes
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora	oomápi	oomápi		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae	káiwiri (H&R92)			inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup		(Possibly older, data lacking.) Likely loan into Sikuani: leaf-cutter ant kaiwiali				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)	ttáaro	t̪áaɻo		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonian lowlands	no
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri	dzeʔé (dp91), aalídali, adzána (there are more names)	dzeʔé (dp91), aaɺídaɺi, adzána (theɻe aɻe moɻe names), huútu (SF)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also aaɺídaɺi, adzána (etc.), huútu (SF				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread in Amazonia	no
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	tropical regions, especially river banks	no	plant
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana	piirídza	piiɹídza		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.	manákhe, porámo	manákhe, poɻámo		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also poɻámo				uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia	no
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.	palána	paɺána		loan		Local	Wanderwort, probably Spanish/Portuguese source (plantain)	WW	%palana		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.	píittiri, wayáamani, waaróda	píit̪iɻi, wajáamani, waaɻóda		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also wajáamani, waaɻóda				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.	komána	komána		loan (into protolanguage?) - WW	North Arawak	%kumana	Wanderwort: may have TG source, loan into Wai Wai, various East Tukanoan, Puinave, etc.	WW	%kumana		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna		áadaro; kɛpirei-ni, wipiaro (H&R92)	áadaro		unique			Also kɛpirei-ni, wipiaro (H&R92)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala	eettípa	eet̪ípa		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests, native to Brazil	no	tree
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba	póoperi	póopeɻi		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup		Very similar to 'peach palm' - possible semantic shift?				uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	no	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera	doólo, dóota; tootoni (H&R92)	doólo, dóota		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup		Also tootoni (H&R92)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae	dzoléema, pókoro	dzoɺéema, pókoɻo		inheritance			Also pókoɻo				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)	kóoya	kóoja		loan		Nheengatu	Nheengatu kuja				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	indigenous gardens	no	plant; tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	no	tree
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha	káaparo	káapaɻo		inheritance - WW	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch	%kaparu					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata	mánee, ttoowiápa	mánee, t̪oowiápa		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also t̪oowiápa				uncoded	See Language page	2	0	0	0	0		yes
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	makálo	makáɺo		unique			Compare Candoshi mákawa				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	kéetto	kéet̪o		inheritance	North Arawak		Likely loan Arawak into Yanomam, e.g. kaʃu a, katsu, Nukak kԑʧuʔ4				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.	áaxi	áaʃi		unique			Possibly old; see Warekena a:ʃi 'manioc'				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	no	plant
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum	akáyo	akájo		loan		Tupi-Guarani					missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	no	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium giganteum	akájo	akájo		loan		Nheengatu	Nheengatu akaju	WW	%akaju		uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana	no
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea	tsíida	tsíida, tʃíjai (FS)		doubtful loan (into protolg?) - WW		onomatopoeic	May be onomatopoeic. Also tʃíjai (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.	dápi	dápi		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forest, floodplain	no	vine
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca	hiipáto	hiipáto		loan, direction unknown - WW		%patu	Attested at least Rio Negro North Arawak. Wanderwort: E. Tukanoan, e.g. Bará pátu, Nheengatu ipadu, Nadëb batoʔ, Carijona ihatu	WW	%patu		uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	1	1	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	no	plant
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria	poléta, aráwe	poɺéta, aɻáwe, aɻá[we] (FS)		inheritance; loan - WW	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch (?)	%arawe	Attested Achagua. Also aɻáwe, aɻá[we] (FS); prob loan Nheengatu arawé (also used for different species of insects)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu	dzamolíto; yamolito, iamolíthe (R95); jamorito (H&R92)	dzamoɺíto, aapíja (FS); ampijá (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch		Also yamolito, iamolíthe (R95); jamorito (H&R92), aapíja (FS); ampijá (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua	kapítti	kapit̪i		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)	ttáawaali	t̪áawa-ɹi		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	1	secondary scrub vegetation	no	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura	kaátsi	kaátsi		unknown							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae	pítto, dzíiro	pít̪o, dzíiɻo, wiɻínu (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch		Also dzíiɻo, wiɻínu (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
cunuri (tree)	cunuri	cunuri	flora-fauna	Cunurea spruceana	kóonoɺi	kóonoɺi		loan		Tupi-Guarani	Nheengatu kunurí				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.	kóitsi; piro (H&R92)	kóitsi		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also piro (H&R92)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Amazonia	no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus	néeri, dóito	néeɻi, dóito		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch		Also dóito				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna		néeri, dóito	néeɻi, dóito		inheritance								See Language page
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris	tsíino	tsíino		semantic shift	North Arawak	from Proto-Arawak jaguar	Probably derived (historically) from Proto-Arawak 'jaguar'				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Not native; widespread	no
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna		tsíino	tsíino		semantic shift								See Language page
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis	dzamapoípoi	dzamapoípoi		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae	iñáida	iɲáida, huɺíitu (FS)		unique			Also huɺíitu (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family	kamidátsolo, koomáda, póopoña	kamidátsoɺo, koomáda, póopoɲa		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch		Also koomáda, póopoɲa				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.	íixeni	íiʃeni, píipiɻi (FS)		unknown			Also píipiɻi (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus	dakátta	dakát̪a, iiʃítʃi (FS)		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup	shared Tariana	Also iiʃítʃi (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae	tóoke, aawítti	tóoke, aawít̪i		inheritance? - WW	Central North Arawak	%tjuke	Attested Baniwa and Yavitero. Also aawít̪i				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna		kóphe	kúpʰe, dawáki (FS), keewiíte (FS), ţéephe (FS)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Also dawáki (FS), keewiíte (FS), ţéephe (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
