| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 16 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
not discussed as a suprasegmental feature |
Allin, 1976, p. 72 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 8 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Sudo, 1976 p. 9 and Galindo, 1992, p. 59 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 8 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi (1987): p. 31 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006:32 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
Nasalization spreads from nasal stops to vowels, but it doesn't seem to be a 'property' of a syllable/morpheme. Also, doesn't seem to be phonemic. |
Mansen, 1967: p. 58, Mansen, Richard A. and Karis Mansen. (1984). Aprendamos Guajiro. SIL |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 42 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no info |
not discussed in phonolgoy or morphology sections |
Facundes, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1980:710 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:14-20 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Fast 1953:191-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:57-8 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 221 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:32-46 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 214-260 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 140-148 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
No nasalization |
Payne 2012:41-66 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
Pessoa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:34 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:49-51 |
|
Nasalization to contiguos vowels and/or glides but it is blocked by any non-glide segment. |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
At least there is a morpheme {-de} which changes to [nẽ] when next to a nasal segment |
Mortensen 1999:6, Mortensen 1999:26 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:134-5 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.73-92 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung 2000:140-3 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:17 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
But this is restricted to certain dialects |
Montes 2005:131 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:74 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
Nasalization is property of segments |
Binder et all 1995:172 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979, p.28-61 |
|
no indication that they have them in description |
|
| Puinave |
no |
nasalization is contrastive |
Giron 2008: p76 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 65 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Cavalcante 1987 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
The complex letter “ng” consists of sound “n” before sound “g”, but they are pronounced together as one letter. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.4 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Barbosa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004:16-23 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
morphemes are either inherently nasal or oral or are unmarked for nasality (only suffixes) |
Miller 1999, p. 13-14 |
|
There is no grammatical or phonological pattern by means of which one can predict whether a morpheme will be inherently nasal, oral, or unspecified for nasality. This feature must be marked in the lexicon. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Chacón 2012:81-86 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p. 28 |
|
property of morpheme |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Young 1984, p.76 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Each morpheme is analyzed as either being all nasal or all oral |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.13 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.19-20 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1970:19-22 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 57 |
|
nasalization is a property of the morpheme. It's either all nasal or all oral. |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.154 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.154 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.208-213 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
Nasalization property of segments |
Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:15-7 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:207 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:34-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Rossler 2008:30-67 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
4-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
48-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
9 – 12 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
63 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
6 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
6 to 12 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
316 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
187 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
25-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
374 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
5-23b |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
44-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
xix |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
277 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
17-19 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
4-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
130-135 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K81 120 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
7 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 36 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
is not discussed by the author |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
