Multiple past tenses, distinguishing distance from time of reference
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Aspect and tense
- Notes
- e.g. distant vs. recent past
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 107 | ||||
| Aché | yes | Rossler 2008:89 | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:334 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 49 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | yes | suffixes on pronoun; recent past: -ñé, more distant past: -pé, (present/general past (non-situated realis) or virtual/possible/permanent is null.) | Landaburu 1979: p.123-124 | |||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 513 | ||||
| Arabana | yes | 163-75 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 169 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981:1113, Payne 1983:12 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 94 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | There are three basic past tenses for realis events: immediate & far past, and inferred. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.85 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald 1995: 31 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | "We have to bear in mind that there is no tense marking in Baure."; "Since there is no tense marking in Baure, the interpretation of a situation as past or present depends on the verb's meaning and time adverbs in the clause." | Danielsen 2007: p273, 175 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no | 35-6 | 0 | |||
| Bora | yes | Remote, recent. | Seifart - 2005:72-73 | |||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | There are two past tenses: past tense which reffers to previous events in the same day and past tense which refferes to events further back in the past than the present day. | Margery 1985:106-15 | |||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | All of these are suffixes | Deza Galinda1992: 93 | Whether or not the past event was experienced by the speaker is also indicated by the past morpheme | ||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 38 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | maybe | 42 | 1 | |||
| Desano | yes | recent (-a) and remote (-ra) | Miller 1999, p. 69 | Desano distinguished between remote and recent past and has a three-way system of marking future tense. | ||
| Dharawal | no | 55 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 89-91 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | Yes | 167 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 70 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | It is distinguished recent past, medial past and distant past with three different morphmes | Gildea 1989:8 | |||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no | 51-2 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | No | 24 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Guaymi distinguishes between recet, remote and testimonial past | Quesada 2008:100-8 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 291 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 325 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 80 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 73-74 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | distant and recent past; optional | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1990:56-58 | ||||
| Ingá | no info | |||||
| Jaru | no | 77 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | attached to the verb construction | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | Yes | 165 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:265-74 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | immediate, medial and remote pasts | Vallejos 2010:473 | |||
| Kokatha | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.62-73 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2007:255-263 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 407 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 92 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 108 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 353 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:39 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | Recent past: completive: -i, incompletive: -anö; Distant past: completive: -ne, incompletive: -akene | Hall 1988: 330 | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.49 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Past and proximate | Abbott 1991: 116 | |||
| Mapudungun | no info | |||||
| Marrgany | yes | 317 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 136-164 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 97 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | There are three different past-tense morphemes | Fleck:397-9 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.23 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 249 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | 74 | x | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 32 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 42 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 158 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 91 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | according to author, no TAM markers in Nheengatu (footnote pg. 36) | Cruz 2011:36 | |||
| Ninam | n/a | |||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:71-4 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 198, 200, 203 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | no tense | Launey 2003 | |||
| Panyjima | no | 169-170 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Ayala 1996:317-9 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010:38-40 | ||||
| Pemon | no | There is, however, a distinction between simple past tense and the preterito perfecto, which indictates that an action is either complete or precedes another action, according to my source (pg. 119). | de Armellada 1999: 110 to 120 | |||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 161-172 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 8 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 202 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | past/recent past (respectively) | Giron 2008: p277 | |||
| Páez | yes | Jung:93-4 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Marked by the combination of the non-present suffix plus other aspect suffixes | Parker 1965:28, 50-2 | |||
| Resígaro | yes | Allin, 1976: 342 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: 169 | ||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000:218 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Distant ("not relevant to present circumstances") and recent past. | Wheeler - 1970:107 | |||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Immediate/Recent/Remote and General Past | Strom 1992, p.73-74 | |||
| Tariana | yes | There is a distinction between recent past and remote past. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 43-4 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | yes | at least 2: recent (minutes ago to 3 days ago) and distant (more than 3 days ago) | West and Welch 2004: 12-13, 50 | |||
| Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:459-492 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 96 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no info | 209 | x | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | r12-13 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | yes | Peeke 1973:38-9 | ||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006:167 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | n40 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 33 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 259-276 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 79 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no | Sánchez and Castro 1977:57 | ||||
| Wayuu | yes | Mansen & Captain (2000) note that there is a general/unmarked past/present tense, a remote past, and an immediate past (perfect?). | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 43 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | K85c 83, 87-8 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | yes? | m289 | 1 | |||
| Wirangu | No | 115 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 74 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 0 | ||||
| Yagua | yes | three different past tense markers | Payne and Payne 1990:386 | |||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 126 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | But this is distinguished by temporal adverbs | Duff-Tripp 1997:118 | |||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 295 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-64 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 97-104 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 510 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965:72-73 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 84 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | The distant past is infrequently used and mainly occurs with statives. | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43, Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 74 | 1 |
| Language |
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