fish (large type)	paiche, pirarucú o arapaima	pirarucu	flora-fauna	Arapaima gigas	hóoma	hóoma		unique			Also? páɻa				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	big rivers only	no
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.	kóona (there are others)	kóona (there are others)		inheritance	North Arawak		Plus other terms				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	yes [used to poison people]	shrub/tree
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera	kawánhero	kawánheɻo, iit̻ítu (FS), kawá-nheɻu (FS)		inheritance	North Arawak		Also iit̻ítu (FS), kawá-nheɻu (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana	dáana	dáːna		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	0	widespread lowland SA	no	shrub
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis	ñeewi	ɲeewi		inheritance	North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)	kanápi-ɻi (R01)	kanápi-ɻi (R01)		inheritance							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans	attíne	at̪íne, máajaɺi (FS)		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup		Also máajaɺi (FS = Frank Seifart word list)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões	no
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba	máali	máaɺi, whúuku (FS), únuɺi (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also whúuku (FS), únuɺi (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti	póotto	póot̪o		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch		Maybe older; data lacking				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.	máre	máɻe		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)	WW%mare, Arawak origin					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Different types have different localized ranges	no
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola												See Language page
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi	káapi	káapi		doubtful loan into protolanguage - WW	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch (?)	%kaapi	Wanderwort: E. Tukanoan, e.g. Bará ka'pí, Kakua kapi, Hup kapíʔ, Sikuani kapinae	WW	%kapi		uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	1	0	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	no	vine
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae	péeri; háawa (R01); kawáwiɺi 'scissor-hawk' (FS)	péeɻi; háawa (R01); kawáwiɺi 'scissor-hawk' (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch		Also kawáwiɺi (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis	máapa	máapa		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens	áatti, mítsa	áat̪i, mítsa		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Arawak is thought to be source of Spanish ají. Also mítsa				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	no	plant
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]	íitsi	íitsi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae	pími	pími		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Compare Tukanoan (E&W) forms mimi, etc.				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.	doopo (H&R92) (same as lizard?)			semantic shift		from 'lizard'	Means lizard in most Arawak lgs (may just be bad data)			Broader (lizard in general; not clear how reliable these data are)	uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)	no
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic				missing							missing	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca	dzáawi; Iawí (R95)	dzáawi		doubtful loan into protolanguage, direction unknown	North Arawak	Tukanoan jai, cf. Tupi-Guarani jawar	Compare similar Tukanoan forms, e.g. e.g. Cubeo ja'wí, javi. Also Iawí (R95)				uncoded	See Language page	1	2	0	0	0		yes
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura	dzáapora	dzáapoɻa		loan		Tupi-Guarani	Nheengatu				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	large tree
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra	pirimítsi	piɻimítsi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch		Cotton' in Tariana and Yucuna				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	no	tree
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae	dzáaliro	dzáaɺiɻo, jáaɺiɻu (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.	kóowhe	kóowhe		inheritance	North Central Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.	áadaro	áadaɻo		doubtful loan into protolg - WW	Proto-Arawak (North and South)	%arara	Wanderwort: see Cocama arara, Wanano daharo, Carib forms, Spanish ara, Portuguese arara	WW	%ara		uncoded	See Language page	1	1	0	0	1	Widespread Amazonia	no
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays	káana	káana		inheritance	Central North Arawak	Inland N. Arawak					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	no	plant
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.	oni-hémani	oni-hémani		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.	káwetí (R01), dzáalio, hemóki (there are others)	káwetí (R01), dzáaɺio, hemóki (and other terms)		doubtful loan, direction unknown		West Tukanoan (Orejon)?	Orejon tʃirijo. Also hemóki				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	káini	káini		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	no	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta	kapíwali	kapíwaɺi, múɺhui (FS), kiníkhii (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch (?)		Shared Piapoco. Also káini (FS), múɺhui (FS), kiníkhii (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	no	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa	íitewi	íːtewi		inheritance? - WW	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	no	trunks contain sago-like starch
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.	ainíidzo	ainíidzo		inheritance	Central North Arawak						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera	tháara	tháaɻa		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus	híiri	híiɻi		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna													See Language page
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)	keerípa, iralída	keeɻípa, iɻaɺída		inheritance			Also keeɻípa				uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no	prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis	pídoo	pídoo		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae	walíitshi	waɺíitshi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes	bokókoli, póopoli	bokókoɺi, póopoɺi		doubtful loan - WW?; inheritance - WW? onomatopoeic	Central North Arawak	%murukutu / kurukutu; %pupu; P-A *punpuli (Payne91)	See similar forms in Tukanoan, Yagua, etc.; probably onomatopoeic. Also póopoɺi				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread	no
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)	dáapa	dáapa		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)		Loan into Nadêb daʔpa:ʔ				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.	iiwíto, káattama (there are others)	iiwíto, káat̪ama (and other terms)		unique			Also? káat̪ama				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana	ttíña	t̪íɲa		unique							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	no	palm
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica	wáaro, kolíkoli	wáaɻo, koɺíkoɺi		inheritance - WW; inheritance? - WW	North Arawak	%kuli; %awaro	Also koɺíkoɺi				uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1	Widespread	no
