Djinang

Family
Pama-Nyungan
Region
Australia
ISO 639-3
dji
Location
-12.48°, 135.01°
Notes
Features
Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary
Grammatical Data
Ethnographic Information
Data Sources
none


Basic Vocabulary (186)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes General Notes Source
1pl.excl nosotros (exclusivo) nós (exclusivo) grammar libi semantic shift
1pl.incl nosotros (inclusivo) nós (inclusivo) grammar lim semantic shift
1sg yo eu grammar irr inheritance
2pl ustedes vocês grammar ildji inheritance
2sg xx xx grammar ñuni inheritance
3pl ellos/ellas eles/elas grammar nyani inheritance
3sg el/ella ele/ela grammar nyani inheritance
above encima, arriba acima location ṉami unique
again de nuevo, otra vez de novo grammar madjirri unknown
all todo todos other ngayama unknown
and y e grammar a inheritance
ankle tobillo tornozelo body baṯ unknown
armpit axila, sobaco axila body way inheritance?
ashamed xx xx mental guraki galmidji inheritance
ashes xx xx environment gibilbal unknown
at en, a em, a location -ŋi? inheritance
back espalda costas body burr gungi unknown
bad mal mal quality mirgi inheritance
be alive xx xx body wanngi inheritance
belly barriga barriga body budjirri inheritance?
below abajo, debajo abaixo location ṉambiḏi unknown
big grande grande quality maṉmiḻing unknown
bite morder morder body ḏirradjigi unknown
black negro preto colour mul inheritance
blood sangre sangue body buḏi unknown
blow soplar soprar body bilang'djigi unknown
blunt xx xx quality djumiḻing inheritance
bone hueso osso body ngirki inheritance
boomerang xx xx manufacture gaḻigaḻi inheritance
breast pecho, seno peito body ngaman inheritance
breathe respirar respirar body ngalwartjingilgi unknown
burn quemar queimar environment warrdjigi semantic shift
chew masticar, mascar mastigar body [missing] missing
child niño, niña criança human gurrminang unknown
climb subir subir motion galaltjigi unknown
cloud nube nuvem environment ngawaḻngawaḻ unknown
cold frío frio quality miṉ unknown
come venir vir motion djini guwa unknown
cook cocinar cozinhar impact bachi-gi inheritance
count contar contar mental butjurrudjigi loan Makassar
cry llorar chorar mental waywaydjigi unknown
cut xx xx impact rindi-gi unknown
die/be dead morir morrer state ḏalpamdjidji inheritance
dig cavar cavar impact gamirr-gi unknown
dingo/wolf fauna muṉibi unknown
dirty sucio sujo quality midjirri unknown
dream soñar sonhar mental mabugi loan non-Pama-Nyungan
drink beber, tomar beber body ḏirradjigi unknown
dry seco seco quality burrdjingi unknown
dust polvo poeira environment midjirri unknown
ear oreja orelha body miṉinggarri unknown
earth/soil tierra terra environment gurrbi unknown
eat comer comer body mirnrdirrbi-gi unknown
egg huevo ovo fauna giyi loan Burarra
eye ojo olho body mil inheritance
faeces heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol fezes body ngatjarr unknown
fall caer cair motion galmidji unknown
far lejos longe quality walanggarra unknown
fat/grease grasa gordura body guḻtji unknown
father padre, papá pai kinship djirrping unknown
fear miedo medo mental nguy inydji giri unknown
feather pluma pena fauna gilingkaḻ unknown
fire fuego fogo environment djunggi inheritance
fish xx xx fauna guyi inheritance
flow fluir fluir motion ngurr giri unknown
flower flor flor environment wurrki inheritance
fly volar voar motion ṉunydjirri unknown
fog niebla, neblina nevoeira, bruma, neblina environment giṉimbi unknown
foot pie body rnu unknown
fruit fruta fruta flora djal unknown
good bueno bom quality 1672 loan areal
grow crecer crescer state djurrgi unknown
hair (of head) cabello cabelo body mapaḻ unknown
hand mano mão body gumbirri inheritance
head cabeza cabeça body guṉgi unknown
hear oír ouvir mental buchinjirrku-ngi unknown
heavy pesado pesado quality guṉgan loan direction unknown
hide esconder esconder motion gilgirr-gi unknown
hit golpear, pegar bater impact baḏirdjigi unknown
hit (with hand) xx xx impact ḏal'
hold correr, asegurar, sostener segurar other gatjigi inheritance
how? como como grammar mir nyaliki unknown
if si se grammar bilangi unknown
in/inside dentro, adentro dentro location guḏiy unknown
intestines intestinos intestinos body ngal inheritance
itch hormiguear, sentir comezón coçar body ḏiyḏiy inheritance
kill matar matar impact bu-ngi inheritance
know/be knowledgeable saber, conecer saber, conhecer mental gaḏaman inheritance
lake lago lago environment [missing] missing
laugh reír rir mental kitkittji-gi inheritance
leaf hoja folha environment [missing] missing
left/left hand izquierdo esquerdo location/body wiṉgu inheritance
leg/foot pierna perna body rnu unknown
lie down acostarse, echarse deitar motion mani wangidji unknown
lightning rayo, relámpago relampago environment milnytjigi inheritance
liver hígado figado body miḏimiḏi unknown
long largo comprido, longo quality giḻiwiḻingi unknown
louse piollo, piojo piolho fauna mimi unknown
lung pulmón pulmão body birarrgirarr unknown
man/male hombre homem human gumbirr maringgalgiṉingi
meat/flesh carne carne fauna munydjal unknown
moon luna lua environment guḻurwi unknown
mother madre, mamá mãe kinship ama inheritance
mouth boca boca body rarri unknown
name nombre nome human girarrk unknown
nape base del cuello, nuca nuca body guraki unknown
near/close cerca de perto quality ngidjirrgi unknown
neck cuello pescoço body mani doubtful loan
new nuevo novo quality yuwirdjingi unknown
night noche noite time maliri unknown
no/not no não grammar ingki unknown
nose nariz nariz body ngurri inheritance
old viejo velho quality gaypingi unknown
one uno um number wurpmi unknown
open/uncover abrir abrir other lapmiri-gi inheritance
other otro outro grammar nyibi unknown
person/human being persona pessoa human 2978 inheritance
pimple xx xx body mapaṉ inheritance
rain lluvia chuva environment djurrmuk unknown
red rojo vermelho colour miki inheritance
right/right hand derecha direita location/body djunupa inheritance
road/path camino caminho manufacture gadjigarr unknown
roof xx xx manufacture djaḻk unknown
root raíz raiz flora gurrkarr unknown
rotten podrido podre quality ḏuḻing unknown
sand arena areia environment munatja inheritance
say decir dizer mental wangidji inheritance
scratch rascar rasgar impact yirrachi-gi unknown
see ver ver mental milmangi unknown
sharp afilado, filudo, filoso afiado quality djarrkuṯ unknown
shoot tirar, disparar, balear atirar impact barndiriji-gi unknown
short corto curto quality djubirri unknown
shoulder hombro ombro body bapi unknown
sick xx xx body rirrkminy inheritance
sit sentar(se) sentar state djut inheritance
skin piel pele body gilingkaḻ unknown
sky cielo céu environment ṉami unknown
sleep dormir dormir body ngurri-ji inheritance
small pequeño pequeno quality miliyirring unknown
smell (tr/intr) xx xx body ñumigi inheritance
smoke humo fumaça environment ngarimbiy unknown
spit escupir cuspir body jukmarr-gi unknown
split partir, dividir rachar, dividir, partir impact barrbiḻ unknown
squeeze estrujar, exprimir espremer impact rduchi-gi inheritance
stab/pierce apuñalar, acuchillar apunhalar impact rani inheritance
stand estar de pié ficar em pé state djirrdji inheritance
star estrella estrela environment gata unknown
steal robar roubar other jamirr-gi unknown
stone piedra pedra environment baṯi unknown
suck chupar chupar body nuki-ji unknown
sun sol sol time maṉngi unknown
sweat sudar suor, suar body ngurrbirrdji unknown
swell hincharse inchar body walwaldjigi unknown
swim nadar nadar motion yigili-gi unknown
tail cola, rabo rabo body miman unknown
that ese/esa esse grammar ngunangi unknown
thick grueso, gordo, espeso grosso quality ḻambirringi
thin delgado fino quality rang unknown
think pensar pensar mental gingi-ji inheritance
this este/esta este grammar djiningi unknown
three tres tres number ḻurrkun inheritance
throat garganta garganta body djarnggulk unknown
throw tirar, lanzar atirar, jogar impact bat unknown
thunder truenos trovão environment wulma unknown
tie up/fasten atar, amarrar amarrar impact garrpigi inheritance
tongue lengua lingua body yamana unknown
tooth diente dente body malkaṉa unknown
true xx xx quality djunupa inheritance
turn girar, volter, torcer virar other ḻiw unknown
two dos dois number bilawili unknown
vomit vomitar vomitar body galgal unknown
walk caminar, andar andar motion kukirri-ji unknown
water agua agua environment djurumuḻ unknown
wet mojado molhado quality [missing] missing
what? que, qué que grammar nyimi inheritance
when? cuando quando grammar nyadji inheritance
where? donde onde grammar nyanydjili inheritance
