Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Achagua | n/a | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91 | ||||
Aché | no info | |||||
Adnyamathanha | ||||||
Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:471, 549 | ||||
Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
Andoke | yes | suffixed to pronoun | Landaburu 1979, p. 119-122 | |||
Apurinã | yes | No evidential system discussed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). | Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 | |||
Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
Arrernte | No | 49 | 0 | |||
Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 | ||||
Añun | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
Bandjalang | No | 0 | ||||
Baniwa | yes | -pida | Ramirez 2001 | |||
Barasano | yes | This tense is indicated by -yu 'inferred' preceding the gender-number markers. Evidence based on what another has told them, indirect/reportative. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.87 | |||
Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
Bare | n/a | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
Batyala | no info | x | ||||
Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
Biri | no info | x | ||||
Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:73 | ||||
Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
Cabecar | no info | |||||
Cahuilla | ||||||
Central Aymara | yes | Levin 2004: 7 | ||||
Chemehuevi | no | |||||
Comanche | ||||||
Cubeo | yes | Unlike the other evidentials, which are indicated by a suffix that combines tense and evidential status, the reportative evidential is indicated by a separate suffix, -jA (rep.) This suffix is attached to a verb in the witnessed evidential status, after a | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 36 | |||
Cupeño | ||||||
Damana | no | |||||
Darkinyung | no | 0 | ||||
Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 66 | There are no observed examples of the hearsay evidential occuring in first person, but occasionally it occurs with second person. Most commonly, this evidential is used in connection with a past action. | |||
Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
Dharuk | ||||||
Diyari | yes | 173 | 1 | |||
Djabugay | ||||||
Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
Djinang | No | 167 | 0 | |||
Duungidjawu | no | 0 | ||||
Dyirbal | No | 0 | ||||
Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
Eñepa | yes | Mattei-Muller 2002:162 | ||||
Gabrielino | ||||||
Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
Githabul | Maybe | 23 | 1 | |||
Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
Guaymí | no info | |||||
Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
Gumbaynggirr | no | 0 | ||||
Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
Gunya | No | 326 | 0 | |||
Gupapuyngu | ||||||
Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 80 | 0 | |||
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 0 | ||||
Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
Ika | no | Frank 1985:60-104 | ||||
Ingá | yes | Levinson 1978:25 | ||||
Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
Karajarri | Maybe | 239 | 1 | |||
Karitiana | yes | Everett 2006:281-4 | ||||
Katthang | no | 0 | ||||
Kaurna | No | 0 | ||||
Kawaiisu | ||||||
Kinikinau | no info | |||||
Kitanemuk | ||||||
Kogi | no info | |||||
Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:494 | ||||
Kokatha | No | 28 | 0 | |||
Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86 | ||||
Kotiria | yes | heresay | Stenzel 2004, p. 345 | |||
Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 0 | ||||
Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
Kunjen | No | 0 | ||||
Kurrama | yes | 176-7 | 1 | |||
Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 66 | 0 | |||
Luiseño | ||||||
Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:41 | ||||
Makiritare | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
Makuna | yes | Formed using the deductive suffix -ji plus a suffix for person/number/gender. | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.51 | |||
Makushi | no | Use of various verbs convey this. | Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 | |||
Mapudungun | yes | Salas 1992, p.155, Zúñiga 2006 p. 155 | ||||
Marrgany | No | 0 | ||||
Martuthunira | no | 136-164 | 0 | |||
Mathi-Mathi | no | 96 | 0 | |||
Matses | yes | It is expressed by lexical means | Fleck:419 | |||
Mayi-Yapi | No | 0 | ||||
Minica Witoto | no | not indicated/expected | Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 | |||
Mpakwithi | ||||||
Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984 | ||||
Nanti | yes | Not a verbal morpheme but a clitic that is inflected for person (but not aspect/reality status). It's historically derived from the root for 'hear,' kem. | Michael, 2008. p. 324 | |||
Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
Ngaatjatjara | No | 30 | 0 | |||
Ngarinyeri | No | 0 | ||||
Ngarinyin | ||||||
Ngayawang | No | 0 | ||||
Ngiyambaa | yes | 276 | 1 | |||
Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
Nheengatu | yes | particle | Cruz 2011:349 | |||
Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.97 | ||||
Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:87 | Catío | |||
Northern Paiute | ||||||
Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
Palikur | no info | no information on evidentials | Launey 2003 | |||
Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Zarratea 2002:83-120 | ||||
Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 156-178, 299-321 | ||||
Pintupi | yes | 215 | 1 | |||
Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 8 | 0 | |||
Pitta-Pitta | No | 0 | ||||
Puinave | yes | after lexical base (i.e. In Puinave after pronoun, verb, interrogative); used also as a "way of presenting the state of affairs not caused by any opinion of the speaker"; most frequently used in citation(see below) | Giron 2008: p284 | |||
Páez | yes | Jung:83 | ||||
Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:88-97 | ||||
Resígaro | yes | One of five second-position clitics. | Allin, 1976: 336 | |||
Ritharrngu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 165, 170 | ||||
Serrano | ||||||
Shoshone | ||||||
Sikuani | no | no evidence of evidentials | Queixalós 1998, 2000 | |||
Siona | no info | Conveyed with word choice/semantics. | Wheeler 1987 | |||
Southern Paiute | ||||||
Southern Ute | ||||||
Surui | yes | bontkes and Dooley 1984:4 | ||||
Tanimuca | yes | This evidential indicates that the source of the information is not first hand; he or she is just passing on what was reported to him or her. | Strom 1992, p.91 | |||
Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 | ||||
Thanggati | no | 0 | ||||
Tharrkari | No | 31 | 0 | |||
Tikuna | no info | |||||
Timbisha | ||||||
Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 120, 150 | ||||
Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
Urarina | yes | Olawsky:496 | ||||
Wajarri | No | 96 | 0 | |||
Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
Waorani | no info | |||||
Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
Warluwarra | yes | 873 | 1 | |||
Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
Warrgamay | No | 52-9 | 0 | |||
Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
Warumungu | no | 0 | ||||
Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
Waunana | no info | |||||
Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
Western Mono | ||||||
WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
Wirangu | No | 0 | ||||
Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
Worrorra | no | ms15 | 0 | |||
Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
Yan-nhangu | ||||||
Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
Yanesha' | yes | This is done by an auxiliary verb | Duff-Tripp 1997:122 | |||
Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994 | ||||
Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 | ||||
Yawuru | ||||||
Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
Yine | no | list of affixes does not mention evidentials | Matteson 1965:71-80 | |||
Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
Yir Yoront | ||||||
Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
Yugambeh | ||||||
Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
Yuwaalaraay | No | 74 | 0 |
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