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea	éeña, poópa	éeɲa, poópa		unknown; inheritance		Bora	Bora 'miriti palm': iñe. Also poópa				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes	píipiɻi	píipiɻi	pupunha	doubtful loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW	Central North Arawak	%pipiri					uncoded	(A) Ramirez 2001:137	2	1	0	0	0		no
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus	máawiro	máawiɻo, heeɻíwai (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch		Also heeɻíwai (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae	ómai	ómai		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no [not in this region]
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae	ñarrada (R95), jáaɻa (R01)	ñarrada (R95), jáaɻa (R01)		inheritance							uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum	adarhiwída, hónai	adaɻhiwída, hónai		unique			Also hónai				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	secondary scrub vegetation	no	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas	kalíri	kaɺíɻi		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae	philíphili, páale	phiɺíphiɺi, páaɺe		unique			Also páaɺe				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.	dzéeka	dzéeka		loan direction unknown		East Tukanoan	Shared Tariana; Tukanoan Cubeo jɛ́ka, Secoya ɨka				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no	tree
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones	dzálee	dzáɺee		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		yes
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua	ponáma	ponáma		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch		Possibly older; little data				uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	no	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.	tsiikábo, wáamo	tsiikábo, wáamo		unique			Also wáamo				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata	dóopo	dóopo		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda	kerátto, tsikówa	keɻát̪o, tsikówa		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also tsikówa				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna		áapi, ããpi (hr01)	áapi, ããpi (hr01)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox	onikátshire; dudulipi (H&R92)	onikátshiɻe		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Attested Resigaro. Also dudulipi (H&R92)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	yes
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.	kolíri	koɺíɻi		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae	éeni	éeni		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro Branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no	plant
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae	máderri (R95)	máade-ɺi (FS), híjhe-ni (FS)		inheritance; inheritance	Central North Arawak		Loan into Guahiban, e.g. Cuiva materi. Also (FS), híjhe-ni (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.	ñámaro	ɲámaɻo		loan direction unknown		Yanomami/Ninam	Ninam, Yanomami jãmãɾu				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.	torówali, malána, kodówhi	toɻówaɺi, maɺána, kodówhi		unique			Also maɺána, kodówhi				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris	héema (hr01)	héema (hr01), ʔeema (dp91)		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera	kamára, máaro	kamáɻa, máaɻo		inheritance	North Arawak		Also máaɻo				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea	kóopali	kóopaɺi		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.	íiniri, tóoporo	íiniɻi, tóopoɻo		unique			Also tóopoɻo				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae	hóholi, keérawa, máami, yawiíli	hóhoɺi, keéɻawa, máami, jawiíɺi		inheritance			Also keéɻawa, máami, jawiíɺi				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura	adaroittípi, híiparo	adaɻoit̪ípi, híipaɻo (there are others), túuɻa (FS)		unknown, inheritance			Also híipaɻo (there are others), túuɻa (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum	dzéema	dzéema		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	1	0	0	0	1		no	plant
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria	íikuɺi (FS), itsída 'jabuti', yolála 'tartaruga'; tortuga (H&R92)	íikuɺi (FS), itsída 'jabuti', joɺáɺa 'tartaruga'		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup		Also joɺáɺa 'tartaruga' (H&R92), íikuɺi (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	2	1	0	0	0	Widespread	no
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.	dzátte	dzát̪e, jáaţe (FS)		inheritance		East Tukanoan	Similar forms in East and West Tukanoan, e.g. Tukano dase				uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		háiko	háiko, háiku (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0		no
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella	pówe	púwe		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui	híiniri	híiniɻi		inheritance	Central North Arawak, Rio Negro branch						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	no	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae	wáadzoli	wáadzoɺi, wáajuɺi (FS), kúama (FS)		inheritance	North Arawak		Also kúama (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread South America	no
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita	áini	áini, píitheɻu (FS)		inheritance	Central North Arawak		Also píitheɻu (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	2	0	0	0		no
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons	hálo	háɺo		inheritance	Baniwa-Tariana subgroup	shared Tariana					uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus				missing							missing	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari	aapídza	aapídza, ampidzá		inheritance	Proto-Arawak (North and South)						uncoded	See Language page	0	1	0	0	0		no
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae	kówhee	kówhee, ţuwáapa (FS)		inheritance		similarity to 'creator'; compare Wanadi in Makiritare	Also ţuwáapa (FS)				uncoded	See Language page	0	0	0	0	0	Widespread Amazonia	no

Showing 1 to 139 of 139 entries

Cultural Vocabulary (106)

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English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Part of Speech	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Gloss as in Source	Etymology Code	Proto-Form	Proto-Language	Loan Source	Wanderwort Status	Etyma Set	Etymology Notes	Word Structure	Word Structure Notes	General Notes	Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology				missing							Simplex			See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	kaapáwi, ttídoa	kaːpáwi, t̪ídoa		?, inheritance		Proto North Arawak				Alternate: kaːpáwi	Simplex		hunting, warfare	See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	épitʃi (general), tʃípaɺa (iron axe)	épitʃi (general), tʃípaɺa (iron axe)	axe (stone or metal)	inheritance; loan - WW		Proto North Central Arawak	%sipara/sapere			Alternate: tʃípaɺa (stone axe) (Ramirez marks this term as probable loan), dzóoka	Simplex		especially for clearing fields	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	-ñhánaa	-ɲhánaa		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material	básia	básia (ɺoan from Portuguese)		loan			Portuguese				Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	kaáme			Inheritance		Proto Rio Negro				donor to Puinave kam; Cubeo kбmapʉɛ?	Simplex			See Language page
