| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 75 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 250 , 252 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
One postposition for comitative, another that is used for both comitative and instrumental |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 15 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galndo, 2002: 217-218 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
"Instrumental" and "Accompaniment" case markers. |
Shauer & Shauer, p. 37-38 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 53 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
Comitative marked with unattached/free word, whereas instrumental is a case suffix. |
Santos 2006:216 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 140 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Facundes uses the term "associative" rather than "comitative" |
Facundes, 2000: 385 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
These are both verbal markings. |
Payne 1981 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
However, there are additional markings for comitative alone. |
Zamponi 2003:34 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:47, 66-7 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
no formal INSTR marking (applicative is closest); however, the word -ina- 'use[/with]' is the closest example |
Danielsen 2007 p429 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
n/a |
No comitative or instrumental case. The verbal applicative marker for instrumental does not have a comitative reading. |
Michael, 2008. p. 285, 354-355 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:31 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and green 1972:18 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
instrument, sociative |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:68 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
Case marked by independent postpositions |
Hall 1988: 287-300 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982: 78-86 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Tosantos 1977:25-26 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 54 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1985:50 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 19865:85 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:81 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 2000:78 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:214-30 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:47-57 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1978:7 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:281 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:114-28 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
Instrumental is not marked with a postposition |
Olawsky:224-44 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
The ergative and the instrumental cases are marked with the same suffix {-au, -iu, --eu, -u} |
Mejía 2000:89 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
instrumental and sociative case = suffix -má |
Landaburu 1979: 166 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
-jet |
Giron 2008: p203 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 262,263 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
two different pospositions |
Goncalves 2011:292 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
-do instrumental, -ri commitative |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.37 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
The marker -bẽrã 'with' indicates instrument and accompaniment or coparticipation. |
Miller 1999, p.62 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 119 |
|
The case marker for instrument and accompaniment is -ke 'with, by' |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2007:10 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.47 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The postposition rãka 'with' indicates coparticipation and instrument. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.68-69 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
The case marker -pi indicates instrument and -ka is used to indicate both coparticipant and conjunction. |
Strom 1992, p.63-64 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
Instrument is specifically inanimate. |
Wheeler - 1970:50 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
classifier/dependent noun -me'ra |
Ramirez 1997: 249 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 195-198, 156-157 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p. 78 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
probably a no since the ergative and instrumental are the same |
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:214 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
two instrumentals, one commitative |
Vallejos 2010:280-285 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no? |
|
45-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
h39-40 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
58, 60 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes? |
|
78-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
14-17 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 29-30 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No info |
|
18, 24 |
|
|
x |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
22-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
346 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
54; 72 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
199 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
50; 62 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
82-84, 107 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
6 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
56, 72 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
84, 75 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
302 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
200 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
192 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
390 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
55, 226-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
272 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
111-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
25, 37 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
118-123; 128; 142-145 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
63 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
69 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
69-70 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
71 |
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
35, 40 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
12, 16 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
44-45 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
139, 150-151 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
14-15 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
24, 25 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
9 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
302 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 136 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
505 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
156 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 13 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
895 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
4.0999999999999996447 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
60 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
187, 210 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:403 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
