| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
postposition between possessor and possessed noun (alienable) |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 65 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
See discussion of Limiter tagmeme under "noun phrase." When the possessor is referred to via a pronoun, this is fused to the possessed element, but these do not mark agreement when the possessor is referred to using a full NP. |
Allin, 1976: 225-227 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
The possessed item is in possessed form (which coincides with 3rd person possessor without a prefix) |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Alienable nouns take one of three markers when possessed, as well as prefixes referencing possessor. |
Galindo, 2002: 99 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
-te is the marker on animate possessed nouns (with some exceptions), -re and -ne are markers of inanimate possessed nouns, but -re is less frequent. Possessive prefixes also attach to the head. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
The head gets a marker to agree with the dependent. In the case of alienable nouns, it also gets a marker showing that it's possessed. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 131 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122-123 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Possessive constructions are formed by juxtaposing two noun phrases, the second of which is the possessed noun, although the possessed noun phrase sometimes receives a possessed marker. The head marker does not agree with possessor. |
da Silva Facundes, Sidney. (2000). The Language of the Apurinã People of Brazil. Doctoral Dissertation, SUNY Albany: 449 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1983:49 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:24 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:29 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:125 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 297-299 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Launey 2003:70 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
person prefix marked on head, example on text |
Patte 1989:46, 117 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:37,46,52-57 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 361-371 |
|
Examples from texts |
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982:104-112 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Gildea 1993:49 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 13 |
|
ri is usually the suffix that shows possession, but sometimes other morphemes are used instead |
|
| Guna |
yes |
optional for third person |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:55 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no |
|
Ortiz 1994:384 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 1976:57 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Alphonse 1956:50 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 1998:41 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
not obligatory, often just use pronouns |
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:261 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
ILV 1976:35-6 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:760-1 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
most likely not |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:121-2 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:40 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:88-89 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:331-41 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979: 132-133 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p236 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 250 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.90 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
only where PR is a pronoun in inalienable construction |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 91 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
when the genetive marker is used it is on the possessed thing |
Stenzel 2004, p. 198 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.36-40 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.61-62 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.66 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1970:78 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 324 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 184-189 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p. 52 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990: p.126-128 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):12 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:156 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
However, it is tricky to establish it because the possessive is an affix which goes in between the possessor and possessum and all these elements form a single word |
Ayala 1996:85-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Susnik 1974:101 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms13.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no? |
|
fpro13 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no? |
|
L50 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
cf texts |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
79-80 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
23, 31 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 33 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
349 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
75 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
197 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
129 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
230 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
12 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
309 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
173 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
428 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
cf 50, (3.78), e.g. |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
194-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
260 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
105 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
80, 84 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
140 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
48; 52-53; 64 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
21, 23 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
72-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
89 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
20-21 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
309 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 122 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
10.1.3.8 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
507 |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
148 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
142 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 14 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
898 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
123 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
4.7.2 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
636-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