white blanco branco colour bardjining unknown
who? quien, quién quem grammar wari inheritance
wife esposa esposa kinship nyanimigi unknown
wind viento vento environment waṯi inheritance
wing ala asa body [missing] missing
woman/female mujer mulher human barrpi unknown
work trabajar trabalhar other djama loan Makassar
yawn bostezar bocejar body jabirwangi-ji unknown
yellow amarillo amarelo colour guringguringgili unknown


Flora Fauna Vocabulary (139)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Linnean Name Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Etymology Notes Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Range of Term Word Structure Word Structure Notes Classifier Classifier Notes Hypernym Source Association with Social Categories Ritual/Mythologically Significant Ritual Notes Food Source Food Notes Medicinal Medicinal Notes How Collected Who Collects How Prepared Psychotropic Psychotropic Notes Traded Trade Notes Distribution Habitat Dangerous Ethnobiology Notes Species Notes General Notes
grasshopper flora-fauna Caelifera ḻiṯmirringi rlirtmirriŋi unique 2 1 0 0 0 no
agile wallaby, river wallaby flora-fauna Macropus agilis missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna Formicidae giyany giyany inheritance simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian pelican flora-fauna Pelecanus conspicillatus mula mula unique simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
Australian snubfin dolphin flora-fauna Orcaella heinsohnii djunggayngu dyuŋgayŋu unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
baler shell flora-fauna Melo amphora missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
bandicoot flora-fauna Peramelemorphia warngurra warngurra loan direction unknown Burarra WW %warnkurra 0 0 0 0 0
barn owl flora-fauna Tyto alba missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
barramundi flora-fauna Lates calcarifer djundjarr dyanambal loan Burarra simplex 1 1 0 0 0 no
bat murciélago morcego flora-fauna Chiroptera spp missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bindii, caltrop flora-fauna Tribulus terrestris missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna maypal waykiṉingi maypal waykirniŋi semantic shift cf maypal ‘shellfish’, “waykin” Burarra “on high” ? derived 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-breasted buzzard flora-fauna Hamirostra melanosternon missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-faced cuckoo-shrike flora-fauna Coracina novaehollandiae missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
black-headed python flora-fauna Aspidites melanocephalus missing missing missing 0 2 0 0 0 no
black-soil yam flora-fauna Ipomoea diamantinensis missing garlwurn unique missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bloodwood flora-fauna Eucalyptus (Corymbia) bleeseri guḻu gurlu tree species unknown 0 1 1 0 0 no
blowfly maggots flora-fauna Diptera, Sarcophagidae munyi murrurlarl unique simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
blue-tongue lizard flora-fauna Tiliqua species murbiṉi rdaparlarl loan Burarra simplex 0 1 0 0 0 no
blue-winged kookaburra flora-fauna Dacelo leachii djirrḏiḏi dyirrrdirdi unknown reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
bluebone flora-fauna Choerodon cyanodus missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
brolga flora-fauna Grus rubicunda guḏurrki rdaŋgurltyar inheritance simplex 1 0 0 0 0 no
brown goshawk flora-fauna Accipiter fasciatus gurrtjirtjir gurrtyirtyir goshawk unknown reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
brush-tailed possum flora-fauna Trichosurus vulpecula missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush cockroach flora-fauna (many species) missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
bush stone-curlew flora-fauna Burhinus grallarius missing missing missing 1 0 0 0 0 no
bush tobacco flora-fauna Lobelia quadrangularis missing missing missing 0 0 0 1 0 no
bush turkey, Australian bustard flora-fauna Ardeotis australis guḻuwurr gurluwurr scrub turkey unique 0 1 0 0 0 no
bush yam flora-fauna Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata missing missing missing 0 1 2 0 1 no
butterfly, moth mariposa borboleta flora-fauna Lepidoptera missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
carpet snake flora-fauna Morelia spilota missing 0 1 0 0 0
caterpillar flora-fauna Lepidoptera missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
catfish flora-fauna (many species) djamuḻpaṉḏi dyamurlparnrdi unknown complex? 0 1 0 0 0 no
centipede ciempiés centopéia flora-fauna Chilopoda, Myriapoda gambi gambi unknown cf gambilki bush grape simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
channel-billed cuckoo flora-fauna Scythops novaehollandiae missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
crested pigeon flora-fauna Ocyphaps lophotes mukandi mukandi loan Gupapuyngu “pigeon” simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
darter/cormorant flora-fauna Anhinga melanogaster, Phalacrocorax species ngurrmaḏayimbung ŋurrmardayimbuŋ cormorant unknown compound? 0 1 0 0 0 no
death adder, five-minute snake flora-fauna Acanthophis praelongus ngurrbaḻngi ŋurrbarlŋi death adder unknown suffixed 0 0 0 0 0 yes
dingo flora-fauna Canis familiaris dingo muṉibi murnibi unknown simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna Canis familiaris missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
duck pato pato, marreco flora-fauna Anatidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
dugong flora-fauna Dugon dugong djunungguyangu burlanybirr inheritance Also has word “dyunuŋguyaŋu” meaning “dugong” 1 1 0 0 0 no
earthworm flora-fauna Annelida, Oligochaeta wuyinygarr wuyinygarr unknown 0 0 0 0 0 no
emu flora-fauna Dromaius novaehollandiae wurrbaḏapaḏa wurrbardaparda inheritance reduplicated 2 1 2 0 0 no
fish (generic) pez peixe flora-fauna guyi guyi inheritance simplex 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
flower flora-fauna (NA) wurrki wurrki inheritance simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna Diptera ṉunydjirri burli unknown simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
flying-fox (generic) flora-fauna (many species) waringgiṉingi warrinyu inheritance simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus johnstoni missing rnawirlmuŋ unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
freshwater mussel flora-fauna Velesunio wilsoni nganka ŋanka unknown simplex 0 1 0 0 0 no
freshwater prawn flora-fauna Macrobrachium rosenbergii djaṉbaḻ djaṉbaḻ dyarnbarl dyarnbarl unknown reduplicated 0 1 0 0 0 no
frill-necked lizard flora-fauna Chlamydosaurus kingii butjirbiṉi butyirbirni unknown complex? 0 1 0 0 0 no
frog (generic) flora-fauna (many species) garkman garkman inheritance simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
galah flora-fauna Eolophus roseicapilla wurliy wurliy unique 0 0 0 0 0
turtle (generic) flora-fauna (many species) gargiṉingi gargirniŋi unknown simplex 0 1 0 0 0 no
ghost gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus papuana (Corymbia bella) missing missing missing 2 0 1 0 0 no
goanna (generic) or sand goanna flora-fauna Varanus spp dyirrimiri dyirrimiri unique underived 0 1 2 0 0 no
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna (NA) yurryarr yurryarr unique 0 0 0 0 0 no
grasshopper flora-fauna Orthoptera rlirtmirriŋi unknown 0 0 0 0 0
great bowerbird flora-fauna Chlamydera nuchalis missing missing missing 1 0 0 0 0 no
green ant flora-fauna Oecophylla smaragdina missing missing missing 0 2 2 0 0 no
green sea turtle flora-fauna Chelonia mydas garriyuwa garriyuwa loan WW %karriwa underived 1 1 0 0 0 no
green tree snake flora-fauna Dendrelaphis punctulata missing missing missing 0 2 0 0 0 no
head/body lice flora-fauna Pediculus capitis, Pediculus humanus mimi mimi adult head louse unique reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
horse caballo cavalho flora-fauna Equus caballus yarraman yarraman loan areal WW %yarraman simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
hummingbird colibrí, picaflor (Peru) beija-flor flora-fauna Trochilidae wirrirr wirrirr wirrirr wirrirr rainbow bird inheritance might be loan into proto-language reduplicated 0 0 0 0 0 no
humpback whale flora-fauna Megaptera novaeangliae missing missing missing 1 1 0 0 0 no
insect (generic) insecto insecto flora-fauna generic missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
jabiru flora-fauna Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus gandyi inheritance 0 0 0 0 0
