| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No articles identified, only demonstratives. |
Allin, 1976: 198-200 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 88 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no info |
Articles/demonstratives not discussed among other word classes. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 50 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Demonstratives are separate words, definite articles are suffixed to the noun or the verb in a relative clause. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797, 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
There are "specifier" articles and demnstratives, but no definiteness markers. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 204-208 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 356 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:22 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:53 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
te = DEM1m (this [one]); tetʃ = DEM2m (that [one]) |
Danielsen 2007: p313 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
They use the same phonological form. |
Michael, 2008. p. 304-306 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:102 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
author only describes one article |
Matteson 1965:128 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:126 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
author does not discuss definiteness |
Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982: 64-68 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
no marker of definiteness |
Payne 2012:272 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 151 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:33 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:49-96 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
demonstrative marks definiteness |
Queixalós 1998:68 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:243-69 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
The third person pronoun can also be used as a marker of definiteness to show respect for the referent |
Levinson 1974:13 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:45-100 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
if you count 3rd person pn repeated use as a marker of definiteness. |
Landaburu 1979: 135 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p174 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 84, 85 |
|
Indefiniteness is marked by indefinite pronouns |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.10, 94 |
|
There are six classes of pronouns in huitoto: the personal, the indefinite ones, the possessive ones, the demonstrativos, relative and the interrogatory ones. |
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 31 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 82-84 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
re, the object marker, codes definiteness as one of its semantic components |
Stenzel 2004, p. 223 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-36 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.41-42 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.32 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.51 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
demonstratives mark definiteness |
Wheeler 1987:119-120 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
no definite marker |
Ramirez 1997 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
indefinite (non-specific) verbal particle/pronoun |
Ramirez 1994: 177-178 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
Everett 2006:296-317 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:262 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
demonstratives used for definiteness |
Vallejos 2010:218 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms4.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n24 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
71-75 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
7 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
87-90 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 57-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
357 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
47, 49, 72 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
128 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
50, 80 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
51-52 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
109-121 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
287 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
388 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
96 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
61-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
72 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
274 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
44-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
24-25 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
30-33 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
82-100 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
105 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
246 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 33 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
m286 |
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
a set of person enclitics and word order can mark definiteness |
Payne and Payne 1990:453 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