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material	kaáme, waɺája (R01)	kaáme, waɺája (R01)		inheritance										See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material	porottána	poɻot̪ána		doubtful loan			Mapoyo				Simplex			See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material	malóyo	maɺójo		inheritance			shared Warekena				Simplex			See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material				missing										See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material	báako, éedai	báako, éedai		loan, inheritance		Proto Rio Negro	Span/Port			Alternate: baako (probably loan from Portuguese banco)	Simplex			See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	mawípi	mawípi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation	garáapha	gaɻáapʰa		loan			Portuguese			also Wanano garafaka	Simplex			See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture				missing									if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	dzawithíapo	dzawithíapo		inheritance	*tapo	Proto Arawak					Derived	dzawíta “to shoot”	arco	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material	pitshiopátti	pitshiopát̪i		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro	cf. Tupi-Guarani			compare WW for “cat” and Aymara pitʃaɲa; Quechua (e.g. Pastaza Quechua pitʃana) (broom)	Simplex			See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport	íita	íita		inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation	pitsána			loan			Nheengatu	WW	%pisana	probably originally from Port bicho 'small animal'; compare E. Tukano, (e.g. Desano pisana); Arawak (e.g. Tariana pisána); Carib (Makushi pisana; Pemon pitʃana); Kakua pitʃina. But note Quechua 'broom' pitʃana	Simplex			See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation	kaláka, kóama (R01)	kaláka, kóama (R01)		loan - WW; unknown			%karaka; shared Achagua, Piapoco, Baniwa, Yavitero, Warekena	WW	%karaka	Probably Arawak origin (see Nordenskiold 1922). Tukanoan, e.g. Wanano karaka; Arawak, e.g. Baniwa kaláka; Yanomamo, Nadeb; Macaguan takra, Sikuani wakara	Simplex			See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology	#NAME?	#NAME?		unique							Simplex	-li is masculine gender marker		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology	-náani	-náani		unique										See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
coca			narcotics	hiipáto			Unknown			Local	WW	%patu	Nheengatu ipadu; Arawak (e.g. Tariana hipatú); Carijona ihatu; E. Tukano (e.g. Bará 'pátu); Daw; possibly Arawak origin?	Simplex			See Language page
cook food			food	dzána			Inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex			See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology	awakaróna, bíiñoli	awakaɻóna, bíiɲoɺi		unknown						Also exists Warekena; could be loaned? Alternate: awakaɻóna (verb form?)	Simplex		malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
dance (generic)			culture-mythology	ɻápa			Inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex			See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	kapitʃiɻi (R01)	kapitʃiɻi (R01)		missing									hunting and warfare	See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	iñápirrikuli	iɲápirikuli		calque, direction unknown		Unknown	Tukanoan; 'one on bone'						In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				Missing										See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology	#NAME?	#NAME?		inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Other Complex	hitápu-ni=- dream-nonpossessed		See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology	tamorína [loan]	tamoɻína		loan			Port, via Nheengatu?	WW	%tamburina	Baniwa < > Cubeo? Port source; Nheengatu tamburinu	Simplex			See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture				missing									Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	kadoitsípa	kadoitsípa		inheritance		Proto-Rio Negro							esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology	paramalíita	paɻamaɺíita		doubtful loan			unknown				Simplex			See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	koráara	koɻáaɻa		loan			Spanish/Portuguese	WW	%kurara	Spanish source, via Nheengatu? Arawak (e.g. Wapishana kʰurara); Baniwa koɻáaɻa; Yavitero ku'rara; Nheengatu kurara; Northern Emberá korrá	Simplex		may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	pádzawaro, jaɺákhi	pádzawaɻo. jaɺákhi		inheritance? - WW; unknown - WW			%pajaru; %jalaki						prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other				missing										See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other	ttidzéena	t̪idzéena		inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Derived	t̪idzée “fire”,		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food	ma (R01)	ma (R01)		inheritance							Simplex			See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food	iitsaléta	iitsaɺéta		unique							Derived	iítsa, “fish hook”		See Language page
fish poison	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	subsistence tool	kóona			Inheritance		Proto North Arawak				Alternate: wépiɻi, ináme	Simplex			See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool	iitsaákhaa	iitsaákʰaa		doubtful calque						similar construction Tariana, but not cognate; compare 'hook-string' in Carib, Wapishana	Derived	iitsa-kʰaa, hook-CL:curvilinear		See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool	oopítsi (matapi); kákoli (R2001: probable loan)	oopítsi (matapi); kákoli (R2001: probable loan)		inheritance						Also kákoli (WW)				See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	peéthe, -ooléthe	peéthe, -ooɺéthe		inheritance; doubtful loan (into protolg), direction unknown		Proto Rio Negro	Carib			Alternate: -ooɺéthe	Simplex		usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	matsóka	matsóka		loan (into protolg?) - WW		Proto North Arawak	%matsuka			WW, Found Warekena, matsuka; Mandawaka, matʃúka; Puinave, masuká; Nadeb mãʃoːk, Daw ʃuk	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	yapolóto, kolirína (there are others)	japoɺóto, koɺiɻína (there are others)		inheritance		Proto North Central Arawak				Alternate: koɺiɻína	Simplex		multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	kuwhéet̠i	kuwhéet̠i; íitsiɻi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro				kuwhéet̠i	Simplex		Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
genipap			culture-mythology	dáːna			Inheritance		Proto Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology	íñaimi	íɲaimi		inheritance										See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool	kóoya, átta, towáda	kóoja, át̪a, towáda		loan; unknown; unknown			Nheengatu			Alternate: át̪a, towáda	Simplex			See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	áada	áada		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology	iríri	iɻíɻi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex			See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool	yóora	jóoɻa		loan			Tupi-Guarani (Lingua Geral?)				Simplex			See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	póali	póali		inheritance		Proto North Arawak					Simplex		agriculture?	See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation	mókawa	mókawa	shotgun	loan - WW			%mokawa							See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material	piéta	piéta		inheritance		Proto North Central Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress	tsapéwa	tsapéwa		loan			Port chapeu			Port > Nheengatu? Hup, Arawak (e.g. Yucuna hapewa); Pemon sapewa; Tukanoan E. (e.g. Desano sapea)	Simplex			See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology				inheritance									Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics				missing										See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	doni	doni		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