jungle-fowl (scrub-fowl) flora-fauna Megapodius freycinet missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna Macropodidae missing missing missing 2 1 0 0 0 no
land snail flora-fauna Gastropoda missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
magpie goose flora-fauna Anseranas semipalmata gurrumba gumiŋi unique simplex 0 1 0 0 0 no
military dragon flora-fauna Ctenophorus isolepis, Diporiphora spp., Lophognathus spp. missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
mosquito mosquito, zancudo mosquito, carapana flora-fauna Anopheles spp, Isoptera gaṉangarra burdi malimdynyakirniŋ unknown cf malimdyigi “destroy” 0 0 0 0 0 no
mud wasp, hornet flora-fauna (many species) missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
native bee flora-fauna (many species) missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
native cat flora-fauna Dasyurus missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
northern brown bandicoot flora-fauna Isoodon macrourus missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
northern kurrajong flora-fauna Brachychiton diversifolius missing missing missing 0 1 no? 0 0 no
nut tree flora-fauna Terminalia grandifolia missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
octopus flora-fauna Octopus australis missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
pandanus palm flora-fauna Pandanus spiralis guridji guridyi pandanus unique 1 1 0 0 1 no
paperbark flora-fauna Melaleuca sericea, Melaleuca stenostachya rangan raŋan inheritance simplex 0 0 1 0 0 no
peaceful dove flora-fauna Geopelia placida missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
pearlshell flora-fauna Pinctada spp mutjiyarra mutyiyarra loan Makassar WW %muthiyarra derived? 1 1 0 0 1 no
peewee flora-fauna Gryllina cyanoleuca gurrubuḏuk gurruburduk peewee (Magpie Lark) unique Both “magpie goose” and “magpie lark [peewee]” being with “gurru”, but almost certainly a coincidence? 0 0 0 0 0 no
pied butcherbird flora-fauna Cracticus nigrogularis missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
pike eel flora-fauna Muraenesox arabicus missing butyalatyamirriŋ unique missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
praying mantis, stick insects mantis religiosa louva-a-deus flora-fauna Mantodea missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
prickle bush flora-fauna Sclerolaena bicornis missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
quail (generic) flora-fauna Coturnix species, Turnix species wirmbiṯi wirmbirti unique simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
red river gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus camaldulensis missing missing missing 2 0 1 0 1 no
red-tailed black-cockatoo flora-fauna Calyptorhynchus banksi ganggirarr gaŋgirarr unique simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
riflefish, archerfish flora-fauna Toxotes chatareus missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
river mangrove flora-fauna Aegicera corniculatum missing missing missing 0 0 2 0 1 no
rock fig flora-fauna Ficus brachypoda missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
sacred kingfisher flora-fauna Todiramphus sancta missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
saltwater crocodile flora-fauna Crocodylus porosus missing missing missing 2 2 0 0 0 yes
saltwater mussel flora-fauna Mytilidae missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
sawfish flora-fauna Pristis pectinata ngurrbarrka ŋurrbarrka unique cf “barrka,” Ritharrngu, Gupapuyngu, and Dhuwal Green Sawfish (Longcomb Sawfish), Pristis zijsron; “ŋurr” Djinang nose compound 1 0 0 0 0 yes
scorpion escorpión; alacran escorpião flora-fauna Arachnida, Scorpiones missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
shark (generic) flora-fauna Selachimorpha missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 variable
shell (generic) flora-fauna missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 1 no
short-beaked echidna flora-fauna Tachyglossus aculeatus djirrmanga dyirr inheritance 0 2 0 0 0 no
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 N/A
snappy gum flora-fauna Eucalyptus brevifolia missing missing missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
spider araña aranha flora-fauna Arachnida, Araneae garr garr inheritance simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
spinifex flora-fauna Triodia species gurapala gurapala unknown simplex 0 0 2 0 0 no
spoonbills (yellow-billed spoonbill, black-billed spoonbill) flora-fauna Platalea flavipes, Platalea regia ngurrgaṉarra ŋurrgarnarra spoonbill loan direction unknown Burarra simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
stingray (generic) rayas látigo, raya arraia flora-fauna Dasyatidae ḻawarranya rlawarranya unique underived 0 1 0 0 0 variable
stripe-faced dunnart flora-fauna Sminthopsis macroura missing rnarrgi rnarrgi unique missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
sugarbag wax flora-fauna galanyan galanyan wax of bee loan direction unknown WW %kalanyan simplex 1 1 0 0 0 no
sulphur-crested cockatoo flora-fauna Cacatua galerita ḻurrpu rlurrpu unknown simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
swamp eel flora-fauna Ophisternon gutturale gibiḏipi gibirdipi unknown simplex 0 1 0 0 0 no
swamp leech flora-fauna Annelida, Hirudinea matjaḻ matyarl leech inheritance simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
tawny frogmouth flora-fauna Podargus strigoides murbaḻ murbarl unique simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
termite mounds, ant hills flora-fauna Isoptera wiṉḏi wirnrdi anthill unknown simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
termites, white-ants comején (Peru), termitas cupim flora-fauna (many species) missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
ti-tree flora-fauna Melaleuca bracteata missing missing missing 0 0 1 0 0 no
tick garrapata carrapato flora-fauna Arachnida, Acarina missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 no
tiger shark flora-fauna Galeocerdo cuvier missing missing missing 0 0 0 0 0 yes
torresian crow flora-fauna Corvus orru wagirri wagirri inheritance simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna (NA) gurrtji gurrtyi unique simplex 0 0 0 0 0 no
waterlily flora-fauna Nymphaea macrosperma missing missing missing 0 1 2 0 0 no
wattle flora-fauna Acacia difficilis missing missing missing 0 0 1 0 1 no
wedge-tailed eagle flora-fauna Aquila audax missing missing missing 1 0 0 0 0 no
willie wagtail flora-fauna Rhipidura leucophrys missing missing missing 1 0 0 0 0 no
witchetty grub flora-fauna (many species) missing missing missing 0 1 2 0 0 no
woma flora-fauna Aspidites ramsayii missing missing missing 0 1 0 0 0 no
tree árbol arvore flora-fauna gurrtji unknown
ant (generic) hormiga formiga flora-fauna giyany inheritance
bird pajaro, ave passaro flora-fauna maypal waykiṉingi semantic shift
blowfly/housefly mosca mosca flora-fauna murruḻaḻ doubtful loan
dog (camp, domestic) perro cachorro flora-fauna butjiy loan English
grass hierba, pasto capim, grama flora-fauna yurryarr unknown
kangaroo (generic) flora-fauna gaṉḏaḻpurru inheritance?
snake (generic) culebra, serpiente cobra flora-fauna minarr unknown
spider araña aranha flora-fauna garr inheritance


Cultural Vocabulary (111)
English Spanish Portuguese Semantic Field Part of Speech Orthographic Form Phonemicized Form Gloss as in Source Etymology Code Proto-Form Proto-Language Loan Source Wanderwort Status Etyma Set Etymology Notes Word Structure Word Structure Notes General Notes Source
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven tierra do los muertos terra dos mortos culture-mythology missing
armband dress garnbalaty loan Burarra ‘lorikeet’
awl subsistence tool missing
axe/stone axe hacha (de piedra) machado (de pedra) subsistence tool birndyarra unique
bag (string) culture-material batyi inheritance
bait for fishing cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru) isca subsistence tool dyaŋgu semantic shift ‘flesh’
basket (general) canasta, canasto, cesta cesto culture-material batyi inheritance
body feather decorations culture-mythology missing
boomerang/throwing stick (generic) subsistence tool garligarli inheritance
boomerang (number 7) subsistence tool missing
boomerang (small) subsistence tool missing
bowl (coolamon) culture-material dyapirdi unique
broom escoba vassoura culture-material missing
canoe canoa canoa transport barrawu' loan Makassar
cicatrice culture-mythology missing
clapsticks culture-mythology bilmi inheritance
