Reciprocal/reflexive: same morpheme
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing
- Notes
- Verb becomes reciprocal or reflexive through use of a morpheme that means either reciprocal or reflexive which attaches to the root of the verb
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:115 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 90 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:311-3 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 57 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | yes | reciprocal/reflexive is a pronominal suffix -hə́ | Landaburu 1979: 167 | may actually be verbal, depends on status of Pn as proclitic or not | ||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 327, 407-408 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 152-3 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 191 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1982:57; Payne 1981:11,12 | ||||
| Añun | no info | no info on reciprocal | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | yes | 91 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991,p.107-111 | ||||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | yes | reflexive/reciprocal are the only intransitivizing morphology listed | Aikhenvald, 1995: 38 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:244 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 38 | 0 | |||
| Bilinarra | yes | 5.2.4 | 1 | |||
| Biri | no | 42-3 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:59 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 101 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Deza Galindo 1992: 225, 226 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | no | there are 3 suffixes that are marked on the noun but not on the verb. | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 105 | |||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 37 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 118 | ||||
| Dharawal | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 76 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 147 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 87 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 89, 92 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Thomas Payne 1989:40 | ||||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | yes | 25 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Quesada 2008:71 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 142 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 343 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 330 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 97 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 81, 82 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1990:71 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1987:12 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 152-9 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | yes | Goncalves 2011:290 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 86 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 233 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no | The reflexive marker is /-koko/ | Souza 2008:113 | |||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | -ka marks several different related functions | Vallejos 2010:336 | |||
| Kokatha | no info | x | ||||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.69-80 | no info/not expected | |||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 398 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 94 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 144-5, 223 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 412 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no info | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988: 173 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35,64 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | Reflexives, reciprocals, and unspecified arguments are all expressed by means of the detransitivizer verb prefix at-/es-/e'- | Abbott 1991: 37-38 | |||
| Mapudungun | yes | Salas 1992, p.129-30 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 322 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 99 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:349 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 55, 68 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no info | Minor and Minor 1982. p.87, 102-103 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 150, 153 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 278 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 61 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | yes | 14 | 1 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 166 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | yes | prefix | Cruz 2011:294 | |||
| Ninam | n/a | no special form for reciprocal or reflexive | Goodwin-Gomez: 47 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 186 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | Green and Green 1972:6 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 160, 191 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | The reciprocal is marked by /-jo, ño/ | Zarratea 2002:97 | |||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010:30 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999:40-265-6 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 259-261 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 15; 114-115; 120-121 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 127 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 206 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p366-367 | ||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:75, 80 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 129 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 61 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no | no reflexive | Borgman 1990: 43-45 | |||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | There are no morphemes for these verb forms. | Wheeler - 1987:138-158 | |||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | yes | Van der Meer (?):14 | ||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.133 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | However, this is no longer productive. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 263-266 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 52-3 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 36 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | no info | Ramirez 1997 | if distinct reciprocal marking does exist, it may not be morphological | |||
| Uradhi | No | 374 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:603-9 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 108 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 103 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 37-8 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | s163 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 867 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 37 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 75 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 516, 537 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 80 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Unclear: there is a morpheme -ira which is identified as a “reciprocal.” No discussion of whether this can also be used for reflexives (or what is used for reflexives, but I assume that it is only a reciprocal marker. | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 47 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no? | 17, m280-90 | 0 | |||
| Wirangu | yes | 109-110 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | 105-6, ms16.0 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:275 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 49-50 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 64-5 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:70, 97 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | no evidence for this | |||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 123 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68-69 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no info | x | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no | 503 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 88-89 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer 1978: 47 | ||||
| Yulparija | Yes | 30 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 82-3 | 0 |
| Language |
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