house			other	pántti, -pana	pánt̪i, -pana		inheritance										See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food	-winíta 'caçar, pescar'	-winíta 'caçar, pescar'		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Derived	wíni seems to have some general meaning related to hunting (see also entry for “blowgun”)		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material	malíye	maɺíje		loan (into protolg?), direction unknown - WW			%marije	WW	%mariye	Probably Carib > Baniwa-Tariana subgroup. Arawak: Wapishana, Baniwa, Tariana; Carib: Trio, Akawaio, Mapoyo, Yabarana, Pemon, Wai Wai, Waimiri-Atroari; Nadëb; possibly Ocaina	Simplex			See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress	kóeyo	kóejo		unique							Simplex			See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material				missing										See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool	aanáda; -tothíoko	aanáda; -tothíoko		inheritance; inheritance?		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex			See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport	ttiíwe	t̪iíwe		unique										See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology														See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology	pheelóma	pheeɺóma		loan direction unknown			Cubeo			See also Kakua pelât-maʔ-г	Simplex			See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation				missing										See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool	-tothíoko	-tothíoko		inheritance						Likely cognate Resigaro	Simplex			See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				Missing										See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other				missing										See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material	paráto	paɻáto		loan			Portuguese			Nheengatu parátu (from Port); see also Arawak (e..g Yucuna paɾatú); Carib (e.g. Makushi pɨratu); Jivaro (e.g. Aguaruna parátu); Hup padatu=b'ɔk	Simplex			See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation				missing										See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool	tsipaláapi, páila, aakhéepa (de barro)	tsipaɺáapi, páiɺa, aakhéepa (de barro)	clay pot	loan - WW; inheritance	*kopi	Proto Arawak	%parapi			Alternate: tsipaɺáapi, páiɺa	Simplex			See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology	kóttiro	kóttiro		inheritance										See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool	máini	máini		inheritance						Compare Aguaruna pɨngkaɨ, Cocama kai	Simplex			See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture	iiñáda, pápi	iiɲáda, pápi		inheritance										See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food	íiwi (=carurú, R01)	íiwi (=carurú, R01)		inheritance	*idɨwɨ	Proto Arawak					Simplex			See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation				missing										See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	malíiri	maɺíiɻi		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex		In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress				missing										See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material	tshaaya	tsʰaaja		loan			Port/Span saia	WW	%saja	Port origin; Arawak (e.g. Baniwa tsʰaaja); Makushi u-saja-ri; Wanano saya si; Nheengatu saja; Ninam saja	Simplex			See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation	tsoráara	tsʰoɻáaɻa		loan - WW			%surara	WW	%surara	Port source; Via Nheengatu; also in Arawak, Carib, East Tukanoan, Yanomamo. Nheengatu surara; Makushi surara; Hup sudadu; East Tukanoan (e.g. Cubeo ʈʃulala); Ninam sotatu	Simplex			See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool	molóko	moɺóko		inheritance		Proto Rio Negro					Simplex			See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool				missing										See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food	mhéetti	mhéet̪i		unknown							Simplex			See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material				missing										See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation				missing										See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	koríakaa, kamókaa 'mingau'	koɻíakaa, kamókaa 'mingau'		inheritance; loan, direction unknown			East Tukanoan (Macuna, Tanimuca)			Alternate: kamókaa	Simplex		agriculture	See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology				missing										See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material	ttíña	t̪íɲa		inheritance							Simplex			See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	ttirolípi	t̪iɻoɺípi		loan			Tupi-Guarani				Simplex		word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tobacco (native)			narcotics	dzéema			Inheritance	*yɨma	Proto Arawak				Likely donor into Guahiban, e.g. Guahibo tséːma	Simplex			See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture				missing									use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool				missing									agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	mawakólia; mánhe[ni] (R01)	mawakóɺia; mánhe[ni] (R01)		inheritance; inheritance		Proto North Central Arawak					Derived	mawa is a verb root meaning "tirar," or "remove"	hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other	-hinako-likomápʰe			unique							Derived	hinako-lipo "ear," -mápʰe 'bee'		See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	dopítsi, oropéma; t̪íiɻuɺi (R01)	dopítsi, oɻopéma; t̪íiɻuɺi (R01)		doubtful loan; loan; inheritance		Proto North Arawak	unknown; Tupi-Guarani			Alternate: dopítsi, oɻopéma	Simplex		agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology	kówai			Semantic shift						Probably from name of culture figure/deity, who is believed to embody the flutes.			a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page

Showing 1 to 106 of 106 entries

Grammatical Data (226)

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Category	Grammatical Feature	Grammatical Feature: Notes	Feature Status	Grammatical Notes	Source	Phylogenetic Code
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive NN compounding	Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced	no info	lots of classifiers and 'dependent nouns', but productivity of N-N compounding unclear	Ramirez 2001
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV serialization (without compounding)	Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection	yes	limited to asymmetric type with just a few combinatory possibilities	Aikhenvald 2010
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Productive VV compounding	Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word	no		Ramirez 2001
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions	There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap'	no		Ramirez 2001
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs	Auxiliary verb(s)	There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs	no	unclear	Ramirez 2001
Morphology - General	Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb)	Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number]	no	but morphological fusion occurs on phonetic level	Ramirez 2001
Morphology - General	Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes	Stem change, tone	no		Ramirez 2001
Morphology - General	Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes)	Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word	yes		Ramirez 2001
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing	There are many more prefixes than suffixes	no		Ramirez 2001
