Question word is clause initial
- Category
- Word Order
- Notes
- 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 125 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 69 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:365-70 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 128-9 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 149 | ||||
| Apurinã | yes | Facundes, 2000: 537 | ||||
| Arabana | yes | 126-7 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 97 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1982:20 | ||||
| Añun | yes | Patte 1989:104 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 134 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Question-word questions begin with an interrogative pronoun. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.120 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | yes | No information of form of question word | Aikhenvald, 1995: 45 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007:348-72 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 47; 49 | 1 | |||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:69 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 97 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 296 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 144 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | yes | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 25-27 | 1 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 131 | The interrogative pronouns used to form questions either begin the sentence or directly follow the topic. | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 149 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no info | x | ||||
| Djinang | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 63 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 264-6 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Payne 2012:380 | ||||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | yes | 76 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 45 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Question words can stay in situ | Quesada 2008:87-88 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | yes | 133-9 | 1 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 288-290 | 1 | |||
| Guna | yes | it can also remain in-situ | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | yes | 338 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 48 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1985:112 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1972:260-1 | ||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 103 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 347 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Everett 2006:324 | ||||
| Katthang | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:545 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.57-58 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 404 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 140 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 131 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 217-220 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 232 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | yes | also attach prefix (ba-) to verbs | Buenaventura - 1993:46 | |||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:51-52 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988: 54 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.61 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | Carson 1982: 123 | ||||
| Mapudungun | yes | Zúñiga 2006, p. 254 | ||||
| Marrgany | yes | 338 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 107, 109, 237-238 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 104-105 | 1 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 70 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.58 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 120 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984:109-110 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 391 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 91 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | in-situ | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 101 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 30-31 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 148 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 126 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:348 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez: 60 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:93 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 156-157 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | yes | Launey 2003:203 | ||||
| Panyjima | n/a | 164 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Ayala 1996:39 | ||||
| Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:13 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 143 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | See examples on 273-275 | Galindo, 2002: 273-275 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 249 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 214 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p394 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:186 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Soto 1976:53-55 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Not always, it seems as though most question words fill sentence-initial "slots," but when core participants are the questioned elements, these remain in situ. | Allin, 1976:346-352 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 57 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: 67 | ||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:44; Queixalós - 2000:387-400 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1987:137 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.141 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 503 | ||||
| Thanggati | yes | 35 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 17 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Question word can appear both clause initial or non-clause initial | Montes 2004b:153 | |||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 328-331 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 390 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:814 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 86 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 106 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | r26 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no | Peeke 1991:21 | ||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos, 2006: 234 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | L203 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 874 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 40 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 36 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 2 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Based on examples | Sanchez and Castro 1977:26 | |||
| Wayuu | yes | The examples of content questions in the text in Mansen & Mansen (1979) have the question word clause-initially. | Mansen & Mansen (1979). | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 56 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | yes | 39 | 1 | |||
| Wirangu | yes | 91-3 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | yes | 77-78 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | no | ms7.4 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:310 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 47 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:184 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 217 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | All examples on page 79 have the question word/question phrase in initial position. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 79 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 164 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 504 | 1 | |||
| Yine | yes | Matteson 1965:57 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 76-78, 106 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 34-35 | ||||
| Yulparija | Yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 57 | 1 |
| Language |
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