Case: comitative = instrumental
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Case and adpositions
- Notes
- Same marking for 'with a person' and 'with an instrument'
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 75 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 60 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:214-30 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 69-70 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | yes | instrumental and sociative case = suffix -má | Landaburu 1979: 166 | |||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes uses the term "associative" rather than "comitative" | Facundes, 2000: 385 | |||
| Arabana | no | 69 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 156 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | These are both verbal markings. | Payne 1981 | |||
| Añun | no | instrument, sociative | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | yes | 60 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | The postposition rãka 'with' indicates coparticipation and instrument. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.68-69 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | One postposition for comitative, another that is used for both comitative and instrumental | Aikhenvald, 1995: 15 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | no formal INSTR marking (applicative is closest); however, the word -ina- 'use[/with]' is the closest example | Danielsen 2007 p429 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 63 | 0 | |||
| Bilinarra | no | 4.0999999999999996447 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 14 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:68 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no | Bourland 19865:85 | ||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 262,263 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 119 | The case marker for instrument and accompaniment is -ke 'with, by' | |||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | yes | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 16 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | The marker -bẽrã 'with' indicates instrument and accompaniment or coparticipation. | Miller 1999, p.62 | |||
| Dharawal | yes | 47 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 118-123; 128; 142-145 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no info | x | ||||
| Djinang | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 25, 37 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 97 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Tosantos 1977:25-26 | ||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 9 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:81 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 111-2 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 272 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 302 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 35, 40 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1985:50 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1978:7 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 55, 226-7 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | two different pospositions | Goncalves 2011:292 | |||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 42 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 113 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | no | 44-45 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | two instrumentals, one commitative | Vallejos 2010:280-285 | |||
| Kokatha | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.47 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2007:10 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 390 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 192 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 68 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 24, 25 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 200 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | However, there are additional markings for comitative alone. | Zamponi 2003:34 | |||
| Makiritare | no | Case marked by independent postpositions | Hall 1988: 287-300 | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982: 78-86 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | |||||
| Marrgany | No | 302 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 84, 75 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 76 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:281 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | -do instrumental, -ri commitative | Minor and Minor 1982. p.37 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 56, 72 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | n/a | No comitative or instrumental case. The verbal applicative marker for instrumental does not have a comitative reading. | Michael, 2008. p. 285, 354-355 | |||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 14-15 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 6 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 82-84, 107 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 50; 62 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:214 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p. 78 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:47-57 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 54; 72 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | yes | Green and green 1972:18 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 139, 150-151 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | |||||
| Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:31 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 54 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galndo, 2002: 217-218 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 13 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 199 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | -jet | Giron 2008: p203 | |||
| Páez | no | Jung:114-28 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 250 , 252 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 82 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | Borgman 1990 | probably a no since the ergative and instrumental are the same | |||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Queixalós 2000:78 | ||||
| Siona | no | Instrument is specifically inanimate. | Wheeler - 1970:50 | |||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | The case marker -pi indicates instrument and -ka is used to indicate both coparticipant and conjunction. | Strom 1992, p.63-64 | |||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 140 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 12, 16 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 19 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | yes | classifier/dependent noun -me'ra | Ramirez 1997: 249 | |||
| Uradhi | No | 346 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Instrumental is not marked with a postposition | Olawsky:224-44 | |||
| Wajarri | No | 54 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 169 | 0 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 22-7 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Comitative marked with unattached/free word, whereas instrumental is a case suffix. | Santos 2006:216 | |||
| Warlpiri | yes | h39-40 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 895 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 32 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No info | 18, 24 | x | |||
| Warungu | no | 187, 210 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no info | 71 | x | |||
| Waunana | no | The ergative and the instrumental cases are marked with the same suffix {-au, -iu, --eu, -u} | Mejía 2000:89 | |||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 29-30 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 136 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 54 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no? | 45-6 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:403 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | n/a | 14-17 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes? | 78-9 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:47, 66-7 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 156-157 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 53 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 58, 60 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 505 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 59 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | "Instrumental" and "Accompaniment" case markers. | Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 26 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 41 | 0 |
| Language |
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