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing	There are many more suffixes than prefixes	yes		Ramirez 2001
Morphology - General	Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred	The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different	no		Ramirez 2001
Morphology - General	Reduplication: full	The full morpheme is reduplicated	yes		Ramirez 2001:336
Morphology - General	Reduplication: partial	Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated	yes		Ramirez 2001:336
Morphology - Incorporation	Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process	Verb contains nominal segment	no		Ramirez 2001
Morphology - Incorporation	Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs	Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Adpositions mark core NPs	Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: number of cases	Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun	5+		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked	Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: symmetrical	All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity)	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: asymmetrical	Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: suffix or postpositional clitic		yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: prefix or prepositional clitic		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: infix or inpositional clitic		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: stem change		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: tone		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions	Case: comitative = instrumental	Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Definite or specific articles	Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives	Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Indefinite or non-specific article	or marker	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals	Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you	no		Ramirez 2001:377
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound)		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)	Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system	4		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity	Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classes/genders	Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP	yes		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Number of noun classes/genders	Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders	2		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders)	Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain.	yes		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates	Masculine, feminine, neuter	yes		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates		no		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system	Animate/inanimate, human/non-human	yes	works together with but not identically to gender distinctions	Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns	add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only	no		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates		yes		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates		yes		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	"Repeater" classifiers	Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot"	no		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals)	Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals	yes		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification	Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns	Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.'	yes		Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers
Nominal Categories - Number	Singular number may be marked on the noun	Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural affix on noun		yes	-nai (animate), -pe (group, usu animate)	Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked by reduplication of noun		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural word/clitic		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Number	Plural marked on human or animate nouns only		no	but rare on inanimates; collective -lima, -peda more common w/ inanimates	Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Number	Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix	Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Number	Unique associative plural marker	e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'	no info		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-2	At least some part of the system involves base-2	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-5	At least some part of the system involves base-5	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Base-10	At least some part of the system involves base-10	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Other base (specify)	4, 20, etc.	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5	e.g. two = 'eye-quantity'	yes	four, five	Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 5	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Numerals	Numerals do not go above 10	'Many' or some other non-exact term used	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Other nominal	Person inflection on non-verbal predicates	i.e. nominal or adjectival	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3sg pronouns		yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 3pl pronouns		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns		no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Formal/informal distinction in pronouns	Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories	Reflexive pronouns	e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Underived adjectives	There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives	Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP	There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival)	There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb	no info		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer)	There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song)	There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Derivation	Productive verbalizing morphology	There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Other	NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently	'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary'	no info		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N	alienable/inalienable?	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N	alienable/inalienable?	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent	e.g. 'the boy-'s dog'	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head	e.g. 'the boy his-dog'	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession	Possessive classifiers	There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of inalienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	no		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Morphological marking of alienable possession	Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun)	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed	An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form	yes	suffix	Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of kin terms	'my-father' but *father	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal)	'my-leg' but *leg	yes		Ramirez 2001
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability	Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed	Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)	no		Ramirez 2001