club (nulla-nulla) subsistence tool dyulidyulidyigi REDO - noun not verb
cook food food rirrtyigi inheritance
cook in earth oven food missing
damper food missing
dance (generic) culture-mythology walŋirri-dyi REDO - noun not verb
digging stick subsistence tool garni loan
dipper (small coolamon) subsistence tool missing
dream sueño, soñar sonho, sonhar culture-mythology mabugi loan based on presence of prefix
dreaming culture-mythology gurlukurluŋ loan Yan-nhaŋu
drone pipe culture-mythology wuyimbarl semantic shift trachea
fire drill subsistence tool missing
fire-saw other missing
fireplace hogar lareira other missing
firewood leña lenha other dyuŋgi inheritance with semantic shift fire <> firewood
fish poison barbasco, matapez (Colombia) timbó subsistence tool missing
fish (with fish-poison) pescar con barbasco, barbasquear pescar com timbó; tinguijar food missing
fish (with line) anzuelear, pescar con linea pescar (com linha) food missing
fish (with spear) food missing
fishing line cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze linha de pesca subsistence tool bikaŋ unique
fishtrap (permanent) subsistence tool dyurr unique
fishtrap (woven) subsistence tool missing
flour (European) food missing
flour (bush) food missing
game animal caza, animal de caza caça, animal de caça food maypal semantic shift
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio espirito culture-mythology mirri unique
glue subsistence tool missing
grave tumba, sepultura, sepulcro sepultura, sepulcro, cova culture-mythology mulu unique
grog food missing
hair belt dress marŋarray unique
headband dress missing
healer curandero benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano) culture-mythology rlaykingirniŋi unique
honey miel mel food dyurduk semantic shift
house (European) other bala’ loan Makassar WW %bala
hunt cazar caçar food gurrpi-gi unique
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology unique
initiation (circumcision) culture-mythology missing
knife cuchillo faca culture-material yiki inheritance
loincloth taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla tanga, tapa-sexo dress dyirrityirri inheritance
love song culture-mythology missing
mangrove raft transport missing
message stick culture-mythology dyuŋgi mak loan
mortar mortero pilão subsistence tool ŋuyarr unique
nosepeg other missing
paddle/oar remo remo transport garraygi inheritance
ochre culture-mythology butyalak inheritance
paint body, body paint pintura corporal pintura corporal culture-mythology missing
pestle pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor mão de pilão subsistence tool missing
pipe for tobacco pipa cachimbo other missing
public song cycle culture-mythology missing
red paint culture-mythology girnimirni unique
resin resina, brea, copal resina, brea, breu subsistence tool missing
salt sal sal food munatya semantic shift
shelter (native) other maypurrŋa unique
song (generic) canción, canto canção culture-mythology manikay inheritance
song (for entertainment) culture-mythology missing
spear lanza lança subsistence tool dyurlgarrarrdyigi unique
spear (fighting) subsistence tool missing
spear (fishing) subsistence tool marrinyi unique
spearthrower subsistence tool mariŋgal loan direction unknown
speartip subsistence tool missing
string (from hair) culture-material missing
string (from vine) culture-material missing
sugar acculturation missing
tea food missing
tobacco (European) narcotics ŋarali semantic shift
tobacco (native) narcotics missing
spirit child culture-mythology missing
wax cera cera other galanyan loan direction unknown
white paint culture-mythology gamunuŋgu loan direction unknown
windbreak other missing
yandy (n) culture-material missing
school escuela escola acculturation missing
net subsistence tool dyirrk doubtful loan
bottle botella garrafa acculturation missing
paper papel papel acculturation dyurra loan Makassar WW %djorra
corpse food galŋi semantic shift ‘live’
chicken gallina galinha acculturation missing
tree coffin culture-mythology rdirrka semantic shift
clothing ropa roupa culture-mythology mirikal loan direction unknown
skirt falda, saya, fustan, pollera saia culture-material missing
shoes zapatos sapatos dress dyapatyuŋgi loan Makassar WW %dhapathung
medicine narcotics missing
earth oven food dyambarl inheritance
policeman polícia policía acculturation missing
cat gato gato acculturation missing
gun arma, escopeta espingarda, fusil acculturation marriyaŋ loan Makassar
hat sombero chapéu dress bulmunuŋ unique
rope/string mecate, cuerda, soga corda culture muṉḏaṉ unknown
bottom grinding stone manufacture nguyarr unknown
digging stick subsistence tool 771 unknown
winnow aventar, tirar (sementes) joeirar manufacture [missing] missing
top grinding stone metate, mano; piedra de moler metate, mano manufacture [missing] missing
spearthrower subsistence tool maringgal loan direction unknown
spear lanza lança subsistence tool djuḻgarrarrdjigi unknown
house other garrarrak unknown


Grammatical Data (295)
Category Grammatical Feature Grammatical Feature: Notes Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Phonology - Segmental Pre-/post-nasalized stops Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive. No 3 0
Phonology - Segmental Glottalized/ejective consonants Phonemic contrast [NOT counting glottal stop/fricative] No 1 0
Phonology - Segmental Palatalized stops Phonemic contrast No 1 0
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic vowel length Does the language have long and short vowels? No 3 0
Phonology - Segmental Phonemic glottalization/laryngealization of vowels No 3 0
Phonology - Segmental Complex onsets Onset consists of more than one consonant phoneme Yes 17 1
Phonology - Segmental No codas *(C)VC [no also equals highly constrained] No 6 0
Phonology - Segmental Word-final coda required Do all syllables end in a consonant? No 6 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive tones Note how many contrastive tones No 3 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Contrastive stress Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference? No 3 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasalization property of morpheme or syllable In contrast to nasalization as a property of segments No 1 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Nasal spreading across some morpheme boundaries Do some affixes or other morphemes take the nasal/oral properties of the root they attach to? No 2 0
Phonology - Suprasegmental Vowel harmony No 3 0
Morphology - General Verbal fusion (2+ categories marked by portmanteau morphemes on verb) Verb combines two or more categories (tense, aspect, mood, person, number, etc.) in portmanteau morphemes{ [ignore proclitics unless they are fused with values other than person/number] no 169 0
Morphology - General Inflection manifested by replacement of segmental or suprasegmental phonemes Stem change, tone No 1 0
Morphology - General Verbal synthesis (1+ inflectional categories marked by verbal affixes) Morphological complexity in verbs - multiple inflectional affixes in a single verb word Yes 169 1
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly prefixing There are many more prefixes than suffixes No 1 0
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: strongly suffixing There are many more suffixes than prefixes Yes 1 1
Morphology - General Prefixing/suffixing inflectional morph: roughly equal or one weakly preferred The numbers of suffixes and prefixes are not notably different No 1 0
Morphology - General Reduplication: full The full morpheme is reduplicated Yes 125 1
Morphology - General Reduplication: partial Only part of the morpheme is reduplicated Yes 125 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive NN compounding Noun compounds created from two noun phrases are common and systematically produced Yes 128 1
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV serialization (without compounding) Verb roots can be combined in a single predicate without markers of subordination (distinct from subordinating construction) or distinct inflection No 127 0
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Productive VV compounding Serial verb constructions involve chaining of roots together in one morphophonological word No 127 0
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Verb-adjunct (aka light verb) constructions There is a set of semantically weak verbs used in complex verbal constructions, e.g. 'take a nap' No 127 0
