| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 3 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Case markers (clitics?) are all postpositions. |
Allin, 1976: 238-279 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 26 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 339 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 28, Shauer & Shauer 2000: p. 518 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Prepositions. Prepositions also take a cross-referencing prefix that agrees with the object of the preposition. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 52-53 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 201 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 139-140 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 385 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Mihas 2010 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
Only happens when a postposition is already being used. |
Zamponi 2003:33-34 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
There is no mention of either preposition or postposition. However, locative or possessice expresions are encoded by suffixes. |
Duff-Tripp 1997:23-122 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
|
Souza 2008:123 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
It seems that the language does not have adpositions |
Danielsen 2007:301-29 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
No prepositions or postpositions. |
Michael, 2008. p. 369 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Rowan and Burgess 1979:66-7 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Launey 2003:147 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
called 'relatores', also carry person |
Patte 1989:75, 113-119 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:63-68 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 48 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982:79-85 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 71 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:3 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Alphonse 1956:51 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000; 49-206 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:214-30 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:10 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Parks 1990:76 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:280-2 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 194-7 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:120-34 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:39-44 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004, 2005 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:224-45 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Mejía 2000:89-90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 158-165 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: 194 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 282 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.36 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no applicable |
no prepositions |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 3 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 135 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.42 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.51 |
|
No prepositions |
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.126 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:124-130 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004: 35 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 193, 202, 223 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez: 81 |
|
evidenced by examples |
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
evidenced by examples throughout |
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Van der Meer (?):1 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:304-5 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002:156-8 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:163,279-306 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
maybe |
|
79-81 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
46, 78, cf 141 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
not done yet |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Yanyuwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
72, 78 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 31 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
371 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
214 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
302 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
148 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
389 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
254, 264-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
20-21 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
14-21 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
69-70 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
10-11 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
302 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
126 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
293 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 16 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
138 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
