Head/dependent marking in possessive NP: head
- Category
- Nominal Syntax - Possession
- Notes
- e.g. 'the boy his-dog'
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | postposition between possessor and possessed noun (alienable) | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 65 | |||
| Aché | no | Susnik 1974:101 | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 59 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:261 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | yes | Landaburu 1979: 132-133 | ||||
| Apurinã | yes | Possessive constructions are formed by juxtaposing two noun phrases, the second of which is the possessed noun, although the possessed noun phrase sometimes receives a possessed marker. The head marker does not agree with possessor. | da Silva Facundes, Sidney. (2000). The Language of the Apurinã People of Brazil. Doctoral Dissertation, SUNY Albany: 449 | |||
| Arabana | no | 72-4 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 148 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1983:49 | ||||
| Añun | yes | person prefix marked on head, example on text | Patte 1989:46, 117 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Jones & Jones 1991, p.61-62 | ||||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | yes | The possessed item is in possessed form (which coincides with 3rd person possessor without a prefix) | Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 | |||
| Batyala | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007:125 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 4.7.2 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 55 | 0 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:37,46,52-57 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no | Bourland 1976:57 | ||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 250 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 91 | ||||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | yes | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 21, 23 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 49 | ||||
| Dharawal | yes | 48; 52-53; 64 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 140 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 123 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 80, 84 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 36 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 105 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Gildea 1993:49 | ||||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | no? | fpro13 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Alphonse 1956:50 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 260 | 0 | |||
| Guna | yes | optional for third person | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | No | 309 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 33 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:55 | ||||
| Ingá | no | ILV 1976:35-6 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 194-6 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | cf 50, (3.78), e.g. | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 142 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | no | 39 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | no | Ortiz 1994:384 | ||||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:274-276 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | when the genetive marker is used it is on the possessed thing | Stenzel 2004, p. 198 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 428 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 52 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 38 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 38 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 173 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | yes | not obligatory, often just use pronouns | Buenaventura - 1993 | |||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:24 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988: 361-371 | Examples from texts | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.36-40 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | Carson 1982:104-112 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | most likely not | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 | |||
| Marrgany | No | 309 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 91 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 89 | 1 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:760-1 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.90 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | only where PR is a pronoun in inalienable construction | Weir 1984 | |||
| Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 297-299 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 40 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 12 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 230 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 129 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:156 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez, p. 52 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 75 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | yes | Launey 2003:70 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 195 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | However, it is tricky to establish it because the possessive is an affix which goes in between the possessor and possessum and all these elements form a single word | Ayala 1996:85-7 | |||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ri is usually the suffix that shows possession, but sometimes other morphemes are used instead | |||
| Piapoco | yes | Alienable nouns take one of three markers when possessed, as well as prefixes referencing possessor. | Galindo, 2002: 99 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 14 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 197 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p236 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:121-2 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:40 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | See discussion of Limiter tagmeme under "noun phrase." When the possessor is referred to via a pronoun, this is fused to the possessed element, but these do not mark agreement when the possessor is referred to using a full NP. | Allin, 1976: 225-227 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | Borgman 1990: p.126-128 | ||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Queixalós 1998:41 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1970:78 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | yes | Van der Meer (?):12 | ||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.66 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 122-123 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 20-21 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 26 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:88-89 | ||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 324 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 349 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:331-41 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 10.1.3.8 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos, 2006: 131 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no? | L50 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 898 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 31 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 636-7 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 74 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | yes | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 33 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 122 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | yes | 68 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | ms13.1 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 23, 31 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 79-80 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:29 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 184-189 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | yes | The head gets a marker to agree with the dependent. In the case of alienable nouns, it also gets a marker showing that it's possessed. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | cf texts | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | 507 | x | |||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 57 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | -te is the marker on animate possessed nouns (with some exceptions), -re and -ne are markers of inanimate possessed nouns, but -re is less frequent. Possessive prefixes also attach to the head. | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 28 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 49 | 1 |
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