Morphology - Compounding, auxiliaries, light verbs Auxiliary verb(s) There are verbs that accompany main verbs of clauses and take grammatical marking not expressed by main verbs Yes 131 1
Morphology - Incorporation Incorporation of nouns into verbs is a productive intransitivizing process Verb contains nominal segment No 169 0
Morphology - Incorporation Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns No 169 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classes/genders Nouns are organized into sets with distinct morphological treatment; usually affects all nouns and involves agreement within the NP Yes 27 1
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Number of noun classes/genders Note the (approximate) total number of noun classes/genders Yes 27 1
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Noun classifiers (distinct from noun classes/genders) Nouns are organized into sets, but only a limited set of nouns may be implicated, with no or limited agreement marking. If only numeral classifiers exist, indicate yes but explain. No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for animates Masculine, feminine, neuter No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex is a relevant category in noun class(ification) system for inanimates No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Animacy (w/o reference to sex) is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system Animate/inanimate, human/non-human Yes 27 1
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Sex/gender distinction only in 3rd person pronouns add in notes section whether gender is present in other PNs or not in any PNs; consider with reference to pronouns and person marking only No 33 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for animates No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Shape is a relevant category in the noun class(ification) system for inanimates No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification "Repeater" classifiers Where no distinct classifier exists, a copy of the noun itself may function in the morphosyntactic classifier "slot" N/A 27 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Numeral classifiers (specific to numerals) Special classifier forms that occur only with numerals N/A 27 0
Nominal Categories - Gender and noun classification Classifiers used as derivational suffixes to derive nouns Verb + classifier = 'thing for doing V, thing that does V, etc.' N/A 27 0
Nominal Categories - Number Singular number may be marked on the noun Often occurs in a small subset of nouns if a single entity is referred to, e.g. insects that normally occur in groups No 86 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural affix on noun Yes 86 1
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by stem change or tone on noun No 86 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked by reduplication of noun No 86 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural word/clitic No 86 0
Nominal Categories - Number Plural marked on human or animate nouns only No 86 0
Nominal Categories - Number Pronominal plural: stem + nominal plural affix Pronouns use a nominal plural affix not specific to pronouns No 33 0
Nominal Categories - Number Unique associative plural marker e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them' No 87 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Definite or specific articles Definite = particular referent known to both speaker and addressee; specific = particular referent known to speaker only No 99 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Marker of definiteness distinct from demonstratives Focus on articles/markers whose primary function is to mark definiteness Yes 99 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Indefinite or non-specific article or marker No 99 0
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you Yes 33 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Inclusive/exclusive: in verbal inflection (bound) Yes 139 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number) Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system Yes 38 1
Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.) No 38 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3sg pronouns No 33 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 3pl pronouns No 33 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Gender in 1st and/or 2nd person pronouns No 33 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Formal/informal distinction in pronouns Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns No 33 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Reflexive pronouns e.g. English 'himself', Spanish 'se'; distinct form(s) from basic (non-reflexive) pronominals; distinct from reflexive verbal affix No 147 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Adpositions mark core NPs Prepositions or postpositions mark subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: number of cases Note the number of grammatical relations that may be morphologically marked on the noun Yes 27 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: only non-core arguments morphologically marked Subjects, objects, beneficiaries/recipients NOT marked, but other grammatical relations are No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: symmetrical All NPs marked if in appropriate syntactic relation; no distinction in marking based on semantics (type of entity) Yes 27 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: asymmetrical Semantically defined subset of NPs marked for case, e.g. animates No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: suffix or postpositional clitic Yes 27 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: prefix or prepositional clitic No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: infix or inpositional clitic No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: stem change No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: tone No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Case: comitative = instrumental Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument' No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-2 At least some part of the system involves base-2 no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-5 At least some part of the system involves base-5 no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Base-10 At least some part of the system involves base-10 no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Other base (specify) 4, 20, etc. no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Etymological transparency in any numerals under 5 e.g. two = 'eye-quantity' no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 5 'Many' or some other non-exact term used no info x
Nominal Categories - Numerals Numerals do not go above 10 'Many' or some other non-exact term used no info x
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Tense or aspect inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival No 27 0
Nominal Categories - Other nominal Person inflection on non-verbal predicates i.e. nominal or adjectival No 27 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: prefix on N alienable/inalienable? No 136 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Pronominal possessive affixes: suffix on N alienable/inalienable? Yes 136 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: dependent e.g. 'the boy-'s dog' No 80, 84 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head e.g. 'the boy his-dog' Yes 80, 84 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession Possessive classifiers There are special classifiers that occur with possessed entities N/A 27 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of inalienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the former takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) No 199 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Morphological marking of alienable possession Where inalienable possession differs from alienable, the latter takes a morphological marker (may include an associated free particle/pronoun) Yes 199 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Default marker for inalienably possessed nouns if unpossessed An inalienable noun that is in an unpossessed state must have a derivational affix or associated form No 199 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of kin terms 'my-father' but *father No 80 0
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Inalienable possession of body parts (human/animal) 'my-leg' but *leg Yes 199 1
Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man) No 199 0
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Underived adjectives There are underived adjectives which do not have counterparts in other word classes Yes 21 1
Nominal Syntax - Adjectives Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco No 196 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: action/state (arrive/arrival) There is a morpheme which derives an event from a verb No 129 0
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: agentive (sing/singer) There is a morpheme which derives an agent or subject from a verb Yes 129 1
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive nominalizing morphology: object (sing/song) There is a morpheme which derives a patient or object from a verb Yes 129 1
Nominal Syntax - Derivation Productive verbalizing morphology There is a morpheme which derives a verb from a noun or adjective Yes 118 1
Nominal Syntax - Other NP coordination and comitative phrases marked differently 'John and Mary went to market' is marked differently from 'John went to market with Mary' Yes 157 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated past marker(s) Past tense is regularly morphologically marked on the verb or elsewhere Yes 167 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. distant vs. recent past Yes 167 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Multiple future tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference e.g. imminent vs. distant future No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Dedicated future or non-past marker(s) Yes 167 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: prefix No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: suffix Yes 167 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect affixes: tone or ablaut No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Tense-aspect suppletion No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood No 191 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Polite imperative morpheme There is a distinct morpheme for polite imperative constructions (specify if it has other functions in the language) No 191 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Difference between negation in imperative (prohibitive) and declarative clauses There are different strategies for marking negation in imperative and declarative clauses No 191 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Dedicated hortative morpheme or verb form (1pl or 3rd person imperative) as opposed to imperative; the person in control of desired state of affairs is not the addressee; ex: 'Let's sing' / 'Let him sing' No 191 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: affix on verb Inflectional marking of capacity to do something Yes 193 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: verbal construction No 193 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Situational possibility: other marking No 193 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: affix on verb Modal expressing hypothesis Yes 193 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: verbal construction No 193 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Epistemic possibility: other marking No 193 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Marking of expected/unexpected action or result There is inflectional marking of expected/unexpected No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal frustrative Modal expressing frustration ("in vain") No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Verbal habitual Modal expressing habituality No 185 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Apprehensive construction There is a single morpheme or verb form to mean '(be careful lest) X happens' No 193 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Reality status marking on verbs There are dedicated morpheme(s) for realis/irrealis 'actualized/unactualized events' Yes 167 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Affect markers (positive/negative) Note whether these inflectional markers are positive or negative No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Directionals Directional elements affixed to the verb There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc. No 140 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized visual Indicates information has been witnessed visually - indicate only if an overt marker No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized nonvisual Indicates information has been sensed firsthand but not visually (usually heard; also smelled, tasted, felt) No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized inferential Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker. No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized reportive Indicates speaker is not responsible for veracity of statement, merely reporting; 'allegedly' No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Grammaticalized quotative Indicate presence of adjacent representation of repeated discourse No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Other evidential Any other evidential values not represented above No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: part of tense system Includes portmanteau morphs No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: separate particle No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality Evidentiality: modal morpheme No 167 0
Verbal Categories - Verbal number Verbal number suppletion No 33 0
Verbal Categories - Other Social interaction markers Note the type of interaction No 167 0
Word Order No fixed basic constituent order No 195 0
Word Order VS in intransitive clauses Verb precedes subject No 203 0
Word Order VS in transitive clauses No 203 0
Word Order VO in transitive clauses Verb precedes object No 203 0
Word Order OS in transitive clauses Object precedes subject No 203 0
Word Order Preposition-Noun No 27 0
Word Order Noun-Postposition or case suffix Yes 27 1
Word Order Gen-Noun Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessor first (e.g. John's book) Yes 197 1
Word Order Noun-Gen Possessive phrase composed of a free possessor and its possessum has possessum first (e.g. 'book of John') No 197 0
Word Order Adj-Noun Adjective precedes the noun Yes 197 1
Word Order Noun-Adj Adjective follows the noun Yes 197 1
Word Order Dem-Noun Yes 197 1
Word Order Noun-Dem Yes 197 1
Word Order Num-Noun Yes 197 1
Word Order Noun-Num Yes 197 1
Word Order Noun-Rel Relative clause follows noun that it modifies Yes 207 1
Word Order Rel-Noun Relative clause precedes noun that it modifies No 207 0
Word Order Re<Noun>l (internally headed relative) e.g. 'the dog cat chased-NMZR got away' ('the cat that the dog chased got away') No 207 0
Word Order Relative clause is correlative or adjoined e.g. 'what is running, the dog chased that cat' Yes 207 1
Word Order Question word is clause initial 'what', 'who', etc. come first in interrogative clause No 47 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects No 27 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked nominative Subjects of transitive and intransitive clauses share a marker, while objects of transitives are unmarked No 27 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: ergative-absolutive Subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitives share a unique marker, while subjects of transitive clauses are unmarked or have a different marker No 27 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: tripartite Intransitive subjects, transitive subjects, and transitive objects all receive distinct case markers Yes 27 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking in full NPs: active-inactive Subjects of intransitive clauses are treated two different ways: like subjects of transitives if they are more agent-like (e.g. he jumped), and like objects of transitives if they are more patient-like (e.g. he fell asleep) No 27 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked accusative Yes 33 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: marked nominative No 33 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other No 33 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite No 33 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of case marking of pronouns: active-inactive No 33 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: nominative-accusative Same as above, for pronominal affixes/clitics on verbs Yes 139 1