Phonology - Segmental	Pre-/post-nasalized stops	Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.	yes	allophonic in initial position	Ramirez, H. 2001. Uma gramatica do Baniwa do Icana, p.31	phonetic prenasalization in initial position
Phonology - Segmental	Glottalized/ejective consonants	Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative]	no		Ramirez 2001:31
Phonology - Segmental	Palatalized stops	Phonemic contrast	no		Ramirez 2001
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic vowel length	Does the language have long and short vowels?	yes		Ramirez 2001:30
Phonology - Segmental	Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels		no		Ramirez 2001
Phonology - Segmental	Complex onsets	Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme	no	but cf. aspiration	Ramirez 2001
Phonology - Segmental	No codas	*(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained]	yes		Ramirez 2001
Phonology - Segmental	Word-final coda required	Do all syllables end in a consonant?	no		Ramirez 2001
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive tones	Note how many contrastive tones	yes	high; rising=high on second mora of long V	Ramirez 2001
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Contrastive stress	Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?	no		Ramirez 2001:86
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable	In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments	no	is not discussed by the author	Ramirez 2001
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries	Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to?	no	is not discussed by the author	Ramirez 2001
Phonology - Suprasegmental	Vowel harmony		no	limited to demonstratives	Ramirez 2001:381
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative	Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative	Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive	Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite	Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive	Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep)	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative		no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative		no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite		no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive		no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative	Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive	yes, no, mixed, other	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive		yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical	Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Alignment	Alignment of verbal person-marking: split	More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc.	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions	Grammaticalized verbal desiderative	Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it)	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: interrogative particle	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle	yes	káphaa, clause-initial	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: verb morphology	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: word order	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion)	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Polar questions: intonation only	Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives	Content questions: word order differs from declaratives	Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.)	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a preposed element	Clausal negator is a preposed element	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Negation	Clausal negator is a postposed element	Clausal negator is a postposed element	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: affix	Negatives: affix	yes	ma-	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: particle	Negatives: particle	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: auxiliary verb	Negatives: auxiliary verb	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Negation	Negatives: double	Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas'	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist'		yes	ɲáme néenika	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Negation	Distinct negative expression 'I don't know'	Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase	no info		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Other	Clause chaining	Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause.	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked switch-reference system	There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Other	Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses	Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence	no	except for converb construction marking simultaneous single-subject events, and serial mechanisms for sequentials.	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: verbal	Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Predication	Predicate adjectives: nominal	Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Predication	Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible	Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all)	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses	Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head)	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Predication	Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause	Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses.	no info		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker	It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Predication	Relativizer is a verbal affix		yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Predication	Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer	The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes)	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes	A=Sa	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb	Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option)	yes	O=So	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host	Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc.	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position	Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking on intransitive verbs	Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs	Transitive verbs take object (P) markers	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects	3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects	3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Number can be marked separately from person on the verb	Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers	Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes	yes	A=Sa forms	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking	Gender distinguished in verbal person markers	For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent	yes	3rd person only	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: indirect object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently	yes	marked by relational construction; but not clear if this has to do with animacy of DO vs. IO.	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: double object	In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice	Ditransitive constructions: secondary object	In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reflexive: dedicated morpheme	Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive.	