| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 53 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
All verbal derivation morphology derive verbs from verb roots. |
Allin, 1976: 106-107 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 39 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
Adjectives and nouns can act as stative verbs without any sort of special morphology. |
Galindo, 2002: 152-153 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Applies to nouns, adjective, adverbs AND verbs. There are only a few verb nuclei that consist solely of a vebral root. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 48 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
No mention of a verbalizer under verbs or nouns. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 45-47, 69-70 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006:157 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
The particle calacá is used with a verbalizing capacity with non-verbs. Perhaps this is better described as a light verb, since it's called a “verb auxiliary” and used with a verbalizing function?? |
Mansen & Captain 2000: p. 801, Mansen & Mansen 1976: p. 155 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
The morphological causative -ita is used to nominalize some verbs, but this is not fully productive. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 77 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
No indication of how productive it is, but it is also used on verbal roots. |
Facundes, 2000: 324 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
According to Mihas, some nouns may be derived from verbs |
Payne 1981; Payne 1983; Mihas 2010:143 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
author does not note how productive it is |
Zamponi 2003:44 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
The orthographic form is -V´t/-Vt/-t where V stands for a vowel |
Duff-Tripp 1997:42 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
|
Souza 2008:83 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
suffix -si attached to nominal root |
Danielsen 2007: p89 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 247-290 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Rowan and Burgess 1979:90 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:73-4 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:58 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
|
Hall 1988: 104 |
|
"seem to be partially nominal in origin" |
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982:134 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
To form intransitive verbs |
Thomas Payne 1995:304 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 260 to 263 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:49-146 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
For verbalizing, nouns are usually combined with verbs to create new verbs |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Aguirre 1999:41-3 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
It indicates a change of state |
Levinson 1976b:31-2 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:457 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
However, the main strategy to verbalize nouns and adjective (and even any word category) is by zero nominalization. In other words, the noun or adjective (or other grammatical category) just takes verbal morphology (like tense) to behave as a verb. |
Salas 1992, p.193-5 |
|
It seems that verbalization is possible by only adding verbal morphology to nouns or adjectives. However, there are certain nouns which require a verbalizer suffix. Further, there are some verbalizers which derive meanigs as: "become X" or "to perfomr the |
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
The first usually derives a transitive verb whereas the second derives an intransitive verb |
Parker 1965:67-9 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2004b:80 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
There is a denominal verbalizer |
Olawsky:406 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
2: prefix: í- attaches to 'relative nouns' (generally classifiers or inalienably possessed nouns) , suffix -i attaches to nouns, means 'get/make N' |
Landaburu 1979: 182 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
The author states that "there is no morphology to produce verbs out of names" |
Giron 2008: p186 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 168 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.49, 101 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
related to verb 'be' |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
not a morpheme actually, but a tone change: deverbizers. Martins 2005:155 |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
There are several derivational suffixes in Desano that are used to derive verbs from nouns. The most productive is -ki that makes a possessive verb out of a noun. |
Miller 1999, p.110-111 |
|
Also, -ye added to a noun has the meaning of 'give'. Verbs derived with -ye are bitransitive. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
occurs very rarely |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 54 |
|
Denominal verbs are quite rare in Cubeo. One of the few examples of a suffix which derives a (stative) verb from a noun is -xi 'have a bad taste or odor of X', where X is the noun. |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-42 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.79 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.28-33 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
suffix: -ti; usually means "to have N" |
Ramirez 1997: 353 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 367 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.117-118 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
There are more than 10 verbalizers These are mainly verbal suffixes |
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:116-8 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:385-393 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
83-91 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
177 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
35-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
101-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 49-50 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
334 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
177, 181 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
211 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
137-145 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
89 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
118 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
14 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
130 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
142 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
319 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
422 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
89 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
414 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
85-6, 29b |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
305-308 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
yes |
|
107 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
85-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
89-90 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
118 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
164-169 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
maybe |
|
57; 61 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
38-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
66 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
137-40 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
66-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
maybe |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
101 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
83-84 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
84-86 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
153-156 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
150-157 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
329 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
FO 121 |
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
10.2.3.2 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
513 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
71 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
194 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 9 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
72 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
955 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
112-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
19 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No info |
|
73 |
|
|
x |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
62 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
93 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
310 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