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: ergative-absolutive yes, no, mixed, other No 139 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: active-inactive No 139 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3) No 139 0
Simple Clauses - Alignment Alignment of verbal person-marking: split More than one of the above systems is represented in person marking, depending on e.g. person (e.g. 1/2 vs. 3), tense-aspect value, main vs. subordinate clause type, etc. No 139 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects Yes 136 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: prefixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal prefixes (free pronouns may be another option) No 136 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: suffixes on verb Pronominal subjects are marked as verbal suffixes (free pronouns may be another option) No 136 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: clitics on variable host Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. Yes 136 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects No 136 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking on intransitive verbs Intransitive verbs take person-marking clitics/affixes Yes 136 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person marking (of agents) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take subject (A) markers Yes 136 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Person-marking (of objects) on transitive verbs Transitive verbs take object (P) markers Yes 136 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: subjects 3rd person subjects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system Yes 139 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking 3rd person zero in verbal person marking: objects 3rd person objects are not overtly marked within the verbal person-marking system Yes 139 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Number can be marked separately from person on the verb Verbal person marking exists, but number is (or can) be marked separately No 129 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Possessive affixes/clitics on nouns are same as verbal person markers Where nouns take possessive affixes, these are the same as the person-marking affixes Yes 136 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Gender distinguished in verbal person markers For any person, verbal person markers exhibit different forms depending on the gender (masc/fem, animate/inanimate, etc.) of the referent No 139 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: indirect object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives a book to Bill'), the theme (book) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated differently Yes 55 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: double object In ditransitives (e.g. 'John gives Bill a book'), both the theme (book) and the recipient/beneficiary (Bill) is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives Yes 55 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice Ditransitive constructions: secondary object In ditransitives, the recipient/beneficiary is treated in the same way as are objects of transitives, while the theme (book) is treated differently No 55 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal. No 125 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reflexive: dedicated morpheme Verb becomes reflexive through use of reflexive morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is used only to mean reflexive. No 147 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb Yes 147 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Passive Passive voice usually involves a change to the verb, while the object of the active voice verb is promoted to subject in the passive voice, and the former subject is deleted/demoted No 125 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Antipassive Like passive, but deletes or demotes the object of a transitive verb; usually found in ergative languages No 125 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Other intransitivizing morphology There is/are some other mechanism(s) for reducing valency No 125 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: benefactive Applicative adds a beneficiary/maleficiary object argument to the verb No 124 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Applicative: other Applicative adds some other object argument to the verb No 124 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: prefix Causative is morphological and is attached before the root of the verb No 122 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: suffix Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb Yes 122 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative marked by circumfix, stem change, or tone Morphological causative other than simple prefix/suffix No 122 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: serial verb or analytical construction Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization No 122 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy' Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.' No 122 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Causative: dedicated sociative Indicates that causer participates in event No 122 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing Other transitivizing morphology (adds valence) There is/are some other mechanism(s) for increasing valency No 124 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a preposed element Clausal negator is a preposed element Yes 146 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Clausal negator is a postposed element Clausal negator is a postposed element No 146 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: affix Negatives: affix No 146 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: particle Negatives: particle Yes 146 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: auxiliary verb Negatives: auxiliary verb No 146 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Negatives: double Standard (non-emphatic) negation typically requires two morphemes, e.g. French 'ne V pas' No 146 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative form for 'NP does not exist' No 146 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Distinct negative expression 'I don't know' Lexical expression or highly idiomatic phrase No 147 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: interrogative particle Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle Yes 159 1
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: verb morphology Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative verb morphology No 159 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: word order Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) No 159 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Polar questions: intonation only Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by intonation only No 159 0
Simple Clauses - Interrogatives Content questions: word order differs from declaratives Content questions distinguished from declaratives by word order (esp. subject-verb inversion) as well as by presence of Q-word (who, what, etc.) no info 45-9 x
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: verbal Adjectives act like verbs in predicative position No 209 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Predicate adjectives: nominal Adjectives act like nouns in predicative position Yes 209 1
Simple Clauses - Predication Zero copula for predicate nominals is possible Predicate nominals may occur without a copula (i.e. grammatical in some circumstances, if not all) No 209 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses Compare Eng 'the one that fell' (but in Eng 'one' could be considered a head) No 207 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Headless relative clauses are the dominant or only form of relative clause Relative clauses that form a constituent with a head noun (in a single noun phrase) are rare or nonexistent; some descriptions may refer to adjoined or correlative clauses. No 207 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relative clause may occur with a noun classifier/class marker It may be unclear whether the classifier is the nominal head of the construction or is an agreement marker on the relative clause N/A 207 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Relativizer is a verbal affix No 207 0
Simple Clauses - Predication Morphological relativizer is homophonous with nominalizer The same morpheme marks a relative clause and is a nominalizer on verbs (and/or other word classes) No 207 0