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme	Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Passive	Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted	yes	-ka-naa	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Antipassive	Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing	Other intransitivizing morphology	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency	yes	generic intrans suffix -kawa/-wa	Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: benefactive	Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Applicative: other	Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: prefix	Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: suffix	Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb	yes		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone	Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: serial verb or analytical construction	Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'	Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'	no		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Causative: dedicated sociative	Indicates that causer participates in event	no info		Ramirez 2001
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing	Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence)	There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency	no	analytical causatives	Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated past marker(s)	Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere	yes		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. distant vs. recent past	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference	e.g. imminent vs. distant future	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Dedicated future or non-past marker(s)		yes	future	Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: prefix		no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: suffix		yes		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut		no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense	Tense-aspect suppletion		no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Directionals	Directional elements affixed to the verb	There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.	no	but directional SVCs with 'go' and 'come'	Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized visual	Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized nonvisual	Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt)	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized inferential	Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized reportive	Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly'	yes	-pida	Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Grammaticalized quotative	Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Other evidential	Any other evidential values not represented above	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic		yes		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: part of tense system	Includes portmanteau morphs	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: separate particle		no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality	Evidentiality: modal morpheme		no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form	There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Polite imperative morpheme	There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language)	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses	There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative)	as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing'	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: affix on verb	Inflectional marking of capacity to do something	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: verbal construction		yes	serial verb	Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Situational possibility: other marking		no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: affix on verb	Modal expressing hypothesis	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: verbal construction		no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Epistemic possibility: other marking		yes	adverbials, esp. noada 'deductive'	Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Marking of expected/unexpected action or result	There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected	yes	counter-expective -tʃaa	Ramirez 2001:262
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal frustrative	Modal expressing frustration ("in vain")	yes	=tha	Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Verbal habitual	Modal expressing habituality	yes	past habitual/durative -de	Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Apprehensive construction	There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens'	no info		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Reality status marking on verbs	There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events'	no		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Mood	Affect markers (positive/negative)	Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative	no info		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Other	Social interaction markers	Note the type of interaction	no info		Ramirez 2001
Verbal Categories - Verbal number	Verbal number suppletion		no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	No fixed basic constituent order		yes		Aikhenvald 2002:167
Word Order	VS in intransitive clauses	Verb precedes subject	no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	VS in transitive clauses		no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	VO in transitive clauses	Verb precedes object	yes	Ramirez 2001:111 indicates preference for SVO	Ramirez 2001
Word Order	OS in transitive clauses	Object precedes subject	no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Preposition-Noun		no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Noun-Postposition or case suffix		yes		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Gen-Noun	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book)	yes		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Noun-Gen	Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John')	yes		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Adj-Noun	Adjective precedes the noun	no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Noun-Adj	Adjective follows the noun	yes		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Dem-Noun		yes		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Noun-Dem		no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Num-Noun		yes		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Noun-Num		no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Noun-Rel	Relative clause follows noun that it modifies	yes		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Rel-Noun	Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies	no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative)	e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away')	no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Relative clause is correlative or adjoined	e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat'	no		Ramirez 2001
Word Order	Question word is clause initial	'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause	yes		Ramirez 2001

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Current Population (speakers)	Former Population Estimate	Subsistence Preference	Density	Sedentism	Ecotome	Marriage Pattern	Notes	Source
6000	large	AG	dense	sedentary	Riverine

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