| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 107 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976: 342 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald 1995: 31 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 161-172 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
The distant past is infrequently used and mainly occurs with statives. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43, Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006:167 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Mansen & Captain (2000) note that there is a general/unmarked past/present tense, a remote past, and an immediate past (perfect?). |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
There is a distinction between recent past and remote past. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 513 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:1113, Payne 1983:12 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:39 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
But this is distinguished by temporal adverbs |
Duff-Tripp 1997:118 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
"We have to bear in mind that there is no tense marking in Baure."; "Since there is no tense marking in Baure, the interpretation of a situation as past or present depends on the verb's meaning and time adverbs in the clause." |
Danielsen 2007: p273, 175 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 249 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:38-40 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
no tense |
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965:72-73 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
Remote, recent. |
Seifart - 2005:72-73 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
Recent past: completive: -i, incompletive: -anö; Distant past: completive: -ne, incompletive: -akene |
Hall 1988: 330 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
Past and proximate |
Abbott 1991: 116 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
It is distinguished recent past, medial past and distant past with three different morphmes |
Gildea 1989:8 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
There is, however, a distinction between simple past tense and the preterito perfecto, which indictates that an action is either complete or precedes another action, according to my source (pg. 119). |
de Armellada 1999: 110 to 120 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:56-58 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
There are two past tenses: past tense which reffers to previous events in the same day and past tense which refferes to events further back in the past than the present day. |
Margery 1985:106-15 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
Guaymi distinguishes between recet, remote and testimonial past |
Quesada 2008:100-8 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000:218 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:334 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:71-4 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Peeke 1973:38-9 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
There are three different past-tense morphemes |
Fleck:397-9 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:93-4 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
Marked by the combination of the non-present suffix plus other aspect suffixes |
Parker 1965:28, 50-2 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-492 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:57 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
suffixes on pronoun; recent past: -ñé, more distant past: -pé, (present/general past (non-situated realis) or virtual/possible/permanent is null.) |
Landaburu 1979: p.123-124 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
past/recent past (respectively) |
Giron 2008: p277 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
All of these are suffixes |
Deza Galinda1992: 93 |
|
Whether or not the past event was experienced by the speaker is also indicated by the past morpheme |
|
| Kakua |
yes |
attached to the verb construction |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.23 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
distant and recent past; optional |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
recent (-a) and remote (-ra) |
Miller 1999, p. 69 |
|
Desano distinguished between remote and recent past and has a three-way system of marking future tense. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007:255-263 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.49 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.62-73 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
There are three basic past tenses for realis events: immediate & far past, and inferred. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.85 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Immediate/Recent/Remote and General Past |
Strom 1992, p.73-74 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
Distant ("not relevant to present circumstances") and recent past. |
Wheeler - 1970:107 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
at least 2: recent (minutes ago to 3 days ago) and distant (more than 3 days ago) |
West and Welch 2004: 12-13, 50 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 295 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 169 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:265-74 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
according to author, no TAM markers in Nheengatu (footnote pg. 36) |
Cruz 2011:36 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:317-9 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
|
Rossler 2008:89 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
immediate, medial and remote pasts |
Vallejos 2010:473 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
51-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n40 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
97-104 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
126 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
115 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 43 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
r12-13 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
198, 200, 203 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
202 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
158 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
136-164 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
317 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
353 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
407 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
291 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
167 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
89-91 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
maybe |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
35-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
163-75 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
79 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
73-74 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
43-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
169-170 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
325 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
K85c 83, 87-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
209 |
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
510 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
94 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
165 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes? |
|
m289 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
259-276 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
three different past tense markers |
Payne and Payne 1990:386 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