Simple Clauses - Desiderative expressions Grammaticalized verbal desiderative Indicates that the subject desires to carry out the action denoted by the verb (distinct from verb 'want', but may be grammaticalized from it) No 167 0
Simple Clauses - Other Clause chaining Clauses can be grouped such that only one bears most of the verb morphology, and the others are marked as to whether they share a subject with this reference clause. No 167 0
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked switch-reference system There are special markers to indicate same vs. different subject when two clauses are combined Yes 64 1
Simple Clauses - Other Morphologically marked distinction between simultaneous and sequential clauses Morphology (usually on verb) distinguishes between clauses denoting events that occur at the same time or in sequence No 160 0
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have an iterative function? No 125 0
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have a plural/pluractional function? No 127 0
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘real’ X? No 127 0
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a distributive function? Yes 125 1
Morphology - General Does verb root reduplication have a pluractional function? Yes 125 1
Morphology - General Does noun root reduplication have an iterative function? No 127 0
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘fake’ X? No 127 0
Morphology - General Does adjective root reduplication mean ‘very’ X? No 127 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have ergative and instrumental syncretism? Yes 50 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does the language have a distinct genitive case? Yes 80 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is the locative related to the ergative with vowel change? No 72 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on just one word in an NP? Yes 196 1
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Is case marked on all (non-pronominal) words in an NP? No 196 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Are any subordinate verbs (or whole clauses) marked with case to indicate their function? No 207 0
Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions Does ergative mark discourse functions of focus/unexpectedness? Yes 49 1
Nominal Categories - Derivation Is there a evidence for derivational morphology being distinct from inflectional on nouns? yes to any of HG 95-97 entails yes to this; yep; this is more general but not just about derivation (would also include proprietive, for example, not necessarily derivation that changes word class) Yes 80 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a minimal/augment system? No 87-8 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have a unit augment system? No 87-8 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark dual on nouns? Yes 87-8 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language mark plural on nouns? Yes 87-8 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have group/collective nominal suffixes? Yes 96 1
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural verbs? No 139 0
Nominal Categories - Number Does the language have suppletive plural adjectives? No 87-8 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language have bound pronouns? yes to any of HG 173-175 entails yes to this; not necessarily? - CB No 139 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are the bound pronouns distinct from the free pronouns? Yes 139 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark moiety distinctions in pronouns? No 33 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Does the language mark generational distinctions in pronouns? No 33 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are 'who' and 'what' distinct words? Yes 44 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the dual? yes 33 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the plural? Yes 33 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Is there a gender distinction in third person dual pronouns? No 33 0
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there clitic pronouns? Yes 136 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there object clitic pronouns? Yes 136 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories Are there distinct possessive and IO pronouns? Yes 136 1
Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories When there are both object and subject clitic pronouns, does the object pronoun follow the subject one? No 137 0
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a focus position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes Yes 49 1
Simple Clauses - Discourse Is there a topic position? include the position in the ‘form’ notes No 210 0
Simple Clauses - Negation Is verbal negation a separate word? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 206-207 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) Yes 147 1
Simple Clauses - Negation Does the negative marker precede the verb? related to, and maybe equivalent to, HG 203 (not equivalent if verbal negation is being treated separately from clausal negation) Yes 147 1
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there second position clausal clitics? No 137 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Is tense marked on pronouns? No 33 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Are there predicative clitics (e.g. Darkinyung grammar p35) No 209 0
Simple Clauses - Tense Does the language have tense/mood/etc particles (free words)? No 167 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is reflexive/reciprocal marked on the verb? =yes to any of HG 188-190; not necessarily; e.g. YN has a reflexive marker but it doesn’t go on the verb. No 147 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Does reflexive/reciprocal change the conjugation class? No 147 0
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is there a reflexive/reciprocal particle? Yes 147 1
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing Is the passive typically used only with adversative semantics? N/A 147 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there an inchoative suffix? Yes 118 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a distinct present tense verbal suffix? No 169 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a continuous aspect suffix? Yes 169 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is there a punctual aspect suffix? No 169 0
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Can tense and aspect cooccur? Yes 169 1
Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense Is tense marked on nouns? No 27 0
Verbal Categories - Mood Do positive commands take the same morphology as negative commands? Yes 191 1
Verbal Categories - Mood Is a negative command formed from a nominalised verb (eg. "no talking!")? No 191 0
Verbal Categories - Other Is the verb ‘say’ the same as the verb ‘do’? No 348 0
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have body part compound verbs? Yes 126 1
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verbal agreement clitics? Yes 137 1
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a verb 'be'? No 209 0
Verbal Categories - Other Are there verb conjugation classes? Yes 167 1
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a conjugation for uninflecting verbs? Yes 167 1
Verbal Categories - Other Is there a grammatical category of associated motion? No 140 0
Verbal Categories - Other Does the language have kinship verbs? That is, are the words which designate kinship relations such as ‘mother’ and ‘father’ verbs in the language? No 27 0
Verbal Categories - VerbalNumber Does the language have suppletive plural nouns? No 86 0
Word Order Are there discontinuous NP constituents? No 196 0
Word Order Is word order fixed in noun phrases? No 195 0
Word Order Is word order fixed in verb phrases? No 195 0
Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking Pronominal subjects: second position clitics Pronominal subjects are clitics that can attach to verbs, nominal constituents, etc. No 137 0
Phonology - Segmental Prestopped segments list which segments in the ‘form’ column No 3 0


Ethnographic Information
Current Population (speakers) Former Population Estimate Subsistence Preference Density Sedentism Ecotome Marriage Pattern Notes Source
medium HG dense